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Showing 189 of 189 peer-reviewed papers with full Graphical Abstracts.

Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025111002• Jan 15, 2026

Exploring the Potential Molecular Mechanisms of Eight Environmental Pollutants in Lung Adenocarcinoma through Network Toxicology, Machine Learning, and Multi-Omics Analysis

Authors: LUO Cheng, YE Yuanhang, KE Jia, YE Ying, WANG Fei, QIN Wanting

Epidemiological studies have established a significant association between exposure to environmental pollutants (EP) and the risk of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). This study integrates network toxicology and multi-omics analysis to elucidate the EP-LUAD molecular regulatory network and identify key regulatory genes, thereby revealing novel mechanisms of environmental carcinogenesis. Transcriptomic data from GEO and TCGA databases yielded 4,971 and 4,488 disease-related targets, respectively. Integration of toxicology databases (TargetNet, Swiss Target Prediction, CTD, SEA) identified 24,860 potential targets for eight common pollutants (SO2, NO, CO, NO2, O3, benzene, toluene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). Intersection of these datasets produced 1,536 EP-LUAD common target genes. Protein-protein interaction network analysis identified 247 core targets. Machine learning selected five key genes: AGER, CAV1, CD44, CEP55, and GNB3, which demonstrated robust diagnostic and prognostic efficacy. Their expression correlated with immune cell infiltration, including CD4+ memory T cells and macrophages. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed epithelial cell-specific expression patterns. Molecular docking confirmed stable pollutant-target binding, with PAH showing highest affinity for CD44 (binding energy −9.32 kcal·mol−1) and GNB3 (−8.32 kcal·mol−1). These findings establish AGER, CAV1, CD44, CEP55, and GNB3 as core molecular mediators of pollution-related LUAD. The high-affinity binding of PAH to CD44 and GNB3 underscores its carcinogenic potential. This study constructs a multi-level regulatory network for EP-LUAD, revealing underlying molecular mechanisms and providing novel potential targets and theoretical basis for early warning and intervention.

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Exploring the Potential Molecular Mechanisms of Eight Environmental Pollutants in Lung Adenocarcinoma through Network Toxicology, Machine Learning, and Multi-Omics Analysis

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024112804• Jan 15, 2026

Effects of Different Functionalized Nanoplastics on the Transformation of Extracellular Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Aquatic Environments

Authors: WEI Zihan, SHAO Mengying, LIU Bingjie, LIU Yifan, MA Xiaohan, LIU Liuqingqing, LUO Xianxiang, LI Fengmin, ZHENG Hao

The rapid dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic environments poses serious threats to public health and environmental safety under the 'One Health' framework. Nanoplastics (NPs), as co-occurring pollutants, can exacerbate ARG risks by promoting horizontal gene transfer (HGT), yet the influence of different functional groups on extracellular ARG (eARG) transformation remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of carboxy-modified polystyrene NPs (PS-COOH) and amino-functionalized polystyrene NPs (PS-NH2) compared to unmodified polystyrene NPs (PS) on the transformation of the extracellular resistance plasmid IE-V1955 (carrying an ampicillin resistance gene) into Escherichia coli DH5α. Results showed that PS-COOH exposure promoted plasmid transformation similarly to PS, with effects increasing over 0.1–20 mg·L−1. Low concentrations (0.1–0.5 mg·L−1) of PS-NH2 also enhanced transformation, with stronger effects than PS-COOH at equal doses, whereas high concentrations (1–20 mg·L−1) inhibited it. Mechanistically, PS-COOH (0.1–20 mg·L−1) and low PS-NH2 induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased cell membrane permeability, elevated the protein-to-polysaccharide ratio in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and promoted biofilm formation, thereby facilitating transformation. High PS-NH2 concentrations caused excessive ROS leading to cell lysis and formed aggregates with plasmids larger than membrane pores, blocking uptake. These findings provide a theoretical basis for assessing the combined environmental health risks of NPs and ARGs.

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Effects of Different Functionalized Nanoplastics on the Transformation of Extracellular Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Aquatic Environments

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025073004• Jan 15, 2026

Cardiovascular Toxicity Induced by Micro/Nano-Plastics and Its Mechanisms

Authors: PENG Shuang, WANG Feipeng, AN Qiwen, WEI Dongbin, DU Yuguo

Micro/nano-plastics (MNPs) are emerging contaminants widely detected in human circulatory systems, including blood, heart, and vascular endothelium, raising concerns about cardiovascular health risks. This systematic review analyzed 61 peer-reviewed studies (2008–2024) to elucidate the cardiotoxic effects and molecular mechanisms of MNPs. Evidence indicates that MNPs exposure elevates risks of atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and arrhythmias through oxidative stress, inflammatory cascades, endothelial dysfunction, and metabolic dysregulation. Notably, co-exposure with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) or heavy metals may produce synergistic or antagonistic effects. Current research relies predominantly on animal and cell models, with critical gaps in low-dose, long-term exposure data and epidemiological evidence. Future studies should optimize experimental designs, integrate metabolomics and epigenetics, and explore transgenerational effects and combined toxicity mechanisms to inform pollution control policies and mitigate cardiovascular risks.

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Cardiovascular Toxicity Induced by Micro/Nano-Plastics and Its Mechanisms

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025121602• Jan 15, 2026

Body Burden of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Joint Effects on Thyroid Function in a Physical Examination Population in Shenzhen

Authors: CHEN Yang, ZHOU Chenyu, ZHAN Zijian, MA Shuai, ZENG Xiaopeng, JIANG Yousheng, PENG Jinling, SONG Jiayi, ZHANG Jianqing

This study characterized the body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a physical examination population in Shenzhen and evaluated its impact on thyroid function. Serum samples from 368 residents were analyzed for eight PBDE congeners using atmospheric pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS). The median concentration of ∑8PBDEs was 10.2 ng·g⁻¹ lipid weight (lw), ranging from 0.13 to 2089.4 ng·g⁻¹ lw, with BDE-209 predominating (59.7% of total). Multiple linear regression revealed that a 1.7-fold increase in serum BDE-153 was associated with a 0.4% increase in free triiodothyronine (FT3) (P<0.05), while a 1.7-fold increase in BDE-183 was associated with a 0.9% decrease in total triiodothyronine (T3) and a 0.7% decrease in FT3 (P<0.05). Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) indicated a negative correlation between mixed PBDE exposure and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) at high exposure levels. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression showed that mixed exposure was associated with decreased T3 levels and T3/FT3 ratio, with BDE-153 and BDE-183 as the primary contributors. These findings suggest that PBDE exposure may adversely affect thyroid function and disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis, with BDE-183 and BDE-153 playing key roles. This study provides a scientific basis for PBDE health risk assessment and thyroid protection.

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Body Burden of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Joint Effects on Thyroid Function in a Physical Examination Population in Shenzhen

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024112806• Jan 15, 2026

Mechanisms of Natural Organic Matter in Regulating Microplastic Aggregation and Transport in Soil-Groundwater Systems: A Review

Authors: ZHAN Feiyu, XING Weiqin, LI Yanru, CHU Xianxian, DU Zhimin, LI Tiantian

Microplastics (MPs) are persistent emerging contaminants ubiquitously distributed in soil-groundwater environments, where their aggregation and transport critically govern pollutant fate and ecological risks. Natural organic matter (NOM), a complex assemblage of organic compounds, interacts with MPs and porous media via hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, hydrophobic effects, and electrostatic binding, thereby modulating MP surface properties and environmental behavior. This review systematically synthesizes the mechanisms by which NOM influences MP aggregation and transport, with emphasis on the distinct roles of humic substances, proteins, and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and their synergistic modulation with solution chemistry (pH, ionic strength, ion type). Additionally, NOM accelerates MP aging and alters surface characteristics, consequently impacting transport capacity. Current research limitations are identified, and future directions are proposed to inform MP pollution risk assessment and management strategies. Key findings indicate that NOM generally enhances MP stability and mobility at low ionic strengths, while high ionic strengths may induce aggregation depending on NOM type and ion valence. Humic substances predominantly increase electrostatic repulsion, whereas proteins and EPS can bridge particles, promoting aggregation. Aging processes, accelerated by NOM photochemical activity, increase surface oxygen functionality and hydrophilicity, further altering transport. The review underscores the need for systematic studies under environmentally relevant conditions to predict MP fate accurately.

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Mechanisms of Natural Organic Matter in Regulating Microplastic Aggregation and Transport in Soil-Groundwater Systems: A Review

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024112104• Jan 15, 2026

Neurotoxicity of Carboxyl-Modified Polystyrene Microplastics on Zebrafish at Early Developmental Stage

Authors: LI Yantong, ZHANG Jiayi, ZHANG Chuyan, NI Yuyang, HAN Yajing, YU Wen, HUANG Wei, LI Yun, WEI Zebin, ZHAO Lanfeng

Carboxyl-modified polystyrene microplastics (PS-COOH) are negatively charged particles formed by surface oxidation and functional group modification of polystyrene microplastics (PS), widely used in biomedical and analytical chemistry. However, studies on their neurotoxic effects on aquatic organisms are scarce. This study employed zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model organism, exposing embryos to environmentally relevant concentrations (0.1, 1, 10, 100 μg·L−1) of PS and PS-COOH. Neurotoxic effects were assessed by measuring tail coiling frequency at 24 hpf and swimming velocity under alternating light/dark cycles at 120 hpf. Results demonstrated that both PS and PS-COOH induced neurotoxicity, with PS-COOH significantly reducing tail coiling frequency and average swimming speed compared to PS (P<0.05). Exposure to 10 μg·L−1 PS-COOH disrupted neurotransmitter homeostasis, altering levels of acetylcholine (ACh), serotonin (5-HT), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Transgenic zebrafish Tg(huc:EGFP) fluorescence assays revealed that PS-COOH (0.1–100 μg·L−1) caused damage to central neurons. These findings indicate that PS-COOH exposure impairs cholinergic, serotonergic, and GABAergic neurotransmission, induces neuronal damage, and exerts neurotoxic effects on zebrafish larvae. This study provides a theoretical basis for assessing the ecological and health risks of modified microplastics.

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Neurotoxicity of Carboxyl-Modified Polystyrene Microplastics on Zebrafish at Early Developmental Stage

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010402• Jan 15, 2026

Determination of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Vegetables by Solid-Phase Extraction Combined with Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Authors: MA Qiubing, DING Hao, ZHANG Xuwenqi, SHI Yali, CAI Yaqi

Vegetable consumption is a well-established pathway for human exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). These contaminants are absorbed by vegetables through uptake from soil and irrigation water, leading to bioaccumulation within plant tissues and posing potential risks to human health. Therefore, monitoring PFAS concentrations in vegetables is critical for assessing dietary exposure and associated health risks. In this study, a solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of 24 PFAS compounds in leafy vegetables, including Shanghai Bok Choy, Cabbage, and Water Spinach. The analytical method, incorporating organic solvent extraction followed by SPE cleanup, was optimized with respect to both extraction solvent and SPE sorbent. Alkaline methanol was used as the extraction solvent, and PFAS in vegetables were extracted via vortex-assisted extraction. Tandem mass spectrometry was used for detection in multiple reaction monitoring mode, and quantification was performed by internal standard method. Under optimized conditions, at a spiking level of 2 ng, recoveries ranged from 50.0% to 120.8% with relative standard deviations (RSD) between 1.0% and 26%. Calibration curves showed good linearity with correlation coefficients (r) greater than 0.99. Limits of detection (LOD, S/N=3) were between 0.002 and 0.103 ng·g−1, and limits of quantification (LOQ, S/N=10) were between 0.007 and 0.343 ng·g−1. The method was applied to real samples, detecting 20 PFAS, with 10 compounds showing 100% detection frequency. Total PFAS concentrations ranged from 2.92 to 6.83 ng·g−1 dry weight (dw). Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) was the dominant contaminant, with concentrations from 1.18 to 3.74 ng·g−1 dw. The method demonstrates good sensitivity and accuracy, effectively identifying and quantifying multiple PFAS, thus providing reliable technical support for monitoring PFAS in vegetables.

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Determination of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Vegetables by Solid-Phase Extraction Combined with Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025101101• Jan 15, 2026

Transgenerational Toxicity of Acetamiprid in Caenorhabditis elegans

Authors: WANG Zhaoli, CAO Miao, XU Ting, YU Zhenyang, WEI Sheng, GUO Xueping, YIN Daqiang

Acetamiprid, a representative neonicotinoid insecticide, persists in soil and water, posing ecological risks. This study evaluated its transgenerational toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to 1, 10, and 100 μg·L−1. Direct exposure (F0) caused neurobehavioral abnormalities, with head swing frequency significantly increased by 23.86% even at 1.0 μg·L−1, correlating with disrupted acetylcholinesterase and γ-aminobutyric acid. Reproduction, development, metabolism, and intestinal barrier were impaired, with reactive oxygen species elevated by 30.42%–48.28%, indicating oxidative stress as a mechanism. Effects transmitted to unexposed T1–T3 generations: at 1.0 μg·L−1, body width inhibition persisted to T2; fat accumulation and intestinal permeability effects intensified with concentration. Among oxidative stress biomarkers, superoxide dismutase showed highest sensitivity and transgenerational persistence. This study reveals multidimensional transgenerational toxicity, informing soil ecological risk assessment of neonicotinoids.

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Transgenerational Toxicity of Acetamiprid in Caenorhabditis elegans

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024121201• Jan 15, 2026

Determination of Sulfonamide Antibiotics in Environmental Aqueous Samples by Solid-Phase Extraction–Gel Permeation Chromatography Purification Coupled with Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

Authors: FAN Pei, ZHANG Huiqiang, DONG Hengtao, ZHANG Qinming, ZHANG Chun, WANG Fei, FAN Zhichao, LI Qi

A method for the simultaneous determination of 19 sulfonamide antibiotics in environmental aqueous samples was developed by integrating solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with ultra-performance liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Aqueous samples were filtered through 0.45 μm membranes, adjusted to pH 6, and treated with Na2EDTA at 2.5 mg·L−1 to mitigate matrix effects. Analytes were enriched on Oasis HLB cartridges, purified by GPC, and separated on a Hypersil GOLD C18 column (2.1 mm ID × 100 mm, 1.9 μm) using gradient elution with 0.05% (V/V) formic acid in water and methanol. Detection was performed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with internal standard quantification. Under optimal conditions, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.7–4.4 ng·L−1 and 2.8–17.6 ng·L−1, respectively. Recoveries from spiked real samples at 10, 200, and 400 ng·L−1 were 44.5%–102%, 47.7%–97.5%, and 51.4%–115%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.8%–10%, 0.64%–5.9%, and 0.71%–4.6%, respectively. The method was applied to three surface waters and three municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents, detecting five sulfonamides at concentrations ranging from 1.82 to 3864 ng·L−1. The combined SPE-GPC cleanup effectively reduced matrix suppression, offering high sensitivity, precision, and robustness for routine monitoring of sulfonamide antibiotics in environmental waters.

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Determination of Sulfonamide Antibiotics in Environmental Aqueous Samples by Solid-Phase Extraction–Gel Permeation Chromatography Purification Coupled with Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010302• Jan 15, 2026

Bioaccumulation and Translocation of Cadmium in Rapeseed in High Cadmium-Contaminated Regions: A Case Study of You County, Hunan Province

Authors: JIN Ziyi, PANG Tingting, CHEN Lufeng, PAN Yu, XIAO Cailing, SHI Jianbo, YIN Yongguang, LIANG Yong

Cadmium (Cd) contamination of agricultural soils poses significant economic and health risks. While extensive research has focused on Cd accumulation in staple crops like rice, data on oilseed crops remain scarce, hindering safety assessments of edible oils and oilseed meals. This study investigated Cd accumulation and translocation in rapeseed (Brassica napus) grown in You County, Hunan Province, a region severely contaminated with Cd. Rhizosphere soil and plant tissues (roots, stems, seeds) were collected and analyzed for Cd concentrations. Results showed that approximately 71% of rhizosphere soil samples exceeded the agricultural soil pollution risk screening value for Cd, indicating high ecological risk. Cd concentrations in roots and stems were (0.49 ± 0.39) mg·kg⁻¹ and (0.54 ± 0.31) mg·kg⁻¹, respectively, comparable to or higher than soil Cd levels (0.51 ± 0.31) mg·kg⁻¹, with elevated bioaccumulation and translocation factors. This suggests that improper disposal of rapeseed roots and stems, such as returning them to fields or burning, could lead to secondary Cd pollution. In contrast, Cd bioaccumulation and translocation factors in seeds were less than 1, and Cd concentrations in seeds, oil, and oilseed meals were relatively low. Comparative analysis with sesame, camellia oleifera, and peanut indicated that rapeseed-derived oil and meal contain lower Cd levels, positioning rapeseed as a promising low-Cd-accumulating edible oil crop for cultivation in Cd-contaminated areas.

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Bioaccumulation and Translocation of Cadmium in Rapeseed in High Cadmium-Contaminated Regions: A Case Study of You County, Hunan Province

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025121001• Jan 15, 2026

Progress in Design, Preparation and Application of Ion Chromatography Stationary Phases for Analysis of Anions in Water

Authors: LIU Haolin, XU Jingwei, SHEN Yifan, CHENG Shi, LI Aimin

Ion chromatography (IC) is the core analytical method for qualitative and quantitative determination of anions in complex water environments, and its separation efficiency highly depends on the performance of the stationary phase. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in the preparation and functionalization of IC stationary phases, addressing the urgent need for high selectivity and sensitivity in water anion analysis. The characteristics of organic polymer-based and inorganic-based matrices are compared, highlighting the advantages of polymer matrices such as poly(methacrylate), poly(vinyl alcohol), polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB), and ethylvinylbenzene-divinylbenzene (EVB-DVB) in terms of wide pH tolerance (e.g., pH 0–14 for PS-DVB) and organic solvent compatibility, which allow the use of strong acid or base eluents. Various functionalization strategies are discussed, including the introduction of quaternary ammonium groups, hydrophilic modifications, and grafting of functional layers, which enhance separation selectivity and detection capability. The review also covers the development of hybrid stationary phases and the application of IC in monitoring trace pollutants in water, such as bromate, chlorite, chlorate, fluoride, and nitrate, as regulated by Chinese standards (GB 5749—2022). Future trends are projected, focusing on novel materials for precise identification and high-throughput monitoring. The paper provides a comprehensive reference for the design of high-performance stationary phases, emphasizing the importance of matrix selection and surface chemistry in achieving robust and sensitive anion analysis.

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Progress in Design, Preparation and Application of Ion Chromatography Stationary Phases for Analysis of Anions in Water

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024110703• Jan 15, 2026

River Ecological Health Assessment Based on Microbial Integrity Index and Water Quality Index

Authors: FAN Tingyu, WAN Yi, WANG Shun, WANG Xingming, LU Akang

Urban river ecosystems are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic activities, necessitating comprehensive health assessments beyond conventional water quality metrics. This study evaluates the ecological health of the Zhongshan South Road reach in Wuhu, China, by integrating microbial community integrity with physicochemical parameters. Nine monitoring sections were established, considering land use, pollution sources, and seasonal hydrology. Over four seasons, eight water quality parameters and microbial indicators were systematically monitored. A Microbial Index of Biotic Integrity (M-IBI) was developed through candidate parameter screening, interference response analysis, and discriminant ability assessment. Core metrics included Chao1 index, Sobs index, and relative abundances of Acinetobacter and hgcl-clade genera. M-IBI scores were standardized and classified into health levels, with results compared against the Water Quality Index (WQI). Findings revealed seasonal M-IBI variation: winter > autumn > summer > spring, with downstream water quality superior to upstream. Spatial and seasonal patterns of WQI and M-IBI were largely concordant, though discrepancies arose from differential microbial responses to environmental factors and heightened sensitivity to human disturbance. The M-IBI approach demonstrated robust applicability for river health assessment, offering a sensitive, integrative tool for urban water management.

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River Ecological Health Assessment Based on Microbial Integrity Index and Water Quality Index

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025091203• Jan 15, 2026

Efficiency and mechanisms of tetracycline removal from water by enhanced peroxymonosulfate activation via carboxylated Fe2+

Authors: LIU Ran, YU Huan, ZENG Runbin, TAN Xin, HONG Wei, LI Xuguang, YAN Liangguo, LI Jing, SONG Wen

The persistence of tetracycline (TC) in aquatic environments poses significant ecological risks. This study developed a homogeneous reaction system based on carboxylated Fe2+ enhanced peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation, using citric acid (CA) as a ligand. Carboxylation improved Fe2+ stability and catalytic activity, while solid PMS served as the oxidant, circumventing issues of traditional Fenton processes such as H2O2 instability, complex heterogeneous catalyst preparation, high disposal costs, and toxic metal leaching. The acidic pretreatment enabled by CA inhibited Fe2+ oxidation and promoted sustained PMS activation without external energy input. Under optimized conditions (TC 5 mg·L−1, Fe2+ 0.02 mmol·L−1, CA 0.001 mmol·L−1, PMS 2 mmol·L−1), 88.80% TC degradation was achieved within 60 min. Mechanistic studies revealed that CA protected Fe2+ active sites via carboxyl coordination, facilitating continuous generation of reactive species, including singlet oxygen (1O2) and sulfate radicals (SO4•−). 1O2 was the dominant species (50.5% contribution), followed by SO4•− (35.7%), synergistically driving efficient TC degradation while significantly reducing iron sludge production. Phytotoxicity assays confirmed that treated water exhibited no significant toxicity to wheat seedlings (P > 0.05), indicating effective ecological risk elimination. This work provides a low-energy, operationally simple, and environmentally friendly technology for antibiotic-contaminated water treatment, with promising practical application potential.

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Efficiency and mechanisms of tetracycline removal from water by enhanced peroxymonosulfate activation via carboxylated Fe2+

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024092906• Jan 15, 2026

Occurrence and Distribution Characteristics of Microplastics in Surface Water and Sediments of the Huangshan City Section of the Xin'an River

Authors: ZHANG Xiaojie, CHENG Jing, WANG Ning, WANG Zhongbing, CHENG Hua

Microplastic pollution in rivers and lakes has become a research hotspot, yet studies in Anhui Province have predominantly focused on northern and central regions, leaving southern Anhui under-investigated. This study addresses that gap by examining the Xin'an River in Huangshan City, a typical river in southern Anhui. Surface water and sediment samples were collected in December 2023. In surface water, microplastic concentrations ranged from 350 to 3700 n·m−3, with particles of 0–0.5 mm dominating (33.93%). Fibrous shapes were most prevalent (59.83%), and colored particles accounted for 50.27%. In sediments, concentrations ranged from 25 to 200 n·kg−1, with 0–0.5 mm particles again dominant (49.63%). Fibers comprised 47.08% of sediment microplastics, and white particles accounted for 34.74%. Polymer analysis identified polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as the most abundant material (36.61%), followed by polyamide (PA) (23.22%). Source analysis suggests that fibrous microplastics originate primarily from fiber-based products such as clothing, home textiles, and fishing nets. These findings provide essential baseline data for water resource management, pollution assessment, and ecological remediation of the Xin'an River.

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Occurrence and Distribution Characteristics of Microplastics in Surface Water and Sediments of the Huangshan City Section of the Xin'an River

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025122101• Jan 15, 2026

Fe3O4@UiO/IKCN Photo-Fenton Degradation of Phenol-Containing Wastewater and Its Mechanism

Authors: KONG Jiarui, LU Xize, XU Yanyan, SHAN Xiangcheng, ZUO Zhihong, ZHANG Qingzhe, CAI Yong

Phenolic compounds, widely used in petrochemical, textile, and pharmaceutical industries, pose severe risks to ecosystems and human health due to their toxicity and persistence. Traditional Fe2+-mediated Fenton oxidation, while effective, suffers from external H2O2 and Fe2+ addition, low H2O2 utilization, narrow pH adaptability, and iron sludge generation. This study develops a g-C3N4-based heterogeneous photo-Fenton system that operates without external H2O2 or Fe2+ salts, exhibiting a wide pH range and minimal iron sludge. The synthesized Fe3O4@UiO/IKCN catalyst, under visible light, selectively reduces dissolved oxygen to H2O2 via a two-electron pathway and activates it to hydroxyl radicals (·OH), achieving efficient degradation of phenolic compounds. The integration of photocatalytic H2O2 formation and Fenton activation enables sustained production of oxidative species, demonstrating superior performance at circumneutral pH. This work provides new insights into the rational design of heterogeneous Z-scheme photo-Fenton catalysts and offers experimental and theoretical support for photocatalytic H2O2 synthesis and phenolic wastewater treatment.

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Fe3O4@UiO/IKCN Photo-Fenton Degradation of Phenol-Containing Wastewater and Its Mechanism

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025122102• Jan 15, 2026

Photocatalytic Reduction Mechanism of U(VI) from Uranium Mining Wastewater by Cyano-Functionalized C3N4/ZnIn2S4 Heterojunction Materials

Authors: XUE Hui, YANG Xiao, YUAN Fanghui, ZUO Zhihong, ZHANG Qingzhe, CAI Yong

Uranium is a key resource for nuclear energy, but its mining and processing generate large amounts of uranium-containing wastewater, posing persistent threats to the environment and human health. In this study, a cyano-functionalized C3N4/ZnIn2S4 (CCN/ZIS) heterojunction system was constructed for efficient removal of U(VI) from uranium mining wastewater. The introduction of cyano groups significantly enhanced the adsorption capacity of CCN/ZIS, reaching a maximum of 123.65 mg·g−1. Characterization techniques (UV-vis DRS, EIS, i-t, PL, TRPL) confirmed that cyano groups effectively suppress charge carrier recombination, improving photogenerated carrier separation. Under visible light, the modified material achieved over 95% removal of U(VI) within 10 minutes, demonstrating a 20-fold efficiency increase compared to pristine materials. Even in simulated uranium mining wastewater containing high concentrations of CO3^2− and F−, CCN/ZIS maintained excellent performance, overcoming the technical challenge of U(VI) removal efficiency being constrained by water quality conditions. Quenching experiments identified e− and ·O2− as the primary reactive species responsible for U(VI) reduction. This study reveals the synergistic mechanism of selective U(VI) enrichment and photoreduction, providing theoretical innovation and technological breakthroughs for uranium pollution control.

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Photocatalytic Reduction Mechanism of U(VI) from Uranium Mining Wastewater by Cyano-Functionalized C3N4/ZnIn2S4 Heterojunction Materials

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010203• Jan 15, 2026

Release Characteristics of Organic Pollutants and Occupational Exposure During Lithium Battery Production and Disposal: A Case Study on N-Methylpyrrolidone

Authors: GAO Wei, LI Wenxuan, SUN Jie, LIU Yaojun, XIN Shanzhi, LIN Yongfeng, WEI Juntong, ZHENG Yuxin, WANG Yawei

The production and disposal of lithium batteries release not only hazardous metals and particulates but also substantial amounts of harmful organic pollutants. This study focuses on N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) to investigate the environmental release and human exposure of organic pollutants throughout the lithium battery lifecycle. Using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), NMP was quantified in environmental samples from battery production and dismantling facilities, as well as in pyrolysis products from simulated thermal recovery of mainstream lithium batteries. Key release stages were identified: slurry mixing and coating/drying during production; shredding, electrolyte volatilization, and high-temperature pyrolysis during disposal. In unprotected occupational settings, estimated NMP exposure via dust ingestion exceeded reference doses, underscoring the need for health impact assessments and evaluation of protective measures. This research provides critical insights into the environmental release and population exposure of organic pollutants across the lithium battery lifecycle, informing health policy for vulnerable populations.

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Release Characteristics of Organic Pollutants and Occupational Exposure During Lithium Battery Production and Disposal: A Case Study on N-Methylpyrrolidone

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024103107• Jan 15, 2026

Explainable Machine Learning Model for Predicting Ozone Reaction Rate Constants of Aromatic Compounds in Water

Authors: SUN Ting, LIU Yang, WEI Chongzhi, REN Yueying

Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models were developed to predict the reaction rate constants (kO3) of aromatic compounds with ozone in water. Molecular descriptors were screened using a combination of genetic algorithm and stepwise regression. Multiple linear regression (MLR), support vector machine (SVM), and projection pursuit regression (PPR) were employed to construct local models. The PPR model exhibited superior performance with a goodness-of-fit R2 of 0.923, leave-one-out cross-validation Q2LOO of 0.836, and external validation Q2ext of 0.873. The model was interpreted using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), revealing that ozone attack is hindered by the presence of dssC (=C<) fragments and chlorine atoms. The applicability domain was characterized using Williams plots. Tree manifold approximation and projection (TMAP) was used to visualize structural similarity and diversity, and Arithmetic Residuals in K-groups Analysis (ARKA) identified potential activity cliffs. The model adheres to OECD principles for QSAR validation, providing a robust tool for predicting kO3 of untested or novel aromatic compounds and extendable to other environmental applications.

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Explainable Machine Learning Model for Predicting Ozone Reaction Rate Constants of Aromatic Compounds in Water

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024122402• Jan 15, 2026

Polygonatum kingianum Dregs Biochar Accelerated Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ) Cycle in Pyrite for Efficient Activation of Peroxymonosulfate to Degrade Carbamazepine in Water

Authors: GU Qingcun, LIANG Bingheng, YIN Yucheng, LUO Yongming, GAO Xiaoya

Carbamazepine (CBZ), a typical emerging contaminant, poses significant environmental and health risks due to its frequent detection, high toxicity, and resistance to conventional degradation. This study synthesized a composite material (PH-BC3-600) via high-temperature pyrolysis of mining waste pyrite and discarded Polygonatum kingianum dregs biochar. The composite was employed to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for CBZ degradation. Results demonstrated that biochar incorporation provided pyrite with more active sites, achieving 88.19% removal of 2.5 mg·L−1 CBZ within 5 minutes, with excellent resistance to Cl−, NO3−, and humic acid. Quenching experiments confirmed the involvement of ·OH, SO4·−, 1O2, and e− in the degradation process. The biochar increased the content of highly reductive sulfur species (S2−, S2−2, Sn2−) in PH-BC3-600, facilitating the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) and thereby enhancing PMS activation. Additionally, PH-BC3-600 exhibited lower iron leaching compared to traditional pyrite-based materials, overcoming a key drawback of conventional catalysts. This study highlights the promising potential of PH-BC3-600 for activating PMS in the treatment of emerging contaminants in water.

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Polygonatum kingianum Dregs Biochar Accelerated Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ) Cycle in Pyrite for Efficient Activation of Peroxymonosulfate to Degrade Carbamazepine in Water

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010603• Jan 15, 2026

Identification, Risk Assessment, and Management Strategies for Emerging Pollutants in the Life Cycle of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Authors: ZHAO Xi, YIN Linwan, WEI Si

The global production, inventory, and retirement of lithium-ion batteries are increasing, while new technologies and materials for safety introduce various binders, lithium salts, flame retardants, and solvents, some of which may be emerging pollutants (EPs). This study identifies 43 EPs across 6 categories in the entire life cycle of lithium-ion battery production. Electrolytes contain the most EPs, including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) lithium salts and solvents, as well as organophosphorus flame retardants. Production emissions of 1,3-butadiene (1,3-BD), dichloromethane (DCM), and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), and release of ultra-short-chain PFASs such as bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (NTf2) and trifluoromethanesulfonamide (TfNH2) from discarded batteries require attention. Health risk assessments at production and disposal sites show that DCM poses the highest carcinogenic risk at production sites, exceeding the EPA's basic carcinogenic risk value of 1×10−6 but below the critical value of 1×10−4, with non-carcinogenic risk below the EPA threshold of 1. At disposal sites, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) poses the highest carcinogenic risk, below 1×10−6, while tri(2-chloropropyl)phosphate (TCPP) exhibits the highest non-carcinogenic risk, below 1. Comparison of domestic and international regulations highlights gaps in domestic regulations. Recommendations include tiered management of similar-function chemicals, research on alternatives for high-risk chemicals, implementation of clean production mechanisms, establishment of green product standards, and development of guidelines for managing EPs. This study comprehensively summarizes EPs in the lithium-ion battery life cycle, providing technical support for their management.

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Identification, Risk Assessment, and Management Strategies for Emerging Pollutants in the Life Cycle of Lithium-Ion Batteries

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024122001• Jan 15, 2026

Research Progress on the Preparation of Iron-Based Magnetic Biochar and Its Adsorption Performance for Heavy Metals in Wastewater

Authors: GUO Yaxin, XUE Mukun, CHEN Yunxiao, DONG Xiaoyun, PENG Hao, WANG Baofeng

Biomass is the only renewable carbon resource with huge reserves and wide sources, and it is green and environmentally friendly. Under the background of 'dual carbon', the clean and efficient utilization of biomass has received increasing attention. Preparation of biochar from biomass is one of the main methods to use biomass efficiently. Biochar surfaces possess porous and aromatic structures, which exhibit good fixation effects on heavy metals in wastewater. However, biochar has shortcomings such as difficulty in recovery and non-reusability. The introduction of iron into biochar can not only enrich surface functional groups, develop pore structure, and increase specific surface area, but also endow magnetic properties, facilitating solid-liquid separation after adsorption. This paper reviews the preparation methods of iron-based magnetic biochar (MBC-Fe), summarizes the effects of different iron sources on its characteristics, and illustrates the adsorption performance and mechanisms of MBC-Fe for typical heavy metals in water. Finally, applications of MBC-Fe in the removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater are concluded, and future utilization potential in other fields is proposed. The review highlights that MBC-Fe exhibits high adsorption capacities, e.g., for Pb(II) and Cd(II), with rapid kinetics and easy separation, making it a promising adsorbent for wastewater treatment.

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Research Progress on the Preparation of Iron-Based Magnetic Biochar and Its Adsorption Performance for Heavy Metals in Wastewater

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024100805• Jan 15, 2026

High-Sensitivity Fluorescence Detection of Malachite Green in Aquaculture Using a Zirconium-Based Metal-Organic Framework PCN-128

Authors: GAO Lidi, XU Xidi, GAO Yu, CHEN Mo, LEI Jinxin, HU Chunqi, QIN Shili, ZHAO Ming, CHU Hongtao

A fluorescent metal-organic framework (MOF), PCN-128, was synthesized via a solvothermal method using zirconium tetrachloride (ZrCl4) as the metal source and tetrakis[4-(4'-carboxyphenyl)phenyl]ethylene (H4ETTC) as the organic linker. The resulting material exhibited regular morphology, high crystallinity, strong luminescence, and good stability. PCN-128 was employed as a fluorescent probe for the trace detection of malachite green (MG), a banned veterinary drug, in aquaculture water and freshwater fish tissue. The probe demonstrated exceptional selectivity toward MG among 13 veterinary drugs and robust anti-interference performance against 16 anions, 16 cations, and 12 additional veterinary drugs. The method achieved a broad linear detection range from 0.0 to 7.0 μmol·L−1 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.73 nmol·L−1. Spike-and-recovery experiments in three aquaculture water samples and one freshwater fish sample yielded recoveries between 89.80% and 113.7%, with relative standard deviations (RSD) not exceeding 2.59%. These results confirm that the developed method is accurate, reliable, and suitable for routine monitoring of MG residues in aquaculture water and aquatic products, addressing a critical gap in food safety surveillance.

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High-Sensitivity Fluorescence Detection of Malachite Green in Aquaculture Using a Zirconium-Based Metal-Organic Framework PCN-128

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024083002• Jan 15, 2026

Prediction of Selenium-Rich Maize Planting in Selenium-Poor Land Based on Random Forest Model

Authors: ZHANG Jun, CHEN Wei, WU Wenbin, HU Xiangrong, WU Hao, YU Siyang, DAI Liangliang, ZENG Jian, ZHANG Hongchao

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for human health, and dietary intake through Se-rich crops is the primary route. However, total soil Se content does not directly reflect the bioavailability to plants, which depends largely on soil available Se. This study, conducted in Shipai Town, Longshan County, Hunan Province, used 1:50,000 land quality geochemical survey data to investigate factors influencing the Se bioaccumulation coefficient in maize kernels. Soil pH, CaO, and MgO were identified as significantly positively correlated with the bioaccumulation coefficient and were selected as proxies for soil available Se. A random forest (RF) model was developed to predict maize grain Se content and assess the feasibility of cultivating Se-rich maize in low-Se farmland. Results showed that although soil Se was deficient, 53.64% of maize grain samples met the Se-rich product standard (0.02–0.30 mg·kg−1). Compared with multiple linear regression, the RF model exhibited higher accuracy and reliability. The RF model predicted that 40.91% of farmland in the study area is suitable for natural Se-rich maize cultivation, representing a 25.86% increase over the area identified by soil total Se alone. This study provides a novel methodological framework for planting natural Se-rich maize in Se-deficient regions, validating the potential for such cultivation.

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Prediction of Selenium-Rich Maize Planting in Selenium-Poor Land Based on Random Forest Model

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024121101• Jan 15, 2026

Aggregation of Antibiotic Resistance Plasmids under Different Hydrochemical Conditions

Authors: GUO Yuhang, LIANG Yan, LI Jinyu, LYU Xiaoyan

The excessive and uncontrolled use of antibiotics inevitably leads to their release into natural environments, accelerating the production, occurrence, and transport of resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Among these, antibiotic resistance plasmids (ARPs) pose a significant public health challenge due to their environmental persistence and ability to spread and amplify within microbial communities. This study used the tetC gene-pUC18 plasmid as a model ARP to investigate aggregation behavior in aqueous environments under varying pH (3–7), ionic strength (0.001–0.1 mol·L−1 NaCl and 0.001–0.05 mol·L−1 CaCl2), and in the presence of different concentrations of natural colloids. Results indicate that at low pH, ARP structure condenses inward and functional groups may protonate, reducing negative charge and overall size. Compared to Na+, Ca2+ forms cationic bridges between negatively charged phosphate diester groups, significantly enhancing aggregation. Natural colloids induce heteroaggregation with ARPs, with aggregate size increasing with colloid concentration. This study provides scientific evidence for elucidating ARP behavior in soil and groundwater, crucial for assessing risks to human health and ecosystems and understanding global circulation mechanisms.

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Aggregation of Antibiotic Resistance Plasmids under Different Hydrochemical Conditions

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024112603• Jan 15, 2026

Effect of Aged Microplastics on Photodegradation Behavior of Sulfamethoxazole

Authors: WANG Qiongjie, WANG Shurui, HAO Zijing, WANG Jiaming, HU Yi

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous co-existing pollutants in aquatic environments. This study investigated the effects of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) MPs with varying aging degrees on the photodegradation of SMX. In the absence of MPs, SMX photodegradation was only 28%, while the presence of virgin PE increased it to 34%. Aging PE for 200, 400, and 600 h further enhanced degradation to 46%, 56%, and 77%, respectively. Pseudo-first-order kinetics showed that the rate constant (kobs) increased from 0.066 h−1 to 0.224 h−1 with aged PE. Aged MPs generated more reactive oxygen species (ROS) under irradiation, including hydroxyl radicals (·OH), singlet oxygen (1O2), and superoxide anions (O2·−), as confirmed by radical quenching and EPR analysis. Density functional theory identified the benzene ring, five-membered heterocycle, and sulfonyl group as primary ·OH attack sites. LC-MS analysis revealed degradation products such as p-aminobenzenesulfonamide, indicating both direct and indirect photolysis pathways. This work provides mechanistic insights into antibiotic-MP interactions and informs strategies for managing co-existing pollutants.

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Effect of Aged Microplastics on Photodegradation Behavior of Sulfamethoxazole

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024122101• Jan 15, 2026

Effect and simulation of CO3·− on the degradation kinetics of sulfamethazine in UV/TiO2 system

Authors: CHEN Jinlian, ZHOU Die, WANG Jin, LIU Huaying, LI Yingjie

Bicarbonate and carbonate ions (HCO3−/CO3^2−) are ubiquitous in wastewater and readily scavenge strong oxidants, leading to the formation of carbonate radicals (CO3·−) in radical-based advanced oxidation processes. This study investigated the influence of HCO3−/CO3^2− on the degradation kinetics of sulfamethazine (SMR) in a UV/TiO2 system. The presence of HCO3−/CO3^2− enhanced the degradation rate of SMR by sixfold compared to UV/TiO2 alone. Radical quenching experiments identified CO3·− as the primary reactive species responsible for the enhanced degradation, with hydroxyl radicals (·OH) also contributing. To quantitatively delineate the roles of reactive species and account for water matrix effects, a kinetic model was constructed using Kintecus software. The model accurately predicted SMR degradation over time and the contributions of individual radicals, demonstrating good predictive capability. Application of the model to real wastewater predicted that CO3·− is the dominant radical responsible for SMR degradation. These findings highlight the critical role of carbonate radicals in UV/TiO2 processes and provide a robust modeling framework for predicting the fate of pharmaceuticals in carbonate-rich waters.

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Effect and simulation of CO3·− on the degradation kinetics of sulfamethazine in UV/TiO2 system

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024110202• Jan 15, 2026

Metabolic Flux-Based Regulation of Flexible Nodes Enhances Methane Yield in Anaerobic Digestion at Optimal Temperature

Authors: FU Weitao, WANG Nan, LIU Hongzhou, CHEN Tiezhu, QI Quan, HONG Ming, LI Jianchang

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is an environmentally friendly biochemical technology for waste treatment and renewable energy production, yet its methane conversion efficiency remains suboptimal. This study employed flux balance analysis (FBA) to determine the optimal temperature for methane production in AD, and subsequently regulated key flexible nodes in the metabolic pathway to maximize methane flux. At the optimal temperature of 40 °C, up-regulating the acetyl-CoA flexible node increased methane flux by 48.5%, while up-regulating the acetate node increased it by 36.6%. The higher improvement via acetyl-CoA regulation is attributed to the fact that 40 °C is unfavorable for hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria, making acetyl-CoA the critical control point. These findings demonstrate that flexible node regulation can overcome the limitations of temperature optimization alone. The FBA methodology provides a reliable, cost-effective approach for optimizing target product yields in AD and other fermentation systems, requiring only input and output measurements to resolve intermediate metabolic fluxes.

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Metabolic Flux-Based Regulation of Flexible Nodes Enhances Methane Yield in Anaerobic Digestion at Optimal Temperature

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024113001• Jan 15, 2026

Metabolic Functions of Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria and Their Applications in Environmental Engineering

Authors: BAI Xue, YANG Yue, DI Xinyu, CUI Daizong, ZHAO Min

Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria (APB) are a phylogenetically diverse group of prokaryotes that perform photosynthesis without oxygen evolution. They possess versatile metabolic capabilities, including anaerobic photophosphorylation, carbon fixation, multi-substrate metabolism, and metal oxidation-reduction, enabling them to thrive in diverse environments such as lakes, rivers, soils, salt lakes, and hot springs. APB play a pivotal role in biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and metals. This review systematically summarizes the metabolic diversity of APB, emphasizing their ability to utilize organic and inorganic compounds as electron donors and carbon sources. We highlight recent advances in understanding extracellular electron transfer (EET) mediated by exogenous electron shuttles and conductive materials, which expand the electron sources available for energy generation and reducing power. In environmental engineering, APB show promise in carbon sequestration, pollutant degradation (including azo dyes and heavy metals), biohydrogen production, and microbial fuel cells. For instance, Rhodopseudomonas palustris can fix CO2 under dark anoxic conditions via syntrophic interspecies electron transfer, achieving enhanced carbon fixation. Additionally, APB-based biohybrid systems incorporating CdS nanoparticles demonstrate light-driven degradation of azo dyes without external electron donors. Challenges remain in scaling up these technologies, optimizing reactor conditions, and understanding metabolic regulation. Future research should focus on genetic engineering to enhance APB performance and integrating APB into circular bioeconomy frameworks.

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Metabolic Functions of Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria and Their Applications in Environmental Engineering

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024112703• Jan 15, 2026

Pollution Characterization and Health Risk Assessment of VOCs, CO, and NOx in Underground Garages

Authors: CHEN Huiming, CHU Xu, ZHANG Jian, LONG Chao

This study investigated air pollution and associated health risks in two underground parking garages located in educational and commercial districts of Nanjing, China. Concentrations of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were monitored. NMHC levels ranged from 0.35–0.55 mg·L−1 (as C) in Garage A and 0.36–1.75 mg·L−1 (as C) in Garage B, peaking during evening rush hours. A total of 23 VOC species were identified, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, dichloromethane, and 1,2-dichloroethane. Benzene series compounds constituted over 90% and 70% of total VOCs (TVOCs) in Garages A and B, respectively. Daily average TVOC concentrations were 146.0 μg·m−3 (weekday) and 49.7 μg·m−3 (weekend) in Garage A, and 2398.1 μg·m−3 and 3401.6 μg·m−3 in Garage B. Maximum CO concentrations reached 10.1 mg·m−3 and 12.6 mg·m−3, exceeding the Chinese indoor standard of 10 mg·m−3 (1-h). NOx levels also exceeded standards. Non-carcinogenic hazard indices (HI) were 0.03 and 0.18, below the EPA threshold of 1. However, carcinogenic risks reached Level II and III, with primary contributors being benzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, and naphthalene in Garage A, and ethylbenzene, benzene, and 1,2-dichloroethane in Garage B. The findings indicate potential health threats to garage users, necessitating enhanced ventilation and exposure mitigation.

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Pollution Characterization and Health Risk Assessment of VOCs, CO, and NOx in Underground Garages

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024112101• Jan 15, 2026

Combined Effects of Biochar and Riboflavin on the Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Authors: WANG Zhao, WU Yufei, ZHU Bingqian, WANG Xue, HE Ting, ZHAO Zhuoxi, ZHANG Peng

The biological reduction of Cr(VI) to less hazardous Cr(III) is a promising strategy for remediating Cr(VI)-contaminated sites. Both biochar and riboflavin can act as electron shuttles to accelerate this bioreduction process, yet their combined effects remain poorly understood. Using Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 as a model reducing bacterium, we investigated the joint influence of biochar (average particle size 28.85 μm) and riboflavin at high (1 mmol·L−1) and low concentrations on Cr(VI) bioreduction. Individually, biochar and high-concentration riboflavin enhanced indirect electron transfer, accelerating Cr(VI) removal. However, when combined, the fast-phase reaction rate (rf0) did not significantly improve compared to single amendments. The combined action factor revealed an antagonistic inhibition between biochar and riboflavin. Mechanistically, high-concentration riboflavin saturated biochar's adsorption sites (equilibrium concentration 0.96±0.04 mmol·L−1), hindering biochar's role as an electron conduit. With a bacterial density of 3.4×10^7 cells·mL−1, the inter-bacterial distance (30.87 μm) exceeded biochar's particle size, and the per-cell riboflavin concentration (2.9×10−2 pmol·cell−1) was sufficient for riboflavin to dominate as the primary electron shuttle, while biochar's surface became coated, reducing its efficacy. These findings reveal the complex interplay between biochar and soluble organic matter in Cr(VI) bioreduction, underscoring the need to consider such antagonistic effects when designing bioremediation strategies for multi-component contaminated environments.

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Combined Effects of Biochar and Riboflavin on the Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024120203• Jan 15, 2026

Research Progress on Potassium Permanganate Activated by Carbon Materials for Degradation of Organic Pollutants

Authors: LI Junjie, LIANG Zhijie, ZHANG Jing, MA Jun

Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) oxidation is a promising technology for organic pollutant removal in water due to its low cost and broad pH applicability. However, its moderate oxidation capacity results in slow degradation rates for refractory organic compounds. Carbon materials (CMs), known for their accessibility, stability, and environmental compatibility, have shown great potential in enhancing KMnO4 oxidation. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements on the enhancement of KMnO4 oxidation of organic pollutants by CMs. The performance and suitability of various CMs in improving KMnO4 oxidation were systematically compared. Additionally, two key mechanisms driving the degradation of organic pollutants in the KMnO4/CMs system were elucidated, along with a discussion on the recycling and regeneration of CMs. Finally, future research directions and development trends for this technology were outlined, aiming to offer insights to advance the practical application of KMnO4/CMs system in water treatment.

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Research Progress on Potassium Permanganate Activated by Carbon Materials for Degradation of Organic Pollutants

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025062404• Jan 15, 2026

Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Water-Soluble Ions in PM2.5 in Taiyuan during Autumn and Winter 2023

Authors: LAN Jie, FENG Kun, LIAO Nan, WANG Duo, ZHANG Yuqia, SONG Yaqi

To investigate the pollution characteristics and temporal variations of water-soluble ions in atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) during autumn and winter in Taiyuan City, continuous sampling and analysis were conducted using a Swiss Metrohm ion chromatograph in autumn and winter 2023. The results show that the daily mean concentration of nine water-soluble ions was 26.04 μg m−3, accounting for 52.1% of the average PM2.5 mass concentration. Ion concentrations ranked in descending order: NO3−, NH4+, SO42−, Cl−, K+, Na+, Ca2+, F−, and Mg2+. Secondary inorganic ions (SNA) constituted 87.6% of total water-soluble ions. The mass ratio of NO3− to SO42− reached 1.83, indicating a shift from sulfate-dominated to nitrate-dominated aerosol chemistry. During pollution episodes, water-soluble ion concentrations increased exponentially, with distinct ion-specific trends: on moderately polluted days, SO42− increased to 5.31 times that on clean days, whereas on heavily polluted days, NO3− increased to 5.37 times, highlighting nitrate as a primary driver of severe pollution. Comparison with historical data reveals a recent increase in the proportion of water-soluble ions in PM2.5, with higher proportions during more polluted periods. Analysis of NH4+ forms and PM2.5 acidity suggests that acidic components contribute more under heavier pollution. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) identified four major sources: secondary sources, combustion and motor vehicles, industrial sources, and dust. The secondary source contributions were 45.4%, 64.7%, and 63.4% on clean, lightly polluted, and moderate-to-heavy polluted days, respectively, indicating a significantly higher secondary contribution on polluted days.

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Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Water-Soluble Ions in PM2.5 in Taiyuan during Autumn and Winter 2023

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024120701• Jan 15, 2026

Excitation of Triplet State Dissolved Organic Matter Sensitizes Formic Acid to Generate CO2•− and Its Reductive Degradation of Metronidazole

Authors: WANG Jin, HOU Jie, LIU Huaying, ZHAO Qilin, SUN Donggou, LI Yingjie

Surface waters contain numerous photoactive substances and low molecular weight carboxylic acids (LCAs). Hydroxyl radicals (HO•) can react with LCAs to generate the highly reducing carbon dioxide anion radical (CO2•−). Excited triplet state dissolved organic matter (3DOM*), a common oxidant in surface waters, may also oxidize LCAs to CO2•−, but this pathway remains unexplored. This study simulated sunlight-driven generation of CO2•− via 3DOM* using 4-benzoylbenzoic acid (CBBP) as a 3DOM* precursor and formate (HCOO−) as a model LCA. Metronidazole (MNZ) served as the target pollutant. Comparative degradation experiments in hν, hν/HCOO−, hν/CBBP, and hν/CBBP/HCOO− systems, combined with electron spin resonance spectroscopy and quenching tests, confirmed that CO2•− generated in the hν/CBBP/HCOO− system was the primary reactive species responsible for enhanced MNZ degradation, originating mainly from 3CBBP* oxidizing HCOO−. Under optimized conditions (8 mmol·L−1 HCOO−, 200 μmol·L−1 CBBP, 10 μmol·L−1 MNZ), 98.2% degradation was achieved within 30 min. Degradation efficiency increased with HCOO− concentration and was pH-independent. Cl−, NO3−, CO3^2−, and low concentrations of HCO3− inhibited degradation, while high HCO3− slightly promoted it. Humic acid (HA) inhibited degradation in a concentration-dependent manner. The system also performed well in real water matrices, suggesting potential for treating micropollutants via reductive pathways.

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Excitation of Triplet State Dissolved Organic Matter Sensitizes Formic Acid to Generate CO2•− and Its Reductive Degradation of Metronidazole

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024112103• Jan 15, 2026

Research Progress in Metal Stable Isotope Fractionation in Coal-Fired Boilers

Authors: YU Hongyu, SUN Ruoyu

Coal-fired boilers are significant anthropogenic sources of metal emissions, contributing over half of certain toxic heavy metal releases. Metal stable isotopes have been widely applied to trace metal pollutants from coal-fired power plants and other sources. However, complex physicochemical processes within boilers induce isotopic fractionation between raw coal and combustion products, complicating source tracing. This review outlines the structure and operational principles of coal-fired boiler systems, focusing on recent advancements in understanding the isotopic fractionation behavior of mercury (Hg), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) during coal combustion and flue gas emission. These elements exhibit distinct fractionation patterns due to volatility and condensation dynamics. For instance, Hg, being highly volatile, undergoes significant mass-dependent and mass-independent fractionation, while semi-volatile elements like Cd and Zn show enrichment in fine fly ash. The review emphasizes the necessity of characterizing boiler-specific fractionation factors to improve the accuracy of isotopic tracing. It synthesizes field measurements and laboratory studies, highlighting that fractionation magnitudes can exceed analytical uncertainties by tens of times. The paper also discusses the influence of air pollution control devices (APCDs) such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and electrostatic precipitators (ESP) on isotope signatures. Ultimately, this work provides a framework for using metal isotopes as robust tracers in environmental forensics, underscoring the need for comprehensive understanding of boiler processes to interpret isotopic data correctly.

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Research Progress in Metal Stable Isotope Fractionation in Coal-Fired Boilers

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024112102• Jan 15, 2026

Emission Inventory and Scenario Prediction of Non-Road Mobile Sources in Hebei Province

Authors: WANG Hongyu, ZHAO Yingfan, XU Ruiguang, PEI Boni, WANG Yucong, WANG Litao, WANG Qing, LIU Jingyun, LIU Yan, JIANG Zhiwen, ZHANG Yanjie, LI Ruikang

Based on the 2022 activity data of non-road mobile sources in Hebei Province, this study employed the emission factor method recommended by the Guidelines to estimate emissions of CO, HC, NOx, PM2.5, PM10, and SO2. A comprehensive emission inventory was established, followed by spatial and uncertainty analyses. Scenario analysis, aligned with the 14th Five-Year Plan policies, was used to project emissions for 2030. The results indicate that non-road mobile sources in Hebei emitted 76.1×10^3 t of CO, 20.6×10^3 t of HC, 164.0×10^3 t of NOx, 8.5×10^3 t of PM2.5, 9.0×10^3 t of PM10, and 2.4×10^3 t of SO2. Agricultural machinery was the dominant contributor to CO, HC, PM2.5, and PM10, accounting for over 60.0% of CO emissions. Railway locomotives were the primary source of NOx, contributing 50.9%. For SO2, agricultural machinery and railway locomotives contributed 39.0% and 44.4%, respectively. The highest emitting cities were Tangshan (21.3%), Shijiazhuang (15.7%), Cangzhou (11.6%), and Handan (11.6%). Ship emissions were concentrated in Tangshan Port; civil aviation emissions were mainly in Shijiazhuang, Tangshan, Qinhuangdao, and Handan; railway emissions were distributed in Shijiazhuang, Baoding, and Handan. Under the updated emission standard scenario, NOx and PM10 emissions in 2030 could be reduced by approximately 35.0%. The phase-out of old machinery yielded the largest reduction in CO (36.0%), while both electrification and phase-out scenarios significantly impacted HC emissions.

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Emission Inventory and Scenario Prediction of Non-Road Mobile Sources in Hebei Province

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024102403• Jan 15, 2026

Effect of Water Vapor and Nitrogen Oxides on Electricity Pulse-Sparked Catalysis for Soot Combustion

Authors: SHI Huimin, NIE Weiming, MEI Xueyi, XIE Weiping, ZHANG Yexin, ZHANG Zhaoliang, LI Ying, ZHANG Jian

The rapid combustion of soot at low temperatures is critical for diesel engine cold-start emission control. This study investigates the effects of water vapor (H2O) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) on electricity-pulse-sparked catalysis (EPSC) for soot combustion over a ceramic filter paper-based potassium-supported antimony-doped tin oxide (K/ATO/CP) monolithic catalyst. Under EPSC with 2000 J pulses, the presence of H2O and NOx adversely affected soot combustion performance, yet average reaction rates remained high at 12.0 μmol·gcat−1·s−1 and 9.53 μmol·gcat−1·s−1, respectively, exceeding conventional thermal catalysis (<8 μmol·gcat−1·s−1). In situ Raman and concentration profiles revealed that electricity pulses promote rapid H2O desorption, effectively alleviating H2O poisoning and restoring catalyst activity. In contrast, NOx adsorption forms stable nitrates (e.g., KNO3) that desorb slower than the soot combustion process, leading to incomplete recovery of activity. These findings highlight the importance of adsorbate desorption kinetics in EPSC and suggest that using weakly basic alkaline-earth metals (e.g., Mg, Ca, Sr) with lower nitrate decomposition temperatures could mitigate NOx poisoning. The results provide guidance for advancing EPSC technology in hybrid vehicle exhaust aftertreatment systems.

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Effect of Water Vapor and Nitrogen Oxides on Electricity Pulse-Sparked Catalysis for Soot Combustion

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024122501• Jan 15, 2026

Effect of Fullerene C60 on Sulfate Formation during Gas-Phase Oxidation of SO2 by H2O2

Authors: LIU Yiting, QIAN Qingxiang, CHEN Huan, GUO Shixiang, GUO Zhaobing

Fullerene (C60) is an emerging atmospheric pollutant that may influence sulfate formation during haze events. This study investigated the effect of C60 on sulfate production in the gas-phase oxidation of SO2 by H2O2 using a flow tube reactor. Results demonstrated that the presence of C60 significantly increased sulfate yields. Control experiments varying C60 loading, H2O2 concentration, and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation revealed that higher C60 amounts, elevated H2O2 levels, and UV exposure enhanced the promoting effect. Mechanistic investigations via free radical trapping and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated a pre-adsorption-oxidation pathway. XPS analysis showed electron transfer on the C60 surface, converting adsorbed S(IV) to S(VI), confirming direct participation of C60 in sulfate formation. Radical trapping experiments and model calculations confirmed that C60 promotes the generation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and superoxide radicals (·O2−), which are key oxidants driving SO2 conversion to sulfate. The study reveals that C60 particles markedly enhance atmospheric sulfate formation, offering a novel pathway for understanding sulfate generation mechanisms. These findings have implications for air quality modeling and haze mitigation strategies, as C60 may act as a catalytic surface for sulfate production in polluted atmospheres.

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Effect of Fullerene C60 on Sulfate Formation during Gas-Phase Oxidation of SO2 by H2O2

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024112106• Jan 15, 2026

Induced Exposure Strategy to Achieve Synergistic Catalytic Elimination of CH3SH and CO2 by Al2O3

Authors: FENG Zhenghao, HE Bihui, XU Zhizhi, PEI Zehao, YAO Zhitian, LUO Yongming, LU Jichang

Selective synergistic catalytic elimination (SSCE) of CH3SH and CO2 represents a significant approach towards achieving green chemistry objectives. In this study, a series of Al2O3 catalysts with different surface hydroxyl coordination states were designed and fabricated through a simple water bath strategy. The performance of the corresponding catalysts for selective synergistic catalytic elimination of CH3SH and CO2 was systematically evaluated. The catalysts were comprehensively characterized by BET, XRD, XPS, NMR and CO-DRIFTS techniques. The experimental results revealed that the synthesized samples exhibited uniform specific surface areas (150 m2·g−1) and pore sizes (12 nm), while demonstrating varying hydroxyl coordination states, which significantly affects the surface acidity of W-Al2O3 catalyst. Notably, W80-Al2O3, synthesized at 80 °C via water bath heating, displayed the highest proportion of μ1-type hydroxyl coordination. This unique structural feature endowed the catalyst with enhanced Brønsted acidity and superior CO adsorption capacity compared to other catalysts, which significantly promotes the further hydrogenation of CO to CH4 in the SSCE process. As a result, the SSCE performance of W80-Al2O3 was significantly improved, achieving complete conversion of CH3SH (100%) and a CH4 product concentration of 1326 μmol·g−1, which is significantly higher than that of Al2O3 (56 μmol·g−1) and W-Al2O3 (54 μmol·g−1). This work provides a new strategy for the synergistic reduction of typical sulfur-containing odorous pollutants and carbon dioxide.

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Induced Exposure Strategy to Achieve Synergistic Catalytic Elimination of CH3SH and CO2 by Al2O3

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025112601• Jan 15, 2026

Covalent Modification of MIL-101 for Enhanced Tetracycline Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions

Authors: DONG Zhiyun, XIANG Junyu, HAN Tao, LEI Xinxing, XI Fugui

The pervasive presence of tetracycline (TC) in aquatic environments poses significant ecological and public health risks. This study reports the synthesis of MIL-101-Bim, a covalently modified metal-organic framework (MOF), via a pre-modification strategy that introduces formyl groups into the MIL-101(Cr) framework (MIL-101-CHO), followed by Schiff base condensation and NaBH4 reduction to graft benzimidazole moieties. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed retention of the parent MIL-101(Cr) topology. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy verified successful functionalization. 1H NMR analysis of digested MIL-101-Bim revealed a benzimidazole modification degree of 41%, with 32% of formyl groups reduced to hydroxymethyl and 27% remaining unreacted. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated good thermal stability. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements showed a specific surface area of 1361 m2·g−1 and pore sizes ranging from 1 to 2.3 nm. Adsorption kinetics for TC on both materials followed a pseudo-second-order model, and isotherm data fitted the Langmuir model. The theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of MIL-101-Bim for TC was 86.31 mg·g−1, significantly higher than that of MIL-101-CHO (39.56 mg·g−1). Zeta potential measurements indicated optimal adsorption performance at pH 5–8. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provided evidence of hydrogen bond formation during adsorption. The adsorption mechanism involves both physical adsorption (pore filling, electrostatic interactions, π-π stacking) and chemical adsorption (weak hydrogen bonding). Regeneration studies showed that MIL-101-Bim retained an adsorption capacity of 46.93 mg·g−1 after five cycles, demonstrating promising reusability.

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Covalent Modification of MIL-101 for Enhanced Tetracycline Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024102303• Jan 15, 2026

Bismuth Upconversion Luminescent Glass for Fluoride Removal and Photocatalytic Performance of the Fluoride Removal Products

Authors: LYU Yang, ZHU Tingyun, LIU Li, HUANG Shouqiang, LIU Weiqiao, GE Dongdong

Fluoride-containing wastewater treatment typically relies on calcium-based precipitation and flocculation, which suffer from low compliance rates and difficult valorization of fluoride-laden sludge. This study introduces a novel bismuth upconversion luminescent glass (BULG) synthesized from Bi2O3, SiO2, Yb2O3, and Er2O3, designed for efficient fluoride removal and subsequent photocatalytic application. By varying the Bi2O3:SiO2 molar ratio, a series of BULGs with superior upconversion luminescence were obtained. Under optimal conditions (Bi3+:F− molar ratio = 1:1, pH = 2), fluoride removal efficiencies exceeded 97% for all compositions, with the 0.7:0.3 Bi2O3:SiO2 formulation achieving 99.9% removal and rapid settling of the precipitate. The fluoride removal products retained upconversion luminescence and exhibited semiconductor heterojunctions, enabling complete photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin (100% within 60 min). This approach not only efficiently removes fluoride ions but also valorizes the waste into a functional photocatalyst, offering a promising strategy for fluoride-containing wastewater treatment.

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Bismuth Upconversion Luminescent Glass for Fluoride Removal and Photocatalytic Performance of the Fluoride Removal Products

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 4 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.0000/202604-1• Jan 15, 2026

Simultaneous Determination of Eleven Organic Ultraviolet Absorbents in Coral by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Authors: SU Hao, LIN Jiamin, HU Shanhu, GUO Ziyu, WU Xiaochen, CAO Xiaocong, ZHOU Zhi

An analytical method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 11 organic ultraviolet absorbents (OUVs) in coral tissues using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Target analytes included benzophenones (BP, BP-2, BP-3, BP-8) and other common UV filters. Sample pretreatment and chromatographic conditions were systematically optimized. Coral tissue samples were extracted by combined vortexing and ultrasonication, separated on a CAPCELL PAK MG C18 column using a mobile phase of methanol-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution under gradient elution, and determined by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) with internal standard quantification. Method validation demonstrated good linearity for all target compounds over the range of 0.1–500 μg·L−1 (R2 > 0.990), with method detection limits ranging from 0.020 to 0.133 ng·g−1. The mean recoveries at low, medium, and high spiking levels ranged from 60.5% to 120.3%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.6%–10.7%. The method offers advantages of simple pretreatment, good repeatability, and high accuracy, making it suitable for high-throughput determination of OUVs in complex biological matrices such as corals. The method was applied to analyze 89 coral samples collected from Xidao Island, Sanya, and five target OUVs were detected in the samples. This method provides reliable technical support for elucidating the accumulation characteristics of OUVs in corals and assessing their potential ecological risks.

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Simultaneous Determination of Eleven Organic Ultraviolet Absorbents in Coral by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025012404• Jan 15, 2026

Contamination Status and Health Risk Assessment of Tetracycline and β-Lactam Antibiotics in Milk: A Global Review (2012–2024)

Authors: ZHANG Xinyu, ZHANG Yi, YU Hui, LI Ke

Antibiotics, widely used for disease prevention and growth promotion in livestock, are emerging contaminants with potential risks to human health via the food chain. This review systematically analyzed the sources and residual levels of tetracycline (TCs) and β-lactam antibiotics in raw, pasteurized, commercial, and ultra-high-temperature (UHT) sterilized milk from various countries between 2012 and 2024, based on quantitative detection methods such as LC-MS and HPLC. The highest concentrations of TCs were found in milk from Algeria and Iran, while β-lactam residues were most elevated in Algeria, Bangladesh, and Kenya. The predominant TCs were tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and oxytetracycline; β-lactams were mainly penicillin and amoxicillin. Health risk assessment using hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) revealed that all individual HQ values were below 1, indicating no significant non-carcinogenic risk from single antibiotics. However, the HI for multiple antibiotics in raw milk from Algeria exceeded 1, suggesting potential cumulative health risks. Furthermore, some studies reported residue concentrations surpassing maximum residue limits (MRLs), underscoring the need for continuous monitoring and control. This review highlights the global variability in antibiotic contamination and the importance of comprehensive risk assessment to safeguard public health.

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Contamination Status and Health Risk Assessment of Tetracycline and β-Lactam Antibiotics in Milk: A Global Review (2012–2024)

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025011501• Jan 15, 2026

Migration and Enrichment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and Their Protein Binding Behavior in Human Tissues and Organs: A Review

Authors: CHEN Qian, GU Cheng, WU Xinda

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of synthetic persistent organic pollutants that pose significant risks to human health. Owing to their high binding affinity for proteins, PFAS are ubiquitously detected in human populations worldwide. Following oral ingestion, PFAS bind to transport proteins such as human serum albumin and organic anion transporters, facilitating their distribution and accumulation in various tissues and organs, including the liver and kidneys, and enabling penetration across the blood-brain and placental barriers. This review systematically examines the migration and enrichment behaviors of PFAS in human tissues and organs mediated by multiple transport proteins, the molecular mechanisms underlying PFAS-protein interactions, and the key factors influencing these interactions. Additionally, we discuss the potential applications derived from PFAS-protein binding. By synthesizing current research findings, this review provides a theoretical foundation for future investigations into PFAS-protein interactions and outlines prospective research directions. The pervasive environmental contamination and documented health effects, including developmental retardation, endocrine disruption, obesity, and cancer, underscore the urgency of understanding PFAS toxicokinetics. Our analysis highlights the critical role of protein binding in the prolonged biological half-lives of PFAS and their tissue-specific accumulation, which are central to health risk assessment and the development of mitigation strategies.

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Migration and Enrichment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and Their Protein Binding Behavior in Human Tissues and Organs: A Review

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025012501• Jan 15, 2026

Toxicity Effects of Dibutyl Phthalate on Embryonic and Juvenile Stages of Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Authors: DONG Zhongdian, GAO Jiahao, ZHANG Guiming, CHEN Zuchun, LIAO Jian, GUO Yusong, WANG Zhongduo, ZHANG Ning

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant posing potential risks to aquatic ecosystems. This study assessed the developmental toxicity of DBP in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos. Embryos were exposed to gradient DBP concentrations (1, 5, 50, 500 μg·L−1, and 5 mg·L−1) for 15 days. Endpoints included embryonic heart rate, hatching time, survival rate, larval swimming behavior, and expression of genes related to cardiovascular, nervous, thyroid, antioxidant systems, and estrogenic effects. Results showed that 5 mg·L−1 DBP significantly reduced embryonic heart rate (P < 0.0001), leading to hatching failure and mortality. Exposure to 500 μg·L−1 DBP significantly reduced hatching rate (P < 0.01) and survival rate (P < 0.0001). DBP exposure caused developmental delay, cardiovascular hemorrhage, spinal curvature, yolk sac edema, and inhibited larval swimming behavior. At the molecular level, DBP significantly altered expression of atrap, dkk1, bnpa, fx, and dvl mRNA, affecting cardiovascular development; downregulated trha, mbp, and elavl3 mRNA, indicating endocrine disruption and neurotoxicity; upregulated cat, gpx2, and gsta mRNA, inducing oxidative stress; and upregulated vtg1, erβ1, and chgl mRNA, demonstrating estrogenic effects. This study demonstrates that DBP exposure adversely affects growth, development, hatching, survival, swimming behavior, and gene expression in Japanese medaka embryos, highlighting ecological risks of DBP pollution in aquatic environments.

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Toxicity Effects of Dibutyl Phthalate on Embryonic and Juvenile Stages of Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes)

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010608• Jan 15, 2026

Pollution Characteristics and Ecological Risks of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Qiantang River Basin (Fuchun River)

Authors: WANG Xinyu, YANG Chenglong, DING Hao, CHEN Feng, YE Yonggen, ZHANG Feng, SHI Yali, CAI Yaqi

This study investigated the occurrence and distribution of 27 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface water and sediment of the Fuchun River, a tributary of the Qiantang River Basin. Surface water samples were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Total PFAS concentrations (∑PFAS) in surface water ranged from 30.04 to 105.26 ng/L, with mean and median values of 59.64 ng/L and 51.43 ng/L, respectively. The dominant compounds were perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX), and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA). Concentrations generally decreased from upstream to downstream, consistent with previous studies. Notably, GenX levels were significantly elevated compared to earlier reports. In sediment, ∑PFAS concentrations ranged from not detected (ND) to 0.59 ng/g dry weight, with mean and median values of 0.14 ng/g and 0.11 ng/g, respectively. PFOA and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) were the primary sediment contaminants. Source apportionment indicated that industrial wastewater discharge and sewage treatment plant effluents were the main sources of PFAS in the river. Risk assessment using risk quotients suggested low ecological risks to aquatic organisms for most detected PFAS. However, the presence of short-chain and novel PFAS warrants further investigation due to potential unknown risks.

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Pollution Characteristics and Ecological Risks of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Qiantang River Basin (Fuchun River)

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010804• Jan 15, 2026

Research Progress on Heterogeneous Fenton Technology Based on Carbon/Iron-Based Catalysts and Physical Field-Assisted Systems

Authors: XIA Xiyuan, WANG Lan, CHENG Fei, WANG Bing, WANG Sen, WANG Chuanyi

Heterogeneous Fenton technology employs solid catalysts to activate H2O2, generating hydroxyl radicals (·OH) that oxidatively degrade organic pollutants. Among reported catalysts, iron-based materials are most prevalent but suffer from insufficient active sites and sluggish Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycling. Compositing iron with carbon materials increases active site density and accelerates Fe(II) regeneration, thereby enhancing catalytic efficiency. This review summarizes recent advances in carbon/iron-based heterogeneous Fenton catalysts, analyzing reaction mechanisms and characteristics for organic pollutant removal. It also discusses external energy field-assisted strategies (e.g., photo-, electro-, and ultrasound-assisted) that augment reaction kinetics. The paper concludes with perspectives on future development of carbon/iron-based Fenton-like materials, emphasizing the need for scalable synthesis and mechanistic elucidation. Key challenges include maintaining stability under continuous operation and achieving cost-effective production. The review highlights that carbon/iron composites with optimized interfacial properties can significantly improve H2O2 utilization and broaden pH applicability, addressing limitations of conventional Fenton processes. Future research directions include designing catalysts with tailored porosity and surface functionality, and integrating physical fields to synergistically enhance pollutant mineralization.

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Research Progress on Heterogeneous Fenton Technology Based on Carbon/Iron-Based Catalysts and Physical Field-Assisted Systems

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010307• Jan 15, 2026

Regulatory Role of the Clock Gene Nr1d1 in Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 9-Fluorenone Induced Tumorigenesis

Authors: MA Jiangsong, JIANG Zihao, GAO Rui

Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) are prevalent environmental contaminants with high toxicity and demonstrated tumor-promoting effects. Circadian clock genes are critical regulators of cellular homeostasis and tumorigenesis. This study investigated the role of clock genes in OPAH-induced tumor promotion using 9-fluorenone (FLO), a dominant OPAH. Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells were exposed to 0, 10, and 30 μmol·L−1 FLO. Cell proliferation was assessed via colony formation and EdU staining, and mRNA expression of core clock genes (Bmal1, Npas2, Nr1d1, Per2, Cry1, Dbp) was quantified by RT-qPCR. Results demonstrated that FLO exposure significantly enhanced cell proliferation and dose-dependently suppressed Nr1d1 expression. In synchronized cells, FLO dampened the amplitude of Nr1d1 mRNA oscillation. Pretreatment with SR9009, a selective Nr1d1 agonist, effectively inhibited FLO-induced proliferation. These findings indicate that Nr1d1 plays a pivotal role in the tumorigenic cascade initiated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives, providing mechanistic insights into OPAH health impacts and potential intervention strategies.

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Regulatory Role of the Clock Gene Nr1d1 in Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 9-Fluorenone Induced Tumorigenesis

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026020803• Jan 15, 2026

Exploration, Practice and Prospect of New Pollutants Governance in China

Authors: PAN Xun, WEI Yanjie, DONG Huiyu

The governance of new pollutants is a major strategic deployment made by China after fully building a moderately prosperous society and embarking on a new journey to comprehensively build a modern socialist country. Guided by the new development philosophy, it adheres to high-quality development, promotes economic structural transformation, and safeguards people's livelihood. This paper divides China's new pollutant governance process from the beginning of the 21st century to 2035 into four progressive stages: compliance-driven local exploration, systematic construction of strategic transformation, comprehensive implementation and in-depth layout, and long-term control and modernization improvement. It systematically reviews the development of management systems, technical standards, and basic research in each stage, clarifying the strategic position of new pollutant governance in coordinating development and security. At the critical transition between the 14th and 15th Five-Year Plans, the paper summarizes achievements and shortcomings based on the implementation of the Action Plan for the Governance of New Pollutants, proposing optimization paths for the 15th Five-Year Plan period. Key recommendations include establishing a national data sharing platform to integrate monitoring, toxicological, and governance data, implementing a diversified evaluation system to distinguish basic research from management support research, and guiding differentiated local implementation to avoid a one-size-fits-all approach. The paper emphasizes the need for international promotion to enhance China's discourse power in global environmental governance, and suggests building a multi-dimensional international communication system. These measures aim to improve the quality and efficiency of new pollutant governance, providing theoretical and practical guidance for building a Beautiful China.

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Exploration, Practice and Prospect of New Pollutants Governance in China

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025102501• Jan 15, 2026

Effects and Mechanisms of Non-Antibiotic Emerging Contaminants on Fish Gut Microbiota

Authors: SU Yongsheng, GUO Xueping, YIN Daqiang

Non-antibiotic emerging contaminants (ECs) pose a growing threat to aquatic organisms, particularly fish, yet their impact on gut microbiota remains inadequately characterized. This systematic review synthesizes current evidence on the effects and mechanisms of non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals, pesticides, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), nanomaterials, and microplastics on fish gut microbiota. Exposure to these ECs directly alters microbial composition and diversity, while indirectly disrupting host metabolism and immune function, leading to significant health impairments. Notably, EC exposure induces dysregulation of key factors such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), compromising intestinal barrier integrity. Concurrently, gut microbiota can metabolically transform certain ECs into derivatives, establishing a complex pollutant-microbiota-host interaction network. The gut microbiota mediates EC-induced neurotoxicity, immune dysfunction, and metabolic disorders through signaling pathways such as TLR/NF-κB and metabolic homeostasis regulation. Current research predominantly addresses short-term exposure effects, leaving long-term low-dose impacts and transgenerational mechanisms poorly understood. Future investigations should employ multi-generational exposure and microbiota transplantation to elucidate gut microbiota-mediated toxicity mechanisms under non-antibiotic EC stress. This review underscores the urgent need for comprehensive risk assessment and regulatory frameworks targeting non-antibiotic ECs in aquatic environments.

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Effects and Mechanisms of Non-Antibiotic Emerging Contaminants on Fish Gut Microbiota

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025101901• Jan 15, 2026

Formation and Emission of Hexachlorobutadiene during Chlorinated Chemical Production and Its Impact on the Surrounding Environment

Authors: XU Tianyi, TANG Junhao, ZHANG Haiyan, LI Gang, YANG Qiuting, GAO Ruoran, CHEN Siyao, ZHENG Minghui, LIU Guorui

Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) regulated under the Stockholm Convention. Chlorinated chemical production processes are major sources of unintentional HCBD emissions, posing potential threats to ecosystems and human health. This study systematically reviews the formation, emission, and environmental impact of HCBD from such processes. HCBD is widely generated as a by-product during chlorination stages of producing carbon tetrachloride, dichloroacetylene, tri-/tetrachloroethylene, and chlorobenzene, via free-radical mechanisms. It is released through waste gas, wastewater, and solid waste. In the environment, HCBD exhibits multimedia distribution, undergoing long-range atmospheric transport and adsorbing onto soil and sediments, thereby becoming secondary pollution sources. HCBD shows significant bioaccumulation and food-chain magnification; it is toxic to aquatic organisms and causes hepatic and renal damage with potential carcinogenicity in mammals. Effective pollution control requires combined process improvements and end-of-pipe treatments, supplemented by stringent emission standards and life-cycle management. Future research should focus on developing precise emission inventories, elucidating multi-media transport and transformation mechanisms, and assessing composite ecotoxicological effects, thereby providing scientific support for implementing international conventions and formulating effective prevention strategies.

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Formation and Emission of Hexachlorobutadiene during Chlorinated Chemical Production and Its Impact on the Surrounding Environment

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010306• Jan 15, 2026

Re-analysis of the Pros and Cons of Sulfur Autotrophic Denitrification Technology

Authors: WANG Fuqiang, JIANG Yanbo, TANG Shihui, FAN Mengying, YANG Haotian, MA Zhengyu, GUAN Yuntao, LI Ruihua

Sulfur autotrophic denitrification (SAD) has attracted increasing attention due to its low cost, no need for external carbon sources, and low sludge production. This review systematically examines the reaction principles and key material elements of various electron donors for SAD, including elemental sulfur, sulfide, thiosulfate, and iron sulfide. It discusses recent research progress on different SAD processes and the influence of environmental factors. A comparative analysis between heterotrophic denitrification and SAD highlights SAD's advantages in reaction rate, secondary pollution, and cost-effectiveness, underscoring its promising application prospects. Notably, iron sulfide-based autotrophic denitrification maintains stable pH and produces fewer by-products (e.g., sulfate, nitrous oxide). When developed into an aggregate sulfur concrete system, it can purify nitrogen and phosphorus from secondary effluent standards to Class IV surface water standards within a hydraulic retention time of only 0.5–2 hours, addressing the contradiction between SAD reaction rate and engineering demands. This enables efficient simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal, making it viable for groundwater remediation, advanced wastewater treatment, eutrophication control, and deep nitrogen removal. The national 'Dual Carbon Strategy' (carbon neutrality and peak) positions SAD as a promising method for wastewater treatment plants to meet increasingly stringent nitrogen and phosphorus discharge standards.

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Re-analysis of the Pros and Cons of Sulfur Autotrophic Denitrification Technology

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010604• Jan 15, 2026

Quantitative Source Apportionment and Origin Analysis of Sulfide in the Middle and Lower Reaches Groundwater of Chaobai-Wenyu Alluvial-proluvial Fan, Beijing

Authors: CHEN Jiji, TAO Lei, SHEN Xiue, GUO Jing, XI Yue, XU Sushi, GUO Huaming, GAO Zhipeng, JING Hongwei

Groundwater is a vital component of Beijing's water supply, yet elevated sulfide concentrations restrict its utilization. This study employed principal component analysis (PCA) and absolute principal component-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) to apportion sulfide sources and quantify their contributions in the middle and lower reaches of the Chaobai-Wenyu alluvial-proluvial fan. Sulfur and oxygen isotopes (δ34S and δ18O) were used to identify sulfate sources and discern anthropogenic versus natural influences. Results showed that high-sulfide groundwater predominantly occurred in Na-type water, with sulfide accumulation from desulphidation widespread, particularly in Shunyi and within the first, second, and third aquifers, independent of wet/dry seasons. Isotopic analysis indicated sulfate mainly originated from evaporite dissolution, and sulfides from desulphidation were of geological background origin. PCA extracted four principal components: leaching-enrichment (F1), natural dissolution of iron-manganese oxides (F2), water desulphidation (F3), and CaF2 dissolution equilibrium (F4). F3 exhibited the highest factor loading for sulfide (0.418), while other components had small negative loadings. APCS-MLR revealed F3 contributed 21.32% of sulfide, while indigenous sources (e.g., acid-volatile sulfide dissolution, elemental sulfur disproportionation, geothermal activity, well casing materials) contributed 63.66%. Overall, sulfide in the study area is a geological background factor, with limited anthropogenic influence.

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Quantitative Source Apportionment and Origin Analysis of Sulfide in the Middle and Lower Reaches Groundwater of Chaobai-Wenyu Alluvial-proluvial Fan, Beijing

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010201• Jan 15, 2026

Contamination and Risk Assessment of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Surface Water in the Guanzhong Section of the Wei River Basin

Authors: ZHANG Lulei, ZHANG Siyao, ZHANG Qinming, ZHANG Chun, WU Weidong, ZHOU Guoqing, GAO Lumei, MENG Lingjie

The Guanzhong region, traversed by the Wei River Basin, is one of the most industrially, agriculturally, and medically advanced and densely populated areas in Northwest China, has seen increasing attention paid to the pollution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in its surface water environment. This study systematically investigated the pollution characteristics of PFASs in the surface water of this region and their ecological and health risks. By optimizing the online solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (Online SPE-LC/MS/MS), efficient detection of 19 PFASs was achieved, with the method detection limits ranging from 0.2 ng·L−1 to 0.3 ng·L−1, linear correlation coefficients all ≥ 0.990, and spiked recoveries between 75.2% and 130.0%. Monitoring data indicated that PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA and PFOS, short-chain perfluorinated compounds, were the main pollutants in this region, with high detection frequencies and concentrations, but the overall content was lower than that in most areas of China. The concentrations of PFASs in surface water showed significant seasonal variations, with the highest concentrations during the dry season (∑19PFASs:126.1 — 2584.3 ng·L−1), followed by the normal season (∑19PFASs:3.5—3567.6 ng·L−1), and the lowest during the wet season (∑19PFASs:26.3—294.6 ng·L−1). Ecological risk assessment showed that, except for PFDoDA in the dry season, the ecological risk quotient (RQ) of all other PFASs was < 1. Although the water of the Wei River is not used as direct drinking water, health risk assessment indicated that all PFASs posed low risks, with only PFOA and PFOS showing potential risks (HR > 0.1) to adults and children at some sites during dry/normal seasons. This study provides a scientific basis for PFASs pollution control in the Wei River Basin.

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Contamination and Risk Assessment of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Surface Water in the Guanzhong Section of the Wei River Basin

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025011302• Jan 15, 2026

Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil of Alisma orientale in Sichuan

Authors: YANG Kefang, ZHOU Jixin, LI Ruirong, JIN Mengzhen, WU Lingmei, GOU Lifang, ZHANG Yayu

Heavy metal contamination in soil severely compromises the quality and safety of Alisma orientale medicinal materials, and consumption of contaminated herbal preparations poses health risks. To characterize contamination and risks in Sichuan's genuine producing areas, 159 paired soil and plant samples were collected. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Ni were determined via ICP-OES. Soil pollution was assessed using the Single Pollution Index (Pi), Nemerow Comprehensive Index (Pn), and Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI). Human health risks from heavy metals in Alisma were evaluated via Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Hazard Index (HI). Mean soil concentrations were Cu 29.57, Zn 61.86, Pb 29.51, Cd 1.77, and Ni 28.08 mg·kg−1. Except for Cd, all elements were below agricultural soil screening values. Pi and Pn confirmed Cd contamination, with Cd posing slight to strong potential ecological risks. Cu, Cd, Pb, and Ni showed highly significant positive correlations, indicating common origins. Heavy metal concentrations in Alisma did not exceed pharmacopeial limits. The plant exhibited strong Zn enrichment but weak accumulation of Cu, Cd, and Pb, and negligible Ni enrichment. THQ and HI values indicated no potential health risks under current exposure. Quantitative assessment is critical for soil pollution control, safe cultivation, and medication safety.

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Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil of Alisma orientale in Sichuan

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025011101• Jan 15, 2026

Combining Surface Complexation and Linear Regression Models to Predict Cd, Ni, and Pb Adsorption on Guizhou Yellow Soils

Authors: TANG Zefei, HU Changgang, LI Mei, CHENG Pengfei, DU Yonghong, AN Ya, QIN Haoli

This study investigates the adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of Cd, Ni, and Pb on yellow soils collected from multiple sites in Guizhou Province, China. Soil physicochemical properties, potentiometric titration, adsorption edge experiments, and a 1-site/2-pKa surface complexation model (SCM) were integrated to derive acid-base parameters and metal adsorption constants. Linear regression models established quantitative relationships between SCM parameters and soil properties, enabling prediction of adsorption behavior for new soil samples. Results showed that adsorption capacities increased with pH and followed the order Pb > Ni > Cd, influenced by hydrated radius, hydrolysis constant, and electronegativity. Soils with higher surface site concentration (Hs) and lower point of zero charge (pHpzc) exhibited greater metal adsorption. The SCM fitted adsorption edges with R ≥ 0.94, confirming its validity. pH was the dominant factor controlling metal complexation constants (lgKSOMe), acid-base equilibrium constants, and surface site density (Ds), with influence order Pb > Ni > Cd. Free iron oxide correlated negatively with deprotonation constant (pKa2). Ds was also affected by cation exchange capacity and specific surface area. Validation using a separate set of soil samples yielded good agreement between predicted and measured adsorption (R² = 0.75–0.82, RMSE = 0.1–0.51). This combined modeling approach simplifies experimental procedures and offers a robust tool for assessing heavy metal environmental risks and remediation strategies.

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Combining Surface Complexation and Linear Regression Models to Predict Cd, Ni, and Pb Adsorption on Guizhou Yellow Soils

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025091801• Jan 15, 2026

Micro-nano Robots for Wastewater Treatment: Current Application Status and Prospects

Authors: LV Haolong, JIAN Yang, HUANG Hui, REN Hongqiang

Conventional wastewater treatment technologies face persistent challenges including incomplete removal of emerging contaminants, secondary pollution, and low energy efficiency. Micro-nano robots (MNRs), leveraging their self-propulsion, precise navigation, and high specific surface area, offer a transformative approach for targeted pollutant sequestration and degradation. This review systematically examines the operational mechanisms and propulsion strategies of MNRs in wastewater remediation. Through a data-driven bibliometric analysis, we identify chemical propulsion and photocatalytic degradation as the predominant research foci. We critically evaluate the performance of various MNR designs—including chemically driven, magnetically driven, and light-driven systems—for the removal of organic pollutants, heavy metals, microplastics, radioactive nuclides, and pathogenic microorganisms. Representative studies demonstrate removal efficiencies exceeding 90% for specific contaminants, such as uranium preconcentration via metal-organic framework-based microrobots and microplastic removal using self-driven magnetorobots. Despite these advances, MNRs face intrinsic trade-offs between propulsion efficiency and environmental compatibility, as well as challenges in coordinating actuation and control in complex aqueous matrices. We propose future directions emphasizing sustainable energy-harvesting systems and intelligent, reconfigurable multifunctional designs. This review provides a systematic framework and forward-looking perspective to accelerate the translation of MNR technology from laboratory innovation to practical wastewater treatment applications.

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Micro-nano Robots for Wastewater Treatment: Current Application Status and Prospects

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025110501• Jan 15, 2026

Compensatory Release of Ultrashort-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances at the Water-Soil Interface Following Post-Drought Rehydration in Paddy Soil

Authors: HUANG Xinlin, LI Lingxuan, ZHAO Wenhui, TU Wenqing, WU Jianyi

Ultrashort-chain perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exhibit high hydrophilicity, mobility, and root concentration factors, facilitating their transport and accumulation in soil-crop systems and posing phytotoxicity risks. Post-drought rehydration (PDR) is a critical water management strategy to mitigate drought effects in paddy fields. This study investigated the regulation and mechanisms of PDR on ultrashort-chain PFAS transport in paddy soils through sterilized and non-sterilized experiments, employing three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and amplicon sequencing. Results showed that PDR increased the bioavailable fraction of ultrashort-chain PFAS in soil solution while delaying their release into overlying water. Sterilization experiments confirmed that PDR-induced compensatory migration was primarily driven by microbial activity. Geochemical analyses revealed that PDR reduced hydrophilic functional groups (e.g., hydroxyl) on soil particle surfaces and increased cation bridging sites. Microbiological sequencing indicated that PDR activated secondary metabolic pathways, enhancing microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production, which provided binding sites for ultrashort-chain PFAS. Consequently, EPS competed with soil particles for cation bridging, altering PFAS interfacial partitioning and increasing bioavailable and cation-complexed fractions in soil solution, thereby exacerbating rhizosphere exposure risk to rice. This study elucidates the coupled geochemical and microbiological mechanisms governing ultrashort-chain PFAS mobility under PDR, informing risk assessment and management in paddy agroecosystems.

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Compensatory Release of Ultrashort-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances at the Water-Soil Interface Following Post-Drought Rehydration in Paddy Soil

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025012901• Jan 15, 2026

Strong Impact of Support Morphology on Catalytic Decomposition of N2O over Rh/CeO2 Catalysts

Authors: WANG Haoran, BAO Shidong, ZHENG Shourong

N2O is a potent greenhouse gas, and its catalytic decomposition is of significant environmental importance. In this study, three CeO2 supports with different morphologies—nanorods (NR), nanocubes (NC), and nanooctahedra (NO)—were prepared via a hydrothermal method. Rh catalysts supported on these CeO2 materials were synthesized using a deposition-precipitation method, and their catalytic performance for N2O decomposition was evaluated. Results demonstrate that Rh/CeO2-NR exhibits superior catalytic activity compared to Rh/CeO2-NC and Rh/CeO2-NO under identical reaction conditions, including in the presence of O2 and H2O. Characterization reveals that Rh/CeO2-NR possesses abundant oxygen vacancies and a relatively high number of intrinsic defect sites, which facilitate the transfer of O intermediates. Additionally, Rh/CeO2-NR exhibits an appropriate Rh0/Rhn+ ratio, promoting the redox cycle between Rh species and reactants, thereby enhancing catalytic activity. The study underscores the critical role of CeO2 support morphology in optimizing Rh-based catalysts for N2O decomposition, offering a strategy to improve catalytic efficiency and stability for industrial applications.

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Strong Impact of Support Morphology on Catalytic Decomposition of N2O over Rh/CeO2 Catalysts

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025102002• Jan 15, 2026

Influence of UV Intensity on Escherichia coli Inactivation Efficiency in the UV/Cl2 Process

Authors: ZHANG Huaicheng, QIN Yiwen, ZHOU Hao, ZUO Jinhu, LIU Haolin, ZUO Yanting, HUANG Shouqiang, CHENG Shi, LI Wentao

The ultraviolet/chlorine (UV/Cl2) advanced oxidation process generates multiple radical species, enabling synergistic disinfection. However, the systematic influence of UV intensity on process performance remains inadequately characterized. This study investigated UV intensities from 0.25 to 2.0 mW·cm−2, assessing chlorine photolysis kinetics, bacterial inactivation, and disinfection by-product (DBP) formation. Results demonstrate that inactivation efficiency is not solely governed by total UV energy but is co-regulated by reaction kinetics and mass transfer. Increasing UV intensity accelerated chlorine photolysis by 33.7%–277.8%, elevating steady-state concentrations of hydroxyl radicals and chlorine radicals by factors of 1.6–3.8 and 1.3–3.2, respectively, thereby enhancing initial inactivation rates. However, higher intensities reduced cumulative chlorine exposure (CT value) to 14.3%–55.7% of baseline, causing overall inactivation to first increase then decrease. At a fixed UV dose of 150 mJ·cm−2, an intensity of 1.0 mW·cm−2 achieved optimal 6.5-log inactivation of Escherichia coli and the lowest bacterial reactivation rate (0.07%). Common water constituents (HCO3−, Cl−, natural organic matter) inhibited disinfection, with natural organic matter exerting the strongest suppression (2.7-log reduction). Notably, 1.0 mW·cm−2 exhibited the greatest resistance to interference. Elevated intensity reduced total organic halogen formation from 33.7 μg·L−1 to 19.0 μg·L−1. Balancing disinfection efficacy and DBP risk, 1.0 mW·cm−2 is identified as the optimal UV intensity for the UV/Cl2 process in sand-filtered water treatment.

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Influence of UV Intensity on Escherichia coli Inactivation Efficiency in the UV/Cl2 Process

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010701• Jan 15, 2026

Long-term Effects of Biochar Application on Physicochemical Properties and Microplastic Accumulation in Aeolian Sandy Soils

Authors: ZHANG Yi, SUN Xia, YAN Han, KOU Tianle, YANG Zailei, TANG Guangmu, XU Wanli, JIA Hongtao

This study investigated the long-term effects of biochar application on physicochemical properties and microplastic accumulation in aeolian sandy soils, based on a field experiment established in 2014. After seven years of mulched cultivation, soil samples were collected from 0–30 cm and 30–60 cm depths. Biochar application significantly increased soil porosity and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents, while reducing bulk density. At a biochar rate of 126.00 t·hm−2, soil water content was significantly reduced. Microplastic abundance averaged 3459.57 pieces·kg−1 in the 0–30 cm layer, with the highest abundance at 126.00 t·hm−2; in the 30–60 cm layer, average abundance was 3163.50 pieces·kg−1, with the highest at 63.00 t·hm−2. Microplastics were predominantly transparent, film-shaped, and 0–0.5 mm in size. The results indicate that biochar application significantly increased microplastic abundance in aeolian sandy soils, providing insights into microplastic adsorption and enrichment in agricultural ecosystems. Further research is needed to elucidate underlying mechanisms.

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Long-term Effects of Biochar Application on Physicochemical Properties and Microplastic Accumulation in Aeolian Sandy Soils

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025012302• Jan 15, 2026

Effects of Different Novel Fertilizer Applications on Phosphorus Loss from Surface and Seepage Water in Paddy Fields in the Chaohu Lake Watershed

Authors: LIU Shiheng, LIU Shengrui, LI Yalan, MU Guangshun, CHEN Xiaohui, XIONG Qizhong, SHU Weizheng, CHEN Yong, XU Gang, ZHANG Weifeng, YE Xinxin

Phosphorus (P) loss from paddy fields contributes to eutrophication in Chaohu Lake. This study evaluated the effects of novel fertilizers and P reduction on P loss and rice yield. Seven treatments were established: no P (CK), rice-specific fertilizer (ZYF), slow-release blended fertilizer (SRF), Xinjutian compound fertilizer (XJT), enhanced loss-controlled fertilizer (CRF), CRF with 10% P reduction (CRF-10P%), and CRF with 30% P reduction (CRF-30P%). Results showed that novel fertilizers and P reduction significantly reduced concentrations of total phosphorus (TP), dissolved phosphorus (DP), and particulate phosphorus (PP) in surface water and leachate. The first 5 days after basal fertilization and heavy rainfall were high-risk periods for P loss. Rainfall increased TP concentrations by 417.74%–432.86% and 94.85%–351.35% in surface water and leachate, respectively; DP increased by 120.80%–322.44%, and PP by 280.66%–501.77% and 80.23%–297.55%. Compared with ZYF, SRF, XJT, and CRF reduced TP loss by 15.43%–33.95%, with SRF showing the lowest loss. Under P reduction, CRF-10P% and CRF-30P% reduced TP loss by 31.48% and 37.04%, respectively, with CRF-30P% achieving the lowest loss. Notably, CRF-10P% increased rice yield by 22.37% relative to ZYF, indicating that moderate P reduction with enhanced loss-controlled fertilizer can maintain or increase yield while reducing environmental risk. The study concludes that CRF-10P% offers a promising strategy for sustainable rice production in the Chaohu Lake watershed.

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Effects of Different Novel Fertilizer Applications on Phosphorus Loss from Surface and Seepage Water in Paddy Fields in the Chaohu Lake Watershed

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026031703• Jan 15, 2026

Research Progress of Heterogeneous Electro-Fenton Process for Water Treatment: Key Factors and Optimization Strategies

Authors: WANG Yaoye, WANG Ying

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are ubiquitously detected in aquatic environments, and conventional treatment methods fail to achieve efficient degradation due to their structural stability and resistance to biological transformation. Heterogeneous electro-Fenton (HEF) technology, which generates H2O2 in situ via the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e−ORR) and activates it to hydroxyl radicals (·OH) on solid catalysts, has emerged as a promising advanced oxidation process. HEF eliminates the need for external reagents, offers adjustable potential, and operates effectively across a broader pH range than classical Fenton, mitigating iron sludge production and secondary pollution. However, catalytic efficiency is significantly influenced by catalyst properties, solution pH, current density, and electrolyte type. Current research focuses on two main strategies: (1) developing high-performance bifunctional catalysts that simultaneously enhance 2e−ORR selectivity and H2O2-to-·OH conversion efficiency, and (2) constructing dual-cathode systems that spatially separate H2O2 generation and activation, thereby improving reaction synergy, reducing metal leaching, and enhancing electron utilization. Additionally, HEF can be coupled with electro-oxidation, persulfate activation, and UV irradiation to exploit synergistic effects, enhancing mineralization efficiency and reducing energy consumption. This paper systematically reviews the reaction mechanisms, key influencing factors, and optimization strategies of HEF, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and technical reference for its engineering application.

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Research Progress of Heterogeneous Electro-Fenton Process for Water Treatment: Key Factors and Optimization Strategies

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025092802• Jan 15, 2026

Effect of Activated Carbon Replacement Ratio in Drinking Water Treatment Plant Activated Carbon Filters on the Removal of Disinfection By-Product Precursors and Pesticide-Related Emerging Contaminants

Authors: QIU Fuguo, DU Yanlong, JI Wenxiang, JIA Tingfang, WANG Zhenyu, JIANG Ling, LIANG Hong, JIANG Caifang, DONG Huiyu

Activated carbon (AC) filters in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) experience significant adsorption performance decline over extended operation, yet complete media replacement is a major cost. To evaluate cost-effective strategies, pilot-scale column experiments with five AC replacement ratios (0%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100%) were conducted to assess removal of disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors and pesticide-related emerging contaminants. For dissolved organic matter (DOM), all fractions except low molecular weight compounds (LMWC) achieved >85% of the removal obtained with full replacement when 70% new AC was used, with UV254 removal reaching 70%. LMWC, due to small molecular size and low adsorption energy, required higher replacement ratios or full replacement for substantial removal. For DBPs, removal of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) was insensitive to replacement ratio, while haloacetaldehydes (HALs) removal improved markedly with increasing ratio, indicating structural selectivity. For pesticide-related contaminants, all except triazoles achieved >95% removal at 70% replacement; triazoles, due to high water solubility, high polarity, and low octanol-water partition coefficient, achieved only ~60% removal. Overall, replacing 70% of AC restored treatment performance to >80% of that with full replacement, ensuring effluent quality while saving ~30% of new carbon cost. Molecular structure, polarity, and pore size matching are key determinants of removal efficiency; optimizing replacement ratio balances water quality and economic benefits.

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Effect of Activated Carbon Replacement Ratio in Drinking Water Treatment Plant Activated Carbon Filters on the Removal of Disinfection By-Product Precursors and Pesticide-Related Emerging Contaminants

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010803• Jan 15, 2026

Accumulation, Trophic Transfer, and Health Risk Assessment of Mercury under Typical Ecological Mariculture Models

Authors: ZHANG Wei, YANG Zheng, LI Songjing, GAI Pengxue, CAO Fei, MENG Mei

Global aquaculture is expanding rapidly, with China leading in production and being the only country where aquaculture output exceeds wild catch. This growth raises concerns about environmental contamination, particularly mercury (Hg), and the safety of aquaculture products. This study investigated Hg accumulation and trophic transfer in a typical ecological mariculture area in Tangshan, Hebei Province, by measuring species-specific Hg concentrations in sediments and various aquatic organisms. Sediment total mercury (THg) levels were extremely low, averaging 4.0 ± 1.3 ng·g−1 dry weight (n=56), attributed to sandy/silty sediments with low adsorption capacity and minimal external/internal Hg inputs. In aquaculture fish, muscle THg and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were 59.7 ± 30.0 and 53.8 ± 29.2 ng·g−1 wet weight (n=7), respectively, comparable to wild fish from the same area. This is due to efficient trophic transfer and biomagnification of Hg, especially MeHg, along the food chain, influenced by food chain structure, primary consumer accumulation, and metabolic rates. At three seafood consumption levels (41.6–255.6 g·d−1), estimated daily intakes (EDI) of MeHg for Chinese adults ranged from 0.01 to 0.40 μg·kg−1·d−1, with target hazard quotients (THQ) from 0.13 to 3.98. Except for Penaeus monodon and Metapenaeus ensis, all other aquaculture products at high consumption levels exceeded the USEPA safety threshold for MeHg EDI and had THQ > 1, indicating potential health risks.

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Accumulation, Trophic Transfer, and Health Risk Assessment of Mercury under Typical Ecological Mariculture Models

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010902• Jan 15, 2026

Physiological and biochemical characteristics and ecological risk assessment of Microcystis aeruginosa under Malathion stress

Authors: LI Sisi, DAO Guohua, PAN Xuejun

The extensive agricultural application of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) has established them, alongside nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients, as core pollutants in agricultural non-point source contamination, necessitating urgent clarification of their composite ecological effects on aquatic ecosystems. This study systematically investigated the concentration gradient effects and ecological risk mechanisms of malathion, a heavily utilized OPP, on the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Results demonstrated a pronounced concentration-dependent biphasic effect: high concentrations (100 mg·L−1) suppressed algal growth, reducing cell density to 8% of the control group, whereas low concentrations (0.01 mg·L−1) markedly stimulated algal proliferation (47% cell density increase) through photosynthetic system activation (51% chlorophyll-a elevation), metabolic enhancement (98% ATP content increase), and mild oxidative stress induction. Regarding microcystin regulation, low-concentration exposure upregulated microcystin synthesis genes (mcyA, mcyB), elevating intracellular microcystin production to 1.6-fold of controls. Conversely, high concentrations triggered microcystin release via severe membrane integrity disruption (>80% membrane damage). Risk assessment demonstrated that environmentally relevant malathion levels (0.01 mg·L−1) pose dual threats: exacerbating ecological risks by promoting algal blooms and amplifying health hazards through intensified microcystin synthesis and release. These findings provide critical theoretical insights for evaluating OPP ecotoxicity and formulating cyanobacterial bloom control strategies in agricultural non-point source pollution management.

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Physiological and biochemical characteristics and ecological risk assessment of Microcystis aeruginosa under Malathion stress

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025011303• Jan 15, 2026

Pollution Characteristics of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Coastal Seawater of Dalian

Authors: WANG Jufang, CAO Rong, QU Jian, GAO Yuan, ZHU Xiuhua, ZHANG Haijun, CHEN Jiping

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic pollutants with environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity, posing significant threats to marine ecosystems and human health. This study developed an analytical method using anhydrous sodium sulfate-alumina composite column chromatography coupled with gas chromatography-orbitrap mass spectrometry to quantify mono- to deca-BDEs in coastal seawater of Dalian, China. The total PBDE concentrations (∑PBDEs) ranged from not detected to 511.96 pg·L−1, with a mean of 163.96 pg·L−1. BDE-209 was the dominant congener, contributing 24.1% to ∑PBDEs. Spatial distribution exhibited distinct heterogeneity, with higher abundances of highly brominated PBDEs near sewage discharge outlets. Partial least squares discriminant analysis indicated that anthropogenic activities, particularly sewage discharge, were the primary sources. Ecological risk assessment revealed extremely low risk, with the highest risk quotient of 0.013 for BDE-17. These findings provide baseline data for PBDE contamination in Dalian coastal waters and underscore the need for continued monitoring of emerging contaminants.

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Pollution Characteristics of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Coastal Seawater of Dalian

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025020901• Jan 15, 2026

Research Progress of Piezoelectric Coupled Photo-Electrocatalysis in Energy and Environmental Applications

Authors: YANG Haodi, YANG Xunwu, TANG Yigui, LI Kai, BAO Shuangyou, NING Ping

The intensification of environmental pollution necessitates the development of efficient and sustainable remediation technologies. Piezoelectric-coupled photoelectrocatalysis and piezoelectric-coupled electrocatalysis, which convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and integrate with photoelectrocatalytic or electrocatalytic processes, have demonstrated significant potential for environmental remediation. By combining the piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric materials with photocatalysis or electrocatalysis, these technologies markedly improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated or electrogenerated electron-hole pairs, thereby enhancing pollutant degradation. This review explores the working principles of piezoelectric-coupled photoelectrocatalysis and electrocatalysis, highlighting their latest advancements in environmental remediation, including the degradation of organic pollutants and value-added conversions. It also addresses the challenges currently faced in applying these technologies, such as limitations in light transmittance, restricted light absorption ranges, rapid carrier recombination, and the short lifespan of electrodes in electrochemical systems. Finally, potential future research directions are discussed, emphasizing the need for improved material stability, scalable synthesis methods, and a deeper mechanistic understanding to bridge the gap between laboratory research and practical applications.

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Research Progress of Piezoelectric Coupled Photo-Electrocatalysis in Energy and Environmental Applications

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025091205• Jan 15, 2026

Temporal Variation Characteristics of Air Pollutants in the Kui-Du-Wu Region of Xinjiang from 2018 to 2024

Authors: LIN Weiyan, YANG Haoran, LUO Liang, LUO Dan, NIU Ting, ZHU Jie, TIAN Shili

This study analyzes the spatiotemporal variation characteristics and driving mechanisms of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, O3, and CO in the Kuytun-Dushanzi-Wusu (Kui-Du-Wu) region of Xinjiang, based on monitoring data from 2018 to 2024. Results indicate that urban sites (e.g., Kuytun Laoganju Station) are influenced by traffic emissions, leading to elevated PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations. Dushanzi District, with petrochemical industry emissions, exhibits notable SO2 and O3 pollution. Agricultural areas (e.g., Kuytun Huaxin Tomato Company) show significant PM10 and CO levels affected by dust and diesel machinery. Over the study period, PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and CO concentrations generally declined at annual rates of 1.5–4.0 μg·m−3·a−1, reflecting the effectiveness of coal substitution, industrial upgrades, and vehicle emission controls. Conversely, O3 concentrations increased consistently at rates of 1.3–3.2 μg·m−3·a−1, highlighting shortcomings in volatile organic compound (VOCs) control. Seasonal patterns show PM and CO peaking in winter due to heating combustion and temperature inversions, and reaching minima in summer due to enhanced diffusion and precipitation. O3 peaks in summer driven by photochemical reactions, contrasting with NO2 winter highs from heating and industrial activities. The findings underscore the need for coordinated control of VOCs and NOx, optimized dust management, and differentiated emission controls for industrial, traffic, and agricultural sources.

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Temporal Variation Characteristics of Air Pollutants in the Kui-Du-Wu Region of Xinjiang from 2018 to 2024

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010607• Jan 15, 2026

Multi-media Distribution, Source Apportionment, and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Forest-Grassland Transition Zone of Inner Mongolia

Authors: WANG Mao, ZHANG Yufei, LI Baicheng, LI Junwen, WANG Yiqun, XU Xuehui

This study investigated the occurrence, sources, and ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil, litter, and bark samples collected from the forest-grassland transition zone of Inner Mongolia. A total of 12 PAHs were detected in soil, with concentrations ranging from 34.9 to 465.3 ng·g⁻¹ (mean 168.8 ng·g⁻¹), predominantly 3–5 ring compounds. Litter contained 14 PAHs at concentrations between 106.4 and 2262.5 ng·g⁻¹ (mean 465.1 ng·g⁻¹), dominated by 3- and 4-ring PAHs. Both living and dead bark exhibited 14 PAHs, with concentration ranges of 119.2–240.0 ng·g⁻¹ and 123.3–241.6 ng·g⁻¹, respectively, mainly composed of 4-ring PAHs. Spearman correlation analysis revealed no significant correlations among PAH concentrations across the three media (P > 0.05). Source apportionment using diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis indicated that soil PAHs primarily originated from biomass, coal, and gasoline combustion; litter PAHs from petroleum volatilization and coal/natural gas combustion; and bark PAHs from petroleum volatilization and fossil fuel combustion, with high-molecular-weight PAHs dominating. Ecological risk assessment using the risk quotient (RQ) method showed that soil PAHs posed low overall ecological risk, though certain individual PAHs exhibited higher risk. The toxic equivalent (TEQ) method indicated that dead bark was the primary accumulation medium with high carcinogenic contribution, posing elevated ecological risk. Although litter and living bark had lower PAH concentrations, their long-term accumulation effects warrant attention. These findings provide crucial scientific evidence for understanding the environmental behavior and potential risks of PAHs in cold, high-latitude regions of northern China.

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Multi-media Distribution, Source Apportionment, and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Forest-Grassland Transition Zone of Inner Mongolia

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025012101• Jan 15, 2026

Pollution Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Qinhuangdao City during Autumn and Winter

Authors: TIAN Yuting, SHI Runshuang, WANG Shuo, SHI Lijie, KANG Jinyu, SUO Na, ZHU Hao, FAN Jingsen, YUE Liang, NIU Hongya

Continuous monitoring of 114 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was conducted in the urban atmosphere of Haigang District, Qinhuangdao City, from September 2022 to February 2023. The volume concentrations of total VOCs were 42.72×10⁻⁹ in autumn and 25.15×10⁻⁹ in winter. The predominant species were isopentane, ethane, and ethylene. Ozone formation potential (OFP) analysis indicated that alkanes and alkenes dominated the atmospheric pollution during autumn and winter, with isopentane and ethylene being the largest contributors. Aromatic hydrocarbons contributed up to 85.00% of the secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP), with benzene as the primary species. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) identified four major sources: technological processes and oil/gas volatilization (35.57%), combustion and petrochemical emissions, motor vehicle emissions, and regional background sources. The results underscore the need for targeted control of VOCs from industrial and vehicular sources to mitigate secondary pollution in coastal cities.

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Pollution Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Qinhuangdao City during Autumn and Winter

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025020603• Jan 15, 2026

Screening and Identification of High Cellulase-Producing Strain Bacillus cereus and Optimization of Enzyme Production Conditions

Authors: JIA Hexue, LIU Rui, ZHANG Chao, GUO Zhumei, WANG Qian, WANG Qingqing

The high cellulase-producing strains were screened and the enzyme production conditions were optimized, providing strain resources for the effective utilization of agricultural solid waste. A promising cellulolytic strain S3 was isolated from the soil of Hengshui Lake Wetland Park. The isolation process employed Congo red plate staining method for primary screening, followed by secondary screening through cellulase activity determination and straw degradation experiments. Through morphological observation and molecular biology identification, the strain S3 was identified to be Bacillus cereus. The ratio of transparent circle to colony diameter of strain S3 was 4.01±0.17. The filter paper enzyme activity of strain S3 was 42.09 U·mL−1, and the degradation rate of corn stover reached 19.29% after 10 days of fermentation. It was found that the optimum carbon source of strain S3 was the mixture of microcrystalline cellulose and wheat bran with the addition amount of 4%, and the optimum nitrogen source was soybean powder with the addition amount of 2%. Single factor experiment and response surface methodology were used to optimize the enzyme production conditions of the strain S3. The optimal conditions were fermentation time of 76 h, fermentation temperature of 36℃, initial pH of 6, and inoculation volume of 4%. Under these conditions, the filter paper enzyme activity reached 60.13 U·mL−1, which was 1.43 times higher than that before optimization. The strain S3 showed the high cellulase-producing capability, demonstrating its potential as an efficient microbial candidate for the degradation and utilization of agricultural solid waste.

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Screening and Identification of High Cellulase-Producing Strain Bacillus cereus and Optimization of Enzyme Production Conditions

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025012401• Jan 15, 2026

Optimizing the Efficiency of Water Pollution Tracing Based on Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Spectra Extracted from Characteristic Excitation Wavelengths

Authors: ZHAO Yuan, TANG Qi, KUANG Litao, JIN Meng, LAN Yaqiong, XU Cancan, LIU Rui

Traditional excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy suffers from prolonged scanning times, data redundancy, high instrument cost, and bulkiness, hindering rapid on-site water pollution source tracing. This study proposes a novel classification method combining fixed characteristic excitation wavelength scanning with support vector machine (SVM) to enhance efficiency. A total of 180 EEM samples were collected from six pollution source categories: chemical fiber dyeing and finishing, wool textile dyeing and finishing, leather processing, metal surface processing, papermaking, and domestic sewage. Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) identified characteristic fluorescent components and excitation wavelengths. Correlation analysis and feature importance analysis further reduced these to seven characteristic excitation wavelengths. SVM and random forest (RF) models were constructed using both the reduced and original EEM datasets. Results demonstrated that models based on the seven characteristic excitation wavelengths maintained high recognition accuracy while significantly improving efficiency. The SVM model achieved the best performance, with runtime reduced from 243.05 s to 34.56 s (an 86% decrease) and recognition accuracy reaching 94.4%. Precision, recall, and F1-score metrics confirmed the robust performance of SVM with characteristic wavelengths, particularly for metal surface processing wastewater. This study provides an efficient and reliable method for rapid water pollution tracing by simplifying EEM scanning and integrating SVM, offering high application value. Future work will optimize feature selection strategies and explore additional sample categories and model combinations to broaden applicability.

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Optimizing the Efficiency of Water Pollution Tracing Based on Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Spectra Extracted from Characteristic Excitation Wavelengths

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025011804• Jan 15, 2026

Single-Molecule Electrochemical Analysis of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Carboxylic Acid Isomers

Authors: TANG Wen, LI Hongshuang, ZHAO Xian, CHENG Mengyuan, LI Pufeng, XIE Xueying, ZUO Jiaqi, QIU Kaipei

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are persistent organic pollutants whose isomers exhibit distinct environmental behaviors, bioaccumulation potentials, and toxic effects due to structural variations. Accurate identification of PFCA isomers is critical for risk assessment and pollution control, yet existing detection methods predominantly rely on standard references, posing challenges for precise analysis of isomers with subtle structural differences. Single-molecule electrochemical sensing via nanopores offers a standard-free approach by correlating molecular volume with current blockade, but its capability to distinguish PFCA isomers remained unverified. This study targeted three sets of PFCA isomers: 4,5,5-trifluoropent-4-enoic acid vs. 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid; 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-methylpropanoic acid vs. 4,4,4-trifluorobutanoic acid; and 2-(trifluoromethoxy)acetic acid, 3,3,3-trifluorolactic acid, and (2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxypropanoic acid. By engineering nanopore interfaces (WT, R220N, R220Q Aerolysin) and extracting multi-dimensional characteristic parameters, the method achieved near 100% accuracy in identifying all seven isomers. Feature selection further enabled high classification accuracy with low data volumes, laying the foundation for rapid single-molecule detection of PFAS and other emerging contaminants.

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Single-Molecule Electrochemical Analysis of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Carboxylic Acid Isomers

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025083003• Jan 15, 2026

Solar Interfacial Evaporation and Desalination Performance of Carbon Spheres-Corn Stalk Double-Layer Evaporator

Authors: SU Mengshi, MA Yujuan, LI Jing, YAN Liangguo

To obtain freshwater from saline water and seawater, a double-layer evaporator consisting of carbon spheres and corn stalks was fabricated (abbreviated as CC). Corn stalks served as the evaporator substrate, and a mixed hydrogel of carbon spheres and polyvinyl alcohol functioned as the photothermal conversion layer. The solar-driven interfacial evaporation and desalination performance of the CC evaporator was investigated. The glucose-derived carbon spheres exhibited a uniform morphology and achieved 95% light absorption across 200–2500 nm. Under 1 sun (1 kW·m−2) irradiation, the CC with 3 cm height (CC-3) reached an exceptional evaporation rate of 3.55 kg·m−2·h−1 with a remarkable energy efficiency of 97.53%. When different wind speeds (1.5, 2, and 2.5 m·s−1) were applied, the evaporation rates further increased to 7.17, 8.92, and 10.41 kg·m−2·h−1, respectively. The evaporation rate of CC-3 for 3.5% saline was 3.46 kg·m−2·h−1. A 5-day long-time experiment exhibited stable desalination and excellent salt tolerance. Under a wind speed of 2.5 m·s−1, the evaporation rate reached 9.56 kg·m−2·h−1. In an outdoor natural light within a closed system and 2.5 m·s−1 of wind speed, the maximum evaporation rate and cumulative evaporation amount for seawater were 9.59 kg·m−2·h−1 and 66.0 kg·m−2, with no salt crystallization observed on the CC surface. These results demonstrate the potential practical application of the CC evaporator in seawater desalination.

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Solar Interfacial Evaporation and Desalination Performance of Carbon Spheres-Corn Stalk Double-Layer Evaporator

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025020501• Jan 15, 2026

Differences in Hexabromocyclododecane Isomers and Microbial Remediation: A Review

Authors: ZHANG Bidan, WANG Yingying

Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), a brominated flame retardant widely used in building insulation, plastics, and textiles, has been banned but persists in the environment and accumulates in biota. Its three main diastereomers (α-, β-, γ-HBCD) exhibit distinct physicochemical properties, leading to differences in half-life, toxicity, environmental distribution, and bioaccumulation. Microbial remediation offers advantages over chemical and physical methods, including fewer residues, cost-effectiveness, and shorter remediation cycles due to rapid microbial growth. Microorganisms degrade HBCD via debromination, hydroxylation, dehydrobromination, and combined pathways, with isomer transformation observed in environmental microbial communities. This review synthesizes current knowledge on HBCD isomer differences and microbial degradation mechanisms, emphasizing the importance of understanding these processes to mitigate environmental pollution and human health risks. Key findings include the predominance of γ-HBCD in technical mixtures, the higher bioaccumulation potential of α-HBCD, and the isolation of specific degrading strains such as Pseudomonas sp. and Citrobacter sp. Y3, which can mineralize HBCD under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The paper also discusses the influence of environmental factors on degradation efficiency and the potential for bioremediation strategies in contaminated soils and sediments.

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Differences in Hexabromocyclododecane Isomers and Microbial Remediation: A Review

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025012002• Jan 15, 2026

Comparative Study on Oxidative Removal of Acid Orange 7 from Water by Iron-Modified Corn Straw Biochar Activated Urea-Hydrogen Peroxide and Its Mechanisms

Authors: YANG Ke, ZHAO Baowei, GUO Qi, LIU Hui, PAN Jianglong

Acid orange 7 (AO7), a recalcitrant azo dye, poses significant threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health. This study investigates the activation of urea-hydrogen peroxide (UHP) by iron-modified corn straw biochars (Fe-CSBs) for AO7 degradation. Fe-CSBs were synthesized via impregnation-pyrolysis at 300, 500, and 700 °C using ferrous sulfate as modifier. The oxidative removal efficiencies of AO7 by Fe-CSB-activated UHP were compared, and the effects of Fe-CSB dosage, UHP dosage, initial AO7 concentration, initial pH, and coexisting anions (CO3^2−, HCO3^−, Cl^−) were systematically examined. Quenching experiments identified reactive oxygen species, and LC-MS analysis determined degradation intermediates. Results showed that all Fe-CSBs effectively activated UHP, achieving degradation rates of 98.54%, 97.38%, and 98.54% for Fe-CSB300, Fe-CSB500, and Fe-CSB700, respectively, under optimal conditions (0.2 g·L−1 UHP, 0.2 g·L−1 Fe-CSB, 20 mg·L−1 AO7, pH 3, 60 min). CO3^2− and HCO3^− inhibited degradation, while Cl^− had negligible effect. The primary reactive species were hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and singlet oxygen (^1O2). Degradation proceeded via cleavage of the azo bond, forming benzene-containing intermediates, which underwent deamination, desulfurization, and oxidation to smaller organics, ultimately mineralizing to CO2 and H2O. This work provides insights into UHP-based advanced oxidation processes for dye wastewater treatment.

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Comparative Study on Oxidative Removal of Acid Orange 7 from Water by Iron-Modified Corn Straw Biochar Activated Urea-Hydrogen Peroxide and Its Mechanisms

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024042404• Jan 15, 2026

CaO-Doped Rh/Al2O3 as a Highly Effective Catalyst for Catalytic N2O Decomposition

Authors: AN Haomin, BAO Shidong, ZHOU Liusong, LI Haitao, ZHENG Shourong

The direct catalytic decomposition of the greenhouse gas N2O into nitrogen and oxygen holds significant environmental importance. In this study, CaO-modified Rh-based catalysts were prepared via a stepwise impregnation method. The catalyst structures were characterized, and their catalytic performances for N2O decomposition were investigated. The characterization results demonstrate that CaO doping significantly enhances catalytic activity and water resistance. Specifically, the 0.5Rh/Al2O3 catalyst exhibited a N2O conversion below 5% at 300 °C, whereas the 0.5Rh-4Ca/Al2O3 catalyst achieved 50% conversion under identical conditions, indicating markedly improved low-temperature activity. Compared to the undoped catalyst (0.5Rh/Al2O3), CaO doping (0.5Rh-xCa/Al2O3) strengthens metal-support interactions, improves Rh dispersion on the support surface, and modulates the electron density around Rh, thereby substantially boosting N2O decomposition capability. The catalyst also demonstrated excellent stability, maintaining essentially constant conversion over 40 h of reaction. These findings underscore the potential of alkaline earth metal oxide doping as an effective strategy for designing high-performance noble metal catalysts for N2O abatement.

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CaO-Doped Rh/Al2O3 as a Highly Effective Catalyst for Catalytic N2O Decomposition

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010802• Jan 15, 2026

Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds in High-Altitude Counties of the Guanzhong Plain in Summer: Implications for Ozone Pollution Prevention and Control

Authors: MO Xinyu, LI Dan, SHEN Zhenxing, ZHENG Honghao, YE Xinpeng, SUN Jian, ZHANG Bin, YANG Liu, XU Hongmei

Ozone (O3) pollution is a prominent issue in the Guanzhong Plain, necessitating effective control of its precursors, particularly volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, studies on VOC pollution characteristics at the county level are scarce. To investigate the summer VOC pollution characteristics and sources in high-altitude towns of the Guanzhong Plain, continuous monitoring of 53 typical VOC species was conducted at two sites in Changwu County, Xianyang City (elevation 1200 m). The spatiotemporal variations of ambient VOCs and their ozone formation potential (OFP) were analyzed, and source apportionment was performed using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model. Results showed that average total VOC (TVOCs) concentrations at the Changwu Government and Changwu Middle School sites were 60.04×10⁻⁹ and 83.28×10⁻⁹, respectively. Oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) dominated, accounting for 55.14% and 62.91% of TVOCs, followed by alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and halogenated hydrocarbons. Industrial sources contributed the most (43.2%) to VOC emissions in Changwu County, but site-specific differences were observed: the Government site was primarily influenced by solvent use (30.7%) and motor vehicles (19.1%), while the Middle School site was dominated by domestic sources (27.6%) and motor vehicles (20.0%). The average OFP values at the Government and Middle School sites were 258.84×10⁻⁹ and 378.04×10⁻⁹, respectively, with alkenes and OVOCs as the main contributors, originating from industrial emissions, solvent use, and biogenic sources. EKMA curves indicated that Changwu County was in a VOC-limited regime during the observation period, confirming the effectiveness of VOC control for ozone mitigation. These findings provide scientific guidance for local ozone management and offer a paradigm for precise ozone pollution control in county-level regions of the Guanzhong Plain.

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Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds in High-Altitude Counties of the Guanzhong Plain in Summer: Implications for Ozone Pollution Prevention and Control

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025111302• Jan 15, 2026

Fabrication of Porous Metallic Bismuth-Based Blocks via 3D Printing and Their Performance in Chloride Removal

Authors: LV Hongying, ZHOU Xiaoyu, LIU Qijia, LI Xin, GE Dongdong, HUANG Shouqiang

High-concentration chloride ions (Cl−) in industrial wastewater cause severe corrosion and environmental hazards. Conventional removal methods suffer from low efficiency, high cost, and difficulty in product recovery. This study fabricated porous metallic bismuth-based blocks (Bi-PM) via 3D printing, combining chemical precipitation with additive manufacturing. Systematic evaluation of Cl− removal under varying pH and light irradiation revealed that at pH 0.1 and 0.5, dark-condition efficiencies were 53.6% and 31.0%, respectively, increasing to 69.3% and 38.1% under light. Radical trapping identified photogenerated holes as the primary active species, oxidizing metallic Bi to release Bi3+ and enhance precipitation. At pH 0.5, Bi-PM exhibited balanced efficiency and structural stability; over five cycles, average removal efficiency was 25% in darkness versus 41.2% under light, with superior stability under illumination. XRD and SEM confirmed abundant BiOCl formation on the surface under light, mitigating Bi loss. This approach ensures high chloride removal while minimizing material degradation, offering a novel pathway for industrial wastewater treatment.

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Fabrication of Porous Metallic Bismuth-Based Blocks via 3D Printing and Their Performance in Chloride Removal

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025011503• Jan 15, 2026

Characteristics and Impact Assessment of Odor Pollution in an Ink Manufacturing Enterprise

Authors: SHANG Xibin, ZHANG Yan, NING Xiaoyu, CUI Huanwen, WANG Gen, MENG Jie

This study investigated odor emissions from a large-scale ink manufacturing enterprise through comprehensive analyses of odor concentration, substance concentration, and characteristic odor compounds across all exhaust stacks. The aim was to assess odor dispersion patterns and identify critical odor-generating processes to inform strategic upgrades of air pollution control systems. The results showed that acrolein, hydrogen sulfide, isobutyraldehyde, m-xylene, p-xylene, and ethanol were screened as typical odor substances, with acrolein being ubiquitously present across all emission processes. The odor dispersion radius extended 1.4–2.6 km beyond the facility boundary. Vertical odor impact at a sensitive point 1 km from the plant boundary revealed a parabolic profile: concentrations initially increased with height, peaked at 30 m (equivalent to a 10-story building), then decreased at higher heights. The exhaust stack of the sewage treatment station accounted for 53.26% of total odor emissions, establishing this system as the priority control node for implementing enhanced air purification technologies in industrial air quality management.

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Characteristics and Impact Assessment of Odor Pollution in an Ink Manufacturing Enterprise

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025012001• Jan 15, 2026

Research Progress on the Application of Metal Nanozymes in Water Treatment

Authors: ZHANG Kaiting, XIE Yuwei, FENG Mingbao

Nanozymes, nanomaterials capable of mimicking natural enzyme catalytic activity, exhibit exceptional stability, high catalytic activity, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness, demonstrating immense potential in water treatment. This review article delves into the applications of metal nanozymes in water treatment, focusing on the pivotal roles of peroxidase-like, oxidase-like, and multi-enzyme active nanozymes. In this article, the central role of metals of nanozymes in the catalytic activity was analyzed, enhancing catalytic activity and the oxidation efficiency of pollutants. It is emphasized that the synergistic effect of bimetals further enhances catalytic activity and the oxidation efficiency of contaminants. This article offers profound insights into the catalytic mechanisms of nanozymes, providing a reference for selecting appropriate metals based on the characteristics of water pollution and developing metal nanozymes with specific catalytic activities.

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Research Progress on the Application of Metal Nanozymes in Water Treatment

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.0000/202605-1• Jan 15, 2026

Determination of Hydrazoic Acid and Sodium Azide in Workplace Air by Ion Chromatography with Suppressed Conductivity Detection

Authors: ZHU Fuqiang, GANG Qiang, JIA Huimei, MENG Xianlong, LI Yuanyuan, CHEN Linlin

A method for the determination of hydrazoic acid and sodium azide in workplace air was established using ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection. Vapor and mist states of hydrazoic acid were collected in 40 mg·L−1 KOH absorption solution, while sol states of hydrazoic acid or sodium azide were collected on microporous membranes and eluted with 40 mg·L−1 KOH. Separation was performed on a Dionex IonPac™ AS11-HC (250 mm × 4.0 mm) anion analytical column with KOH gradient elution, followed by suppressed conductivity detection. The azide ion (N3−) exhibited good linearity in the range of 0.005–0.5 mg·L−1, with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9997. The limit of detection (S/N=3) was 0.002 mg·L−1, and the limit of quantification (S/N=10) was 0.005 mg·L−1. The minimum quantifiable concentrations in air were 0.00256 mg·m−3 for hydrazoic acid and 0.00387 mg·m−3 for sodium azide, based on a 10.0 mL sample solution and a 20 L air sample. Spiked recoveries ranged from 92.0% to 100.4%, with relative standard deviations (RSD, n=6) between 0.76% and 2.51%. The method is efficient, accurate, and sensitive, suitable for monitoring and safety assessment of hydrazoic acid and sodium azide in workplace air.

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Determination of Hydrazoic Acid and Sodium Azide in Workplace Air by Ion Chromatography with Suppressed Conductivity Detection

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.0000/202605-2• Jan 15, 2026

Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediments from Xiangshan Harbor, Sanmen Bay and Hangzhou Bay

Authors: ZHENG Dan, JIAO Haifeng, WANG Jianping, JIANG Hai, WU Beili, LIU Youyu, SUN Yuan, LIN Shan

Surface sediment samples were collected from 28 stations in the intertidal zones of Xiangshan Harbor, Sanmen Bay, and the southern coast of Hangzhou Bay, major fishery waters in Ningbo, to assess heavy metal pollution and ecological risk. Concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Hg, and As were determined. Results showed that Cu and Cr were the primary超标 factors, with mean concentrations exceeding the Class I standard (GB 18668-2002) by factors of 1.03 and 1.1, respectively, in Xiangshan Harbor; in Sanmen Bay, Cr exceeded by 1.1 times, while Cu did not. In Hangzhou Bay, Cu and Cr were elevated but below the standard. Coefficients of variation (CV) for five metals in Hangzhou Bay exceeded 30%, indicating strong external influence. In Xiangshan Harbor, As showed strong variation, and in Sanmen Bay, Hg showed strong variation. The potential ecological risk indices (RI) were 38.5, 36.7, and 31.1 for Xiangshan Harbor, Sanmen Bay, and Hangzhou Bay, respectively, all indicating low ecological risk. Spatial distribution in Hangzhou Bay revealed a decreasing gradient from a chemical industrial park, suggesting industrial discharge as a primary source. The study provides baseline data for environmental management and recommends source control and bioremediation in high-risk areas.

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Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediments from Xiangshan Harbor, Sanmen Bay and Hangzhou Bay

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025030501• Jan 15, 2026

Pollution Characteristics and Ecological Risks of Microplastics in Surface Waters of Coastal Area and Rivers Entering the Sea on Hainan Island

Authors: ZHANG Xiaoyan, HUANG Weiyu, DENG Hanqiang, SUN Kaifeng, CHEN Wenwen, LIU Bingjie

Coastal areas serve as critical ecological interfaces for the migration of terrestrial microplastics (MPs) into the ocean, and characterizing their pollution is essential for integrated coastal management. This study investigated the occurrence, sources, and ecological risks of MPs in surface waters of nearshore areas and river estuaries around Hainan Island, a typical tropical tourist island. MPs abundance ranged from 316.67 to 1300 n·m−3 in seawater and from 400 to 5416.67 n·m−3 in river water. In seawater, the dominant polymer was polyethylene terephthalate, with fibers being the predominant shape, size class 500–1000 μm, and white/transparent color. In river water, polypropylene-ethylene copolymer dominated, also as fibers, but with size class 100–500 μm and white/transparent color. Seawater MP abundance showed a significant positive correlation with tourist numbers, and distribution across functional areas followed: tourism areas > natural areas > aquaculture areas > residential areas. Multiple correspondence analysis identified household plastic waste, laundry wastewater, aquaculture, and fishery products as primary sources of seawater MPs. Principal component analysis indicated homologous characteristics between seawater and river MPs, suggesting rivers are a major pathway for terrestrial MP transport to coastal zones. Ecological risk assessment revealed low pollution loads, with potential ecological risks moderate for seawater and medium-low for river water. Notably, 15% of seawater sampling sites exhibited polymer risk level Ⅳ, primarily driven by polyacrylonitrile's high biological toxicity. These findings provide a scientific basis for developing MP pollution control strategies in Hainan Island.

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Pollution Characteristics and Ecological Risks of Microplastics in Surface Waters of Coastal Area and Rivers Entering the Sea on Hainan Island

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021005• Jan 15, 2026

Accumulation and Occurrence of Microplastics in Different Feeding Species of Wild Fish in Baiyangdian Lake

Authors: WANG Bingshuai, WANG Wei, MENG Xin, QI Jie

Microplastic pollution in freshwater environments has escalated, leading to increased accumulation in wild fish. This study investigated the occurrence characteristics of microplastics (MPs) in the gills, gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and muscle of four wild fish species with different feeding habits from Baiyangdian Lake, China. MPs were detected in all tissues. The average abundance was highest in the GIT (11.63 ± 10.76 items/individual), followed by gills (7.44 ± 6.79 items/individual), and lowest in muscle (3.91 ± 3.16 items/individual). The majority of MPs were transparent and black fibers smaller than 0.5 mm. Polymer analysis identified polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) as dominant components. Significant differences in MP abundance were observed among species, with carnivorous and herbivorous fish (e.g., snakehead and grass carp) showing higher total MPs than omnivorous and planktivorous fish (e.g., mosquitofish and topmouth gudgeon). However, when normalized by body weight, smaller fish exhibited higher MP concentrations in the GIT, suggesting a greater risk per unit mass. This study provides baseline data on tissue-specific MP distribution in wild freshwater fish with varying feeding behaviors and habitats, highlighting the influence of trophic level and body size on MP accumulation.

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Accumulation and Occurrence of Microplastics in Different Feeding Species of Wild Fish in Baiyangdian Lake

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025022102• Jan 15, 2026

Research Progress on the Impact of Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure on Pregnancy Complications and Adverse Birth Outcomes

Authors: ZHANG Ruixin, ZHUANG Shulin, LIU Jing

Organophosphate pesticides (OPs), the most extensively used insecticides globally, are ubiquitous in environmental matrices and agricultural products, leading to widespread human exposure. This systematic review evaluates the impact of OP exposure on pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes, synthesizing evidence from 58 epidemiological studies published between January 2001 and July 2024. Exposure assessment methods, including biomarkers such as urinary dialkyl phosphates, are critically examined. The review finds significant associations between OP exposure and increased risks of spontaneous abortion, gestational diabetes mellitus, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, preterm birth, and adverse birth outcomes such as low birth weight and reduced head circumference. Potential mechanisms include paraoxonase 1 (PON1) genotype polymorphisms affecting detoxification capacity, oxidative stress, inflammation, metabolic disruption, and altered placental gene networks. The review highlights inconsistencies across studies due to variability in exposure assessment, timing, and population susceptibility. Future research should prioritize longitudinal designs, repeated biomarker measurements, and consideration of PON1 genetic variants to clarify causal relationships and susceptible windows. This comprehensive synthesis provides critical insights for regulatory policies and clinical interventions aimed at mitigating maternal and child health risks from OP exposure.

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Research Progress on the Impact of Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure on Pregnancy Complications and Adverse Birth Outcomes

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025022301• Jan 15, 2026

Metabolomics Study of Zebrafish Embryos Exposed to PFOS and 6:2 FTSA

Authors: XIE Ting, ZHANG Jing, WANG Qiang, CHEN Meng

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a typical perfluorinated compound, has been restricted from production and use due to its adverse effects on organisms and ecosystems. It has been replaced by various emerging alternatives, including 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA). Recently, 6:2 FTSA has been widely detected in aquatic environments; however, studies on its toxicity to aquatic organisms remain limited. To compare the toxic effects of PFOS and 6:2 FTSA on aquatic organisms, zebrafish embryos were exposed to each compound for 72 h. Toxic effects were evaluated, and alterations in endogenous metabolites and metabolic pathways in zebrafish embryos were analyzed using metabolomics. The study demonstrated that both PFOS and 6:2 FTSA induced malformations in zebrafish embryos, with 61 and 33 endogenous differential metabolites identified respectively, predominantly involving lipids and amino acid derivatives. PFOS induces immunotoxicity primarily by disrupting lipid metabolism pathways, thereby interfering with normal embryonic development. In addition, 6:2 FTSA exhibited neurotoxicity by affecting metabolic pathways such as dopaminergic synapses. This study elucidates the differential metabolic responses induced by PFOS and 6:2 FTSA in zebrafish embryos, providing a theoretical basis for assessing the health risks of PFOS alternatives.

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Metabolomics Study of Zebrafish Embryos Exposed to PFOS and 6:2 FTSA

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025112603• Jan 15, 2026

Catalytic Properties of Ionic Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) Materials in CO2 Cycloaddition

Authors: ZHANG Wenyu, LIAO Xiaoqing, ZHANG Xuwenqi, GU Xiaoling, NIU Hongyun, SHI Yali, CAI Yaqi

The cycloaddition of carbon dioxide (CO2) to epoxides (CCE) is a 100% atom-economical transformation yielding cyclic carbonates, which are valuable chemical products. This reaction valorizes CO2 as a carbon feedstock, mitigating the greenhouse effect and aligning with carbon neutrality goals. Conventional covalent organic framework (COF) catalysts often require co-catalysts to achieve high efficiency. To address this, we designed and prepared a series of ionic COFs, denoted EB-BT(nOH), that simultaneously incorporate acid (hydroxyl), base (nitrogen), and nucleophilic bromide (Br−) functionalities. These materials efficiently catalyze the CCE reaction without any co-catalyst. Among them, EB-BT(OH) exhibited the highest catalytic activity, achieving a 99% yield of the target product at 120 °C and 2.0 MPa CO2 pressure. By systematically varying the hydroxyl content in the COF backbone, we investigated the critical role of hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) in the CCE reaction. This work provides new design principles for COF-based catalysts for CCE, eliminating the need for co-catalysts and enhancing process sustainability.

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Catalytic Properties of Ionic Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) Materials in CO2 Cycloaddition

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025030302• Jan 15, 2026

Determination of Trace Phthalates in Foods by C18-SiO2@C-Tip Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Authors: LI Jiaxiang, LI Na, ZHAO Rusong, NIU Hongyun, CAI Yaqi

A novel core-shell composite adsorbent, C18-SiO2@C, was synthesized for the determination of five phthalates in food samples. The adsorbent was prepared by assembling hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3) into γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) cavities via saturated solution method, followed by hydrothermal oxidation to form SiO2@C, and subsequent C18 modification on the inner SiO2 core. The outer hydrophilic amorphous carbon shell enables effective extraction, while the inner C18 layer provides hydrophobic interactions. Using tip-based solid-phase microextraction (SPME), the adsorbent (10 mg) efficiently enriched phthalates from water, milk, and cola. Under optimized conditions (pH, eluent type/volume, sample volume, salt concentration), the method coupled with GC/MS exhibited linearity in the range of 0.5–10 ng·mL−1 (R² > 0.99), limits of detection (S/N ≥ 3) of 0.04–0.15 μg·L−1, and spiked recoveries of 74%–100% (RSD 1.32%–3.49%). For real samples, recoveries were 84.6%–102.3% for tap water, 80.7%–104.6% for cola, and 80.2%–101.4% for milk. The method offers simplicity, rapidity, low sample consumption, high enrichment efficiency, and strong matrix interference resistance, demonstrating significant potential for trace phthalate monitoring in foods.

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Determination of Trace Phthalates in Foods by C18-SiO2@C-Tip Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025030305• Jan 15, 2026

Heavy Metal Speciation and Ecological Risk Assessment of Biochar from Co-pyrolysis of Livestock Sludge and Calcium Carbide Slag

Authors: DAN Yue, LIU Xinxin, QU Guangfei, LI Junyan, CAI Yingying, ZHANG Ting, HE Minjie, YANG Jieqian

The rapid expansion of livestock and poultry farming has intensified the challenge of managing sludge, which contains heavy metals (primarily Cu and Zn), antibiotics, and pathogens. Calcium carbide slag (CCS), an alkaline industrial waste rich in Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, and other minerals, poses environmental risks due to its high alkalinity. This study investigates the speciation transformation of heavy metals in biochar derived from co-pyrolysis of livestock sludge and CCS under varying temperatures (400–700 °C) and mixing ratios (sludge:CCS = 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1). The results demonstrate that at 600 °C and a 2:1 mixing ratio, calcium-based compounds and SiO2 in CCS effectively immobilize heavy metals through crystal solid solution and complexation, reducing their ecological risk. Sequential extraction indicated a shift from exchangeable and reducible fractions to residual fractions, with the residual fraction of Cu and Zn increasing by up to 45% and 38%, respectively, compared to sludge-only pyrolysis. The formation of apatite phosphorus (Ca5(PO4)3OH and Ca3(PO4)2) enhances the bioavailability of phosphorus in the biochar, making it a potential slow-release fertilizer. The study provides a novel strategy for the synergistic treatment of livestock sludge and CCS, offering environmental and economic benefits by producing stable, nutrient-rich biochar while mitigating heavy metal toxicity.

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Heavy Metal Speciation and Ecological Risk Assessment of Biochar from Co-pyrolysis of Livestock Sludge and Calcium Carbide Slag

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021401• Jan 15, 2026

Distribution Characteristics, Sources, and Risks of Organophosphate Triesters and Diesters in the Qiantang River, Hangzhou

Authors: YANG Wenya, YANG Chenglong, DING Hao, HOU Minmin, LI Xin, WU Xiaodong, SHI Yali, CAI Yaqi

This study investigated the occurrence, distribution, sources, and ecological risks of 19 organophosphate triesters (OPEs) and 8 diesters (di-OPEs) in surface water and sediments from the Hangzhou section of the Qiantang River. Samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Concentrations of ΣOPEs in water ranged from 31.5 to 98.9 ng/L, and in sediments from 10.8 to 341 ng/g dry weight (dw). Σdi-OPEs ranged from 2.19 to 104 ng/L in water and 0.437 to 106 ng/g dw in sediments, indicating moderate to low contamination. TCIPP and TCEP dominated OPEs in water, while TEHP was the predominant OPE in sediments. DBP was the major di-OPE in water, and DPHP in sediments. Source apportionment via correlation and principal component analysis identified industrial production and human activities, including household, tire, plastic manufacturing, and agricultural practices, as primary sources. Ecological risk assessment revealed negligible risks for most OPEs in water, but notable risks in sediments: TEHP and EHDPP posed risks to crustaceans, and TPHP to algae. Moreover, combined toxicity at multiple sediment sampling sites raised concern, warranting further attention.

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Distribution Characteristics, Sources, and Risks of Organophosphate Triesters and Diesters in the Qiantang River, Hangzhou

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021101• Jan 15, 2026

Toxic Effects of Benzo[a]pyrene on Pancreatic Development and Function in Offspring Rats

Authors: CUI Rong, CHENG Yi, ZHAI Xiaohe, WANG Li, LU Ying

This study investigated the toxic effects of intrauterine benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) exposure on pancreatic development and glucose metabolism in first-generation offspring rats. Pregnant Wistar rats were randomly divided into control and treatment groups receiving 200, 800, or 1600 μg·kg−1 BaP via daily oral gavage during gestation until delivery. Pancreatic histology was assessed in offspring at postnatal day 2 and week 12. Protein and mRNA expression of pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) were quantified. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (IPGTT) and insulin tolerance tests (IPITT) were performed at week 12. Results showed that exposure to 800 and 1600 μg·kg−1 BaP caused dose-dependent pancreatic damage, with more severe islet morphological disruption and reduced islet area, which did not improve with age. PDX-1 and TFAM expression levels decreased in a dose-dependent manner at both time points. At week 12, the 1600 μg·kg−1 group exhibited pre-diabetic symptoms, including elevated blood glucose and insulin levels, and impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. These findings indicate that intrauterine BaP exposure leads to persistent pancreatic developmental impairment and glucose metabolism disorders, potentially mediated by downregulation of PDX-1 and TFAM, with no recovery over time.

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Toxic Effects of Benzo[a]pyrene on Pancreatic Development and Function in Offspring Rats

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021702• Jan 15, 2026

Electrochemical Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide for Disinfection of Toilet Bowl Seal Water

Authors: ZHOU Fayuan, YANG Yiting, XU Xinpeng, YUAN Yi, ZHENG Quan, WANG Yujue

Bacteria and microorganisms in toilets can enter the air via aerosol plumes generated during flushing, posing potential health risks. This study evaluates the feasibility of electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for household toilet disinfection. Disinfection experiments showed that at H2O2 concentrations of 50–200 mg·L−1, bacteria in toilet bowl seal water were completely inactivated within 4–24 h without generating harmful disinfection by-products. By installing a gas diffusion electrode in the toilet tank and utilizing oxygen from air to electrochemically synthesize H2O2 in situ, the total bacterial count in the seal water was reduced by more than 90% during normal toilet use, thereby lowering the risk of disease transmission via toilet aerosols. The results suggest that electrochemical H2O2 synthesis offers a safe, healthy, and environmentally friendly disinfection method for household toilets.

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Electrochemical Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide for Disinfection of Toilet Bowl Seal Water

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025120801• Jan 15, 2026

Effect of Hematite Morphology on the Photosensitive Response of Microplastic-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter

Authors: LIAN Yongxuan, XU Runxin, ZHOU Yuan, HUANG Yan, SONG Jia, XU Xiang, LI Shangze, YU Qizheng, YANG Jingwen, WANG Jingzhen

The interaction between microplastic-derived dissolved organic matter (PSDOM) and iron oxides in soil environments can modulate its photosensitization effects, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. This study investigated the influence of hematite with distinct morphologies—flake-shaped (HNPs) and cubic (HNCs)—on the photosensitization of polystyrene-derived dissolved organic matter (PSDOM). Under 500 W mercury lamp irradiation, both hematite morphologies promoted PSDOM degradation, with HNCs exhibiting superior performance: total organic carbon (TOC) decreased from 18.4 mg·L−1 to 12.3 mg·L−1 within 90 min, compared to 13.3 mg·L−1 for HNPs. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that hematite alters the humification process, thereby modifying photosensitization. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy identified the generation of singlet oxygen (1O2), hydroxyl radicals (·OH), and carbon-centered radicals (CH3C(=O)OO·). HNCs significantly enhanced 1O2 production, while HNPs favored ·OH generation; both inhibited CH3C(=O)OO· formation. Quantitative analysis via high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that the steady-state concentration of 1O2 was highest with HNCs, reaching 2.80 times that of the PSDOM control, whereas ·OH concentration peaked with HNPs at 1.98 times the control. Notably, the steady-state concentration of 1O2 was approximately three orders of magnitude higher than that of ·OH. These findings elucidate the morphology-dependent role of hematite in PSDOM photosensitization, providing mechanistic insights into the environmental fate of microplastic-derived organic matter in complex soil systems.

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Effect of Hematite Morphology on the Photosensitive Response of Microplastic-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025030404• Jan 15, 2026

Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Sulfonamide Antibiotics Using BiVO4/TiO2 Array Anode

Authors: HE Yuling, LI Na, ZHAO Rusong, NIU Hongyun, CAI Yaqi

The photoelectrocatalytic degradation of seven sulfonamide antibiotics—sulfathiazole (STZ), sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfisoxazole (SIA), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), sulfapyridine (SPD), sulfadimidine (SMT), and sulfaguanidine (SG)—was investigated using a bismuth vanadate-loaded titanium dioxide array (BiVO4/TiO2) as the anode under visible light irradiation. Systematic evaluation of BiVO4 loading, solution pH, current density, electrolyte type, and electrolyte concentration revealed optimal conditions of 50 mmol·L−1 Na2SO4, a current density of 1.67 mA·cm−2, and pH 2. Under these conditions, STZ removal and total organic carbon (TOC) removal reached 95.7% and 76.7%, respectively. Removal efficiencies for SDZ, SIA, SMZ, SPD, SMT, and SG were 94.9%, 80.9%, 79.1%, 57.7%, 52.3%, and 52.0%, with TOC removal ranging from 50% to 76.7%. Quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) identified hydroxyl radicals (·OH), singlet oxygen (1O2), and sulfate radicals (SO4−·) as dominant reactive species. The BiVO4/TiO2 composite exhibited a valence band edge at EVB = 2.775 V vs. RHE, enabling oxidation of H2O, OH−, and SO4^2− to generate these radicals. The heterostructure narrowed the bandgap to 2.12 eV and enhanced visible light response, facilitating efficient charge separation and transfer. Degradation pathways involved oxidation of aniline moieties to nitro groups, followed by hydroxylation and cleavage of S–N, N–C, or S–C bonds, ultimately mineralizing to CO2, H2O, SO4^2−, and NO3−. The system demonstrated high stability and catalytic efficiency across acidic and alkaline conditions, offering a promising approach for antibiotic removal from environmental waters.

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Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Sulfonamide Antibiotics Using BiVO4/TiO2 Array Anode

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026010502• Jan 15, 2026

Molecular Dynamics Simulation in the Mechanism Exploration Research of Environmental Remediation: Current Status and Challenges

Authors: WAN Jia, ZHU Shiye, CHEN Anwei

Environmental pollution severely impacts ecosystems, human health, and socio-economic development, necessitating efficient removal and detoxification of pollutants. Traditional trial-and-error approaches are inadequate for developing high-performance environmental materials and remediation technologies. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have emerged as essential tools for elucidating pollutant removal and toxicity mechanisms at the atomic-molecular level. This review summarizes core computational methods of MD simulations, including force fields, ensemble settings, and enhanced sampling techniques. It then discusses applications in novel adsorbent materials, bioremediation (enzyme catalysis), membrane separation, and membrane fouling, highlighting how MD reveals microscopic interaction mechanisms. Current limitations, such as force field accuracy, timescale constraints, and system size, are critically assessed. Future integration with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning is explored for accelerating simulations, improving force field parameterization, and enabling high-throughput screening. The review aims to promote mechanism-based design and diversified development of environmental pollution control materials and remediation technologies.

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Molecular Dynamics Simulation in the Mechanism Exploration Research of Environmental Remediation: Current Status and Challenges

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025030303• Jan 15, 2026

Degradation of Emerging Organic Pollutants in Water Matrix over Modified Graphitic Carbon Nitride Based Photocatalytic Coupling Systems

Authors: WANG Yingfei, CHEN Ping, LIU Guoguang

Emerging organic pollutants (EOPs) represent a class of toxic and hazardous chemicals characterized by ecotoxicity, environmental persistence, and bio-accumulation. Conventional water treatment processes have proven inadequate in eliminating these EOPs, leading to their accumulation in aquatic ecosystems and posing severe threats to the health and safety of aquatic organisms. Consequently, the development of efficient technologies for the complete elimination of EOPs from water matrix is of great importance. Recently, carbon nitride (CN)-based photocatalytic degradation technologies have been extensively utilized for the efficient treatment of organic pollutants in water environments due to their advantages of being green, efficient, and cost-effective. Furthermore, the catalytic activity of CN-based photocatalytic systems can be significantly improved and energy recovery can be achieved via coupling these systems with other advanced oxidation technologies. This review provides a critical review of the modification strategies for CN photocatalytic materials and their application in photocatalytic coupling systems toward EOPs elimination. Moreover, the opportunities and challenges on the photocatalytic coupling systems have been discussed.

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Degradation of Emerging Organic Pollutants in Water Matrix over Modified Graphitic Carbon Nitride Based Photocatalytic Coupling Systems

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021602• Jan 15, 2026

Electroactive Bacteria Accelerate the Degradation of Gallic Acid by Nano Iron Minerals and Its Mechanism

Authors: WANG Xuyang, ZHENG Yu, WU Min, DU Wei, LI Shunling, PAN Bo

Iron-based catalysts are widely used in water pollution treatment due to their high stability and redox capabilities. However, conventional single-component iron-based catalytic systems face challenges such as slow reaction kinetics and low efficiency in generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) during organic pollutant degradation. In this study, three electroactive bacteria (Bacillus megaterium, Lactococcus lactis, and Shewanella putrefaciens) were selected to interact with nano-Fe3O4 to construct bacterial/Fe3O4 hybrid materials, accelerating the degradation of gallic acid. The results showed that bacterial interaction with Fe3O4 facilitated rapid electron transfer, enhancing gallic acid degradation. The bacterial/Fe3O4 hybrid materials exhibited significantly higher gallic acid degradation rates compared to Fe3O4 alone. This improvement was mainly attributed to the ability of electroactive bacteria to promote the formation of oxygen vacancies (OVs) on the Fe3O4 surface, accelerating electron transfer and subsequently enhancing the generation of ROS, including hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radicals, and singlet oxygen. Correlation analysis demonstrated a significant positive relationship between OVs and ROS generation, with hydroxyl radicals showing the highest correlation with the gallic acid degradation rate constant (r = 0.98), indicating its dominant role in gallic acid degradation; the hydroxyl radicals quenching experiment also verified its dominant role. Additionally, due to the temperature sensitivity of bacteria, the degradation rate of gallic acid reached its peak in the temperature range of 30–40 °C. This study reveals the mechanism by which electroactive bacteria enhance the catalytic activity of Fe3O4, providing a new strategy for its application in advanced oxidation technology for water pollution treatment.

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Electroactive Bacteria Accelerate the Degradation of Gallic Acid by Nano Iron Minerals and Its Mechanism

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025030403• Jan 15, 2026

Adsorption Pathways and Differential Mechanisms of Typical Organic/Inorganic Pollutants on Microplastics: A Case Study of Sulfamethoxazole and Cr(VI) on Aged Polypropylene

Authors: CHEN Lin, ZHOU Ying, LIU Lin, LIU Yonglin, ZHAO Erling, LI Debao, ZHANG Yaru, HAN Xiaoyan, WANG Weiliang

Microplastics (MPs) act as vectors for co-migrating antibiotics and heavy metals, forming complex pollution systems with potential joint toxicity. However, the differential adsorption behaviors and underlying mechanisms of MPs toward organic versus inorganic pollutants remain insufficiently understood. This study selected polypropylene (PP) microplastics, a major component of agricultural plastic films, and investigated the adsorption of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and Cr(VI) onto aged PP under varying environmental conditions. Results demonstrated that aging increased the maximum adsorption capacity by 2–3 times for both pollutants. Notably, aged PP exhibited approximately 30 times higher adsorption capacity for SMX than for Cr(VI). Characterization revealed that aging introduced oxygen-containing functional groups (e.g., carbonyl) on the MP surface, enhancing adsorption. Mechanistic analysis indicated that hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions dominated SMX adsorption, while Cr(VI) adsorption was primarily governed by electrostatic interactions and pore-filling. The stronger intermolecular forces for SMX compared to reversible pore-filling for Cr(VI) explained the observed differences. Increasing pH induced electrostatic repulsion, reducing adsorption of both pollutants. High concentrations of Na+ and Mg2+ caused charge shielding, potentially enhancing Cr(VI) adsorption but inhibiting SMX adsorption due to competition for active sites. The presence of organic matter (humic acid) had negligible effects on Cr(VI) adsorption but reduced SMX adsorption, likely due to complexation. These findings elucidate distinct molecular-level pathways for organic versus inorganic pollutant adsorption on aged MPs, highlighting the roles of hydrogen bonding and pore-filling in driving differential behaviors.

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Adsorption Pathways and Differential Mechanisms of Typical Organic/Inorganic Pollutants on Microplastics: A Case Study of Sulfamethoxazole and Cr(VI) on Aged Polypropylene

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025022302• Jan 15, 2026

Preparation of Fe1-xS@CNT Composite Nanozyme and Its Application in Colorimetric Detection of Hg2+

Authors: WANG Hongbo, PENG Xinyu, SUN Haiyang, ZHENG Chijie, GU Zhenzhen, WANG Xuedong, LIU Tingting

The escalating environmental contamination by mercury ions (Hg2+) poses severe risks to ecosystems and human health, necessitating the development of rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective detection methods. In this study, Fe1-xS@CNT composite nanozymes were synthesized via a straightforward solvothermal approach. The nanozymes exhibit uniform morphology, structural stability, and significant peroxidase (POD)-like activity. The incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNT) facilitates electron transfer, enhancing the Fenton reaction between Fe2+/Fe3+ to generate abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS), primarily hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and superoxide anions (·O2−). The synergistic action of these ROS and photogenerated holes (h+) promotes the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to a blue-colored product (oxTMB), establishing a colorimetric system of Fe1-xS@CNT + H2O2 + TMB. The specific binding of S2− on the nanozyme surface to Hg2+ inhibits POD activity, reducing the absorbance of the system. This principle was harnessed to develop a colorimetric method for Hg2+ quantification in environmental water samples. The method demonstrates a linear range of 0.1–500 μg·L−1 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.04 μg·L−1. Validation in real water samples (campus and tap water) showed recoveries between 94.4% and 111.1% with relative standard deviations (RSD) below 3.0%, comparable to atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The method offers advantages of simplicity, rapid analysis, and naked-eye visibility, providing a novel approach for on-site monitoring of heavy metal pollutants.

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Preparation of Fe1-xS@CNT Composite Nanozyme and Its Application in Colorimetric Detection of Hg2+

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021902• Jan 15, 2026

Preparation and Performance of Anti-fouling Polyacrylonitrile Ultrafiltration Membranes

Authors: LU Jingqiong, ZHANG Xingpeng, WANG Hui, ZHANG Jing, ZHAO Jinguo, GAO Chengyun, ZHAO Xudong

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ultrafiltration membranes are widely used in water treatment, yet their anti-fouling performance remains a challenge. In this work, PAN was first reacted with sodium azide via click chemistry to synthesize 1,2,3,4-tetrazolium polyacrylonitrile (PAN-N). Subsequently, PAN-N was reacted with iodoacetamide (IAM), 2-iodoethanol (IH), iodoacetic acid (IA), and chlorosulfonic acid (CSA) to introduce hydrophilic groups, and anti-fouling PAN ultrafiltration membranes were fabricated via phase inversion. The membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and contact angle measurements. Results showed that the PAN-N membrane exhibited superior performance to pristine PAN, with water flux increasing from 0.9233 to 1.232 L·(m2·h·kPa)−1 and bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection from 69.23% to 82.4%. Hydrophilic modification further enhanced performance; the PAN-N-IA membrane achieved the highest water flux of 1.7347 L·(m2·h·kPa)−1 and rejection of 93.57%. Anti-fouling tests revealed that modified membranes followed the order: PAN-N-CSA > PAN-N-IA > PAN-N-IH > PAN-N-IAM > PAN-N > PAN. PAN-N-CSA and PAN-N-IA showed comparable anti-fouling performance, with total fouling indices of 56.1% and 58.47%, reversible fouling indices of 47.17% and 46.97%, and irreversible fouling indices of 8.97% and 11.47%, respectively. This work demonstrates that PAN-N-IA membranes combine high flux, high rejection, and excellent anti-fouling properties, making them promising for water treatment applications.

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Preparation and Performance of Anti-fouling Polyacrylonitrile Ultrafiltration Membranes

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025022501• Jan 15, 2026

Comparison and Optimization of Pretreatment Methods for Emerging Contaminants and Application in Industrial Wastewater Samples

Authors: HUANG Tianle, YANG Zhengqing, WANG Yuchen, YU Zhiyuan, DAI Xin, LIU Xi, CHEN Wei, YUAN Jie, LI Xiaodong, TANG Lin

The pretreatment of trace emerging contaminants in environmental matrices is challenging due to diverse methods and uncertain applicability. This study compared solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) for extracting endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), particularly phthalate esters (PAEs), using laboratory-spiked blank samples. LLE achieved satisfactory recoveries for PAEs at spike levels below 4 μg·L−1, enabling detection of five PAEs including diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), with improved efficiency via repeated extraction. SPE offered lower detection and quantification limits, higher accuracy and sensitivity, and achieved high recoveries for 12 EDCs and 10 antibiotics at spike levels ≥0.2 μg·L−1, with detection limits as low as 0.1–6.4 ng·L−1. The developed SPE coupled with liquid chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (LC-Orbitrap MS) method was applied to industrial wastewater samples. Across five industrial sectors (coatings, rubber, pharmaceuticals, inks, and materials technology), five antibiotics and ten EDCs were detected, with total concentrations ranging from 0.03–0.56 μg·L−1 and 0.07–1.91 μg·L−1, respectively. Sector-specific profiles emerged: rubber industry effluent was dominated by dibutyl phthalate (DBP) at 1.07 μg·L−1, while pharmaceutical effluent featured sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) at 0.34 μg·L−1. This systematic evaluation demonstrates that SPE-LC-Orbitrap MS is robust for complex matrices, providing a technical foundation for accurate quantification of emerging contaminants in industrial wastewater.

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Comparison and Optimization of Pretreatment Methods for Emerging Contaminants and Application in Industrial Wastewater Samples

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026011902• Jan 15, 2026

Molecular Regulation of Sulfur Metabolisms Induced by Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Acids on the Diffusion of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances at the Water–Soil Interface in Paddy Fields

Authors: LI Lingxuan, HUANG Xinlin, TU Wenqing, WU Jianyi

The migration of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) at the water–soil interface in paddy fields is a critical determinant of their environmental fate and crop safety. This study investigated the influence of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) on PFASs mobility under waterlogged conditions. Four LMWOAs—oxalic, citric, lactic, and acetic acids—were individually enriched in paddy soils, and the migration of 15 PFASs was monitored. Acetic acid enrichment most strongly suppressed PFASs release into overlying water. Mechanistic analyses using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, three-dimensional excitation–emission matrix spectroscopy, microbial amplicon sequencing, and metagenomics revealed that acetic acid reshaped the microbial community, enriching sulfate-reducing bacteria and upregulating sulfur reduction genes (SULT1A) and nitrogen transformation genes (nifN, nirI, nthB). This drove sulfate reduction to sulfite and sulfide. ABT modeling identified sulfur metabolism as the dominant factor controlling PFASs immobilization (26.06% contribution). Experiments under varying sulfur redox conditions confirmed that sulfite (SO3^2−) oxidation indirectly altered dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition, weakening PFASs–DOM binding and reducing PFASs in overlying water. These findings demonstrate that LMWOAs accumulation, particularly acetic acid, can effectively impede PFASs migration at the paddy water–soil interface via microbial sulfur cycling and associated DOM structural changes, offering a potential strategy for PFASs remediation in agricultural systems.

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Molecular Regulation of Sulfur Metabolisms Induced by Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Acids on the Diffusion of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances at the Water–Soil Interface in Paddy Fields

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025092801• Jan 15, 2026

Seasonal Variations of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) in Urban Riverine Outfall Water and Its Association with Water Quality: A Case Study of the Nanfei River and Banqiao River in Hefei

Authors: TANG Xiaoxian, YIN Haojie, CHEN Xizi, XIONG Zhuyang, ZHANG Xianliang, HU Jiawei, HUANG Tao

Urban river water quality is critically influenced by outfall discharges, yet the seasonal dynamics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its linkage to water quality remain poorly constrained. This study collected outfall water samples seasonally during 2023–2024 along the Nanfei River and Banqiao River in Hefei, Anhui Province. Parallel factor analysis of excitation-emission matrices identified three fluorescent components: fulvic acid-like C1, tryptophan-like (protein-like) C2, and terrestrial humic-like C3. Seasonal variations were pronounced: protein-like C2 dominated in winter and spring, whereas summer and autumn showed lower C2 proportions due to rainwater dilution and urban nonpoint source runoff inputs. Water quality indices decreased in summer and autumn, primarily attributed to dilution by rainfall runoff. Fluorescence index (FI > 1.9) and biological index (BIX > 1.0) indicated predominantly autochthonous DOM sources. During summer and autumn, humification index (HIX) and specific UV absorbance (SUVA) increased, while spectral slope ratio (SR) decreased, suggesting enhanced terrestrial and urban runoff influence. Significant positive correlations were observed between protein-like C2 and terrestrial humic-like C3 with water quality parameters, indicating their utility as precise indicators of pollution sources and seasonal water quality variations. These findings provide a scientific basis for integrated management of urban outfalls.

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Seasonal Variations of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) in Urban Riverine Outfall Water and Its Association with Water Quality: A Case Study of the Nanfei River and Banqiao River in Hefei

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025030602• Jan 15, 2026

Characteristics and Meteorological Causes of PM2.5-O3 Compound Pollution in Typical Cities of the Yangtze River Delta Region

Authors: ZHANG Leran, KANG Na, JI Haonan, CHEN Yue, HE Yijing, LI Mingxuan

In the context of accelerated urbanization, regional air composite pollution in medium and large urban agglomerations is primarily characterized by PM2.5-O3 compound pollution. To elucidate the meteorological causes of PM2.5-O3 compound pollution in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region over the recent seven years (2017–2023), this study analyzed monitoring data from typical cities (Nanjing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, and Hefei) using Pearson and partial correlation coefficients. Results indicate: (1) PM2.5 pollution exhibited a significant downward trend across all four cities, with notable improvement during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, underscoring the effectiveness of air pollution control measures. Conversely, O3 pollution remained elevated or increased in some cities, indicating persistent challenges in O3 control. (2) During O3 pollution episodes, PM2.5 and O3 concentrations were positively correlated, whereas during PM2.5 pollution episodes, they were negatively correlated. (3) Compound pollution days were predominantly observed from February to October, with the highest frequency (20 days) occurring from April to June. (4) The significant reduction in PM2.5 weakened the aerosol 'umbrella effect', enhancing surface radiation and promoting near-surface O3 formation. Concurrently, changes in the NOx/VOCs ratio weakened O3 titration, and climate warming accelerated O3 precursor generation and potentially altered boundary layer structure, collectively contributing to O3 accumulation in the cold season and an increasing frequency of compound pollution during that period. (5) The formation mechanisms of PM2.5 and O3 are driven by distinct meteorological conditions, with low overall concentration correlation; however, under compound meteorological conditions such as high temperature, stagnant air, and weak diffusion, both pollutants tend to rise synchronously, indicating that compound pollution events are typically driven by multiple adverse meteorological factors. This study demonstrates that from 2017 to 2023, PM2.5 pollution significantly decreased while O3 pollution showed an increasing trend. Compound pollution was concentrated in April–June and influenced by high temperature, stagnant air, and weak diffusion. With effective PM2.5 control, enhanced surface radiation and changes in O3 precursors led to O3 accumulation in the cold season, increasing compound pollution frequency. Overall, compound pollution is driven by multiple meteorological factors, posing complex challenges for control.

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Characteristics and Meteorological Causes of PM2.5-O3 Compound Pollution in Typical Cities of the Yangtze River Delta Region

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025031001• Jan 15, 2026

Bioavailability and Desorption Kinetics of Sulfonamide Antibiotics in Soil Assessed by Diffusive Gradients in Thin-Films

Authors: CUI Yaqing, ZHANG Peng, WANG Jing, GE Linke, HOU Yinping, LI Chengtao

The diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique has emerged as a promising tool for assessing the desorption kinetics and bioavailability of organic contaminants in soil. This study compared DGT, soil solution, and organic solvent extraction methods for evaluating the bioavailability of four sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) in soil using pot experiments with Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis and Lactuca sativa. Results demonstrated that plant uptake of SAs depended on compound properties and plant species, with roots as the primary accumulation site. DGT-measured concentrations (CDGT) showed significant linear correlations with SA concentrations in both roots and leaves, and effective concentrations (CE) were positively correlated with plant tissue levels (P < 0.05). The soil solution method also showed predictive ability but with lower stability. The mass of SAs adsorbed by DGT increased non-linearly with deployment time, indicating that solid-phase resupply sustained long-term DGT uptake. DIFS model-derived soil-water partition coefficients (Kdl) ranged from 0.23 to 1.25 mL·g−1, with higher Kdl values corresponding to greater bioavailability. Response times (Tc) ranged from 2307 to 7523 seconds, with sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) exhibiting the highest Tc, indicating its release was most constrained. Meta-analysis of desorption parameters for other organic contaminants revealed that soil pH and particle size were key determinants of Kdl, while molecular volume and hydrophobicity influenced resupply rates. This study confirms the reliability of DGT for assessing antibiotic bioavailability in soil and provides fundamental data on their migration and fate.

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Bioavailability and Desorption Kinetics of Sulfonamide Antibiotics in Soil Assessed by Diffusive Gradients in Thin-Films

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025081103• Jan 15, 2026

Optimized Simulation of HONO Sources and Its Impact on Nitrate Formation in Guangzhou

Authors: YANG Suxia, HUANG Jizhang, YE Ziming, PEI Chenglei, FANG Kunxin, LI Mei, CHENG Chunlei

Nitrous acid (HONO) is a critical precursor of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) in the atmosphere, influencing oxidative capacity and secondary pollutant formation. However, model simulations often underestimate HONO concentrations, and its role in nitrate formation remains unclear. This study investigates a typical winter haze episode in Guangzhou (January 2021, peak PM2.5: 243.0 μg·m−3) using observational data and a box model to quantify HONO sources and assess their impact on ·OH and particulate nitrate. HONO concentrations increased from (1.0±1.0) μg·m−3 during clean periods to (9.2±3.8) μg·m−3 during polluted periods, while nitrate rose from (6.4±3.4) to (43.3±20.0) μg·m−3 (6.8-fold). Incorporating seven additional HONO sources improved simulated daytime HONO from (0.3±0.1) to (6.5±2.3) μg·m−3, matching observations. Source apportionment showed direct vehicle emissions dominated (49.7%), followed by heterogeneous photosensitized reaction of NO2 on aerosol surfaces (23.0%), ground surface reaction (10.7%), and nitrate photolysis (8.7%). With optimized HONO, simulated daytime ·OH increased from (0.6±0.3)×10^6 to (1.5±0.8)×10^6 molec·cm−3 (1.2-fold), and nitrate production via ·OH+NO2 increased from (3.4±1.2) to (15.3±8.5) μg·m−3·h−1 (3.5-fold). The simulated-to-observed nitrate ratio improved from 21% to 81%. Sensitivity tests indicated that setting nitrate photolysis enhancement to 100 times gaseous nitric acid yielded better HONO and nitrate simulations. This study underscores the importance of refining HONO sources for accurate simulation of atmospheric oxidation and nitrate formation, aiding pollution control strategies.

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Optimized Simulation of HONO Sources and Its Impact on Nitrate Formation in Guangzhou

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021901• Jan 15, 2026

Evolution of Water-Soluble Ions in PM2.5 in the Northern Suburbs of Nanjing During Summer Before and After the Implementation of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan

Authors: HE Yijing, DOU Ziyi, QIN Yang, CHEN Siyu, YU Xingna

To assess the impact of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan (APPCAP) on the chemical composition of PM2.5, this study analyzed the concentrations, existing forms, and sources of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 collected during summer (June–August) in the northern suburbs of Nanjing for the years 2012, 2013, 2017, and 2019. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in total water-soluble ion concentrations in 2017–2019 compared to 2012, indicating the effectiveness of APPCAP in mitigating PM2.5 pollution. Sulfate (SO4^2−), nitrate (NO3^−), and ammonium (NH4^+) (collectively SNA) were the dominant ionic species, contributing 69.98%–92.58% of the total ion mass, with SO4^2− being the most abundant. In the summers of 2013 and 2017, PM2.5 exhibited alkaline properties, and SNA primarily existed as NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4. Conversely, in 2019, PM2.5 became acidic, with SNA present as NH4NO3 and NH4HSO4. The nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) and sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) indicated that NO3^− and SO4^2− predominantly originated from secondary reactions, with SO2 undergoing secondary conversion more readily than NO2, and the degree of secondary conversion increasing annually. Source apportionment revealed a shift from long-range transport in 2013 to local and regional sources by 2017. These findings underscore the success of APPCAP in reducing primary emissions and altering the chemical speciation of secondary inorganic aerosols, while highlighting the persistent dominance of sulfate and the need for continued SO2 emission controls.

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Evolution of Water-Soluble Ions in PM2.5 in the Northern Suburbs of Nanjing During Summer Before and After the Implementation of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024122406• Jan 15, 2026

Comprehensive Evaluation of Soil Quality under Different Vegetation Types in the Green Heart Area of the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan City Cluster

Authors: ZHOU Jinjin, TAO Liujun, HE Gongxiu, KONG Ting, MAN Qianru, PENG Jun

The effects of different vegetation types on soil quality in the Green Heart Area of the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan City Cluster were evaluated to provide a reference for selecting suitable afforestation species and improving forest soil quality. Seven vegetation types (mixed forest, broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest, economic forest, shrub forest, grassland, and abandoned cropland) with similar site conditions were studied. Eleven soil physicochemical indicators were measured, and soil quality was assessed using principal component analysis (PCA), Pearson correlation, total data set (TDS), minimum data set (MDS), and entropy-weighted TOPSIS methods. Results showed no significant differences in soil water content, soil bulk density, and C:N ratio among vegetation types, while significant differences were found in total porosity, capillary porosity, saturated water content, field water holding capacity, total carbon, total nitrogen, available potassium, and available phosphorus. Compared with abandoned cropland, soil water content, total porosity, field water holding capacity, saturated water content, total carbon, total nitrogen, available potassium, and available phosphorus were significantly higher, and soil bulk density was significantly lower. Mixed forest soil exhibited the highest values for field water holding capacity, total porosity, saturated water content, total nitrogen, total carbon, available potassium, and available phosphorus. Correlation analysis revealed that soil bulk density was extremely significantly negatively correlated with soil water content, total porosity, and saturated water content, and significantly negatively correlated with field water holding capacity, total carbon, and total nitrogen. Soil capillary porosity, field water holding capacity, total porosity, and saturated water content were extremely significantly positively correlated with soil nutrients, while soil bulk density showed varying degrees of negative correlation with soil chemical nutrients. Soil chemical properties and stoichiometric ratios showed varying degrees of significant positive correlation. The order of soil quality under different vegetation types was mixed forest > broad-leaved forest > shrub forest > economic forest > grassland > coniferous forest > abandoned cropland. Mixed forest soil quality was the best and significantly higher than other vegetation types, with significant differences among vegetation types. Mixed forest soil quality was clearly superior. In vegetation restoration and plantation establishment in the Green Heart Area, the principle of matching tree species to site conditions should be followed, with a focus on mixed forests to improve overall soil quality and enhance ecological benefits of artificial vegetation restoration.

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Comprehensive Evaluation of Soil Quality under Different Vegetation Types in the Green Heart Area of the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan City Cluster

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025011002• Jan 15, 2026

Phosphorus-Enriched Biochar Promotes Brassica napus L. Growth under Cadmium Stress by Immobilizing Cadmium and Sustained Phosphorus Release

Authors: LIN Yuhan, ZENG Yang, MA Ming, CHEN Hong

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in farmland soils poses a threat to food security, necessitating effective remediation strategies. This study prepared three types of phosphorus-enriched biochar (PBC) from rice straw and different phosphorus sources (fused calcium magnesium phosphate, citric acid-activated fused calcium magnesium phosphate, and monocalcium phosphate) to evaluate their potential in stabilizing Cd(II), releasing phosphorus, and enhancing plant resistance to heavy metal stress. Under Cd stress, PBC amendments significantly improved soil physicochemical properties and reduced Cd bioavailability through direct immobilization (adsorption, precipitation) and indirect mechanisms. Specifically, CBC and MBC treatments reduced DTPA-extractable Cd by 45.73% and 48.92%, respectively. The porous structure of biochar facilitated sustained phosphorus release, influencing soil solution phosphorus dynamics. In pot experiments with Brassica napus L., PBC application significantly improved agronomic traits and reduced oxidative stress markers. The C5 treatment increased leaf area by 100%, M7 increased plant height by 26.8%, and M3 reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents by 72.5% and 61.2%, respectively. These findings demonstrate that PBC effectively alleviates Cd toxicity, promotes plant growth, and enhances stress resistance, offering a feasible strategy for remediating Cd-contaminated soils while providing a sustainable phosphorus source.

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Phosphorus-Enriched Biochar Promotes Brassica napus L. Growth under Cadmium Stress by Immobilizing Cadmium and Sustained Phosphorus Release

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021903• Jan 15, 2026

Advances in Computational Simulation of Autoxidation Reactions of Atmospheric Peroxyalkyl Radicals

Authors: LIU Chang, ZHAO Qiaojing, ZHAO Hui, XIE Hongbin

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are key precursors of secondary organic aerosols (SOA), and their oxidation reactions are regulated by reactive intermediates. A deep understanding of the reaction mechanisms of VOCs-derived reactive intermediates is crucial for evaluating SOA formation. Atmospheric peroxyalkyl radicals (RO2·) are important intermediates produced during VOCs oxidation and can generate highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) through a unique atmospheric autoxidation mechanism, contributing significantly to SOA formation. This article reviews recent advances in computational studies on the autoxidation mechanisms of RO2· with different functional groups, focusing on the autoxidation reactions of RO2· derived from alkanes, alkenes, carbonyl compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons, heteroatom-containing compounds, and other substances. The review highlights the commonalities and differences in autoxidation mechanisms across these functional groups, emphasizing the role of intramolecular hydrogen shifts and subsequent O2 addition steps. Furthermore, we emphasize that future research should focus on the autoxidation of second-generation RO2· and autoxidation mechanisms driven by different intramolecular reactions. Quantum chemical calculations, often combined with kinetic modeling, provide molecular-level insights into reaction pathways and rate constants, which are essential for predicting HOM formation and SOA yields. This review aims to guide further theoretical investigations and support the development of more accurate atmospheric chemistry models.

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Advances in Computational Simulation of Autoxidation Reactions of Atmospheric Peroxyalkyl Radicals

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021805• Jan 15, 2026

Chemical Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Typical High Mountain Precipitation in the Hengduan Mountains Area

Authors: HUANG Guanhua, SHEN Zhenyu, SHI Xiaoyi, WANG Ke, YANG Ju, XIN Huijuan, PU Tao

This study analyzed 75 precipitation samples collected from August 2017 to August 2018 in the Meili Snow Mountain region of the Hengduan Mountains. The chemical characteristics of inorganic ions and their seasonal variations between monsoon and non-monsoon periods were examined. The volume-weighted mean total ion concentration was 246.2 μeq·L–1, with higher concentrations in the non-monsoon season and lower in the monsoon season. The dominant water chemistry type was HCO3–-Ca2+. Principal component and partial correlation analyses indicated that Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3–, and SO42– mainly originated from local sedimentary rock dust, while Na+ and Cl– were primarily marine during the monsoon, with reduced marine influence in the non-monsoon period. NO3– was largely attributed to South Asian pollution emissions, with significant contributions from biomass burning to K+, Na+, and Cl– in the pre-monsoon phase. PMF source apportionment confirmed that during the monsoon, approximately 70% of Cl– and Na+ were from sea salt, whereas in the non-monsoon, over half came from biomass burning. NO3– was almost entirely from fossil fuel combustion during the monsoon (96%), decreasing to 72% in the non-monsoon. Ca2+ and Mg2+ were mainly from carbonate dust in the monsoon and weathered dust in the non-monsoon. Backward trajectory analysis showed that the non-monsoon period was dominated by westerly transport (60%), while the monsoon was dominated by southwest monsoon transport (81%). These findings provide scientific basis for understanding atmospheric pollution and background values in the region.

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Chemical Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Typical High Mountain Precipitation in the Hengduan Mountains Area

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025022801• Jan 15, 2026

Combined Effects of Biochar and Dissolved Organic Matter Surrogate AQDS on Methane Emissions from Paddy Soil

Authors: HE Ting, CHENG Chen, WU Yufei, ZHAO Zhuoxi, WANG Zhao, ZHANG Peng

Paddy soils are a major source of agricultural methane (CH4) emissions. Biochar is widely applied to paddy soils, while dissolved organic matter (DOM) is ubiquitous; both can regulate CH4 emissions by mediating electron transfer processes, yet their synergistic mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the individual and combined effects of biochar and the DOM model compound anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid (AQDS) on CH4 emissions from paddy soil during incubation. Biochar amendment increased DOM concentration and accelerated extracellular electron transfer, resulting in a maximum cumulative CH4 emission of (66.23±16.20) μmol, four-fold higher than the control (15.14±0.18) μmol. In contrast, AQDS addition markedly suppressed CH4 accumulation to (1.04±0.09) μmol, attributed to sulfate introduction as a competitive electron acceptor, despite enhanced electron exchange. The combined biochar-AQDS treatment yielded intermediate CH4 accumulation of (12.71±0.32) μmol. Although DOM availability increased, sulfate-driven electron competition inhibited methanogens, and the combined treatment favored the acetoclastic methanogenesis pathway, which produces less CH4 per unit acetate, resulting in lower emissions than biochar alone but higher than AQDS alone, indicating an additive effect. These findings elucidate the mechanisms by which biochar and DOM jointly regulate CH4 emissions from paddy soils, providing a theoretical basis for agricultural management.

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Combined Effects of Biochar and Dissolved Organic Matter Surrogate AQDS on Methane Emissions from Paddy Soil

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026012804• Jan 15, 2026

Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds at a Roadside Site in a Tropical City during Summer

Authors: LIN Youjing, XU Wenshuai, ZENG Yurong, ZHOU Xiaopeng, ZHANG Mingshan, MENG Xinxin

This study conducted online monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at a roadside site on a main arterial road in Haikou, a tropical city, during summer 2023 (June 25–September 30). A total of 56 VOCs were measured. The mean total VOC concentration (φ(TVOCs)) was (9.05 ± 6.24) nmol·mol−1, with concentrations in the order: alkanes > alkenes > aromatic hydrocarbons > alkynes, dominated by light alkanes. Alkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons contributed significantly to atmospheric chemical reactivity, while secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) was limited, influenced by both VOC concentrations and temperature. VOC concentrations exhibited a pronounced bimodal diurnal pattern, consistent with traffic peaks. Ratio analysis indicated a Toluene/Benzene (T/B) ratio slightly higher than typical vehicle exhaust values, and an iso-Pentane/n-Pentane (i/n) ratio suggesting fuel evaporation influence. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) identified four sources: gasoline/LPG vehicle exhaust (49.9%), solvent use or vehicle evaporation (26.1%), diesel vehicle exhaust (14.9%), and biogenic sources (9.1%). SOAFP was mainly contributed by solvent use/evaporation (35.7%), gasoline/LPG exhaust (34.6%), diesel exhaust (22.0%), and biogenic sources (7.7%). These findings indicate that under tropical summer high-temperature conditions, roadside VOC pollution is predominantly traffic-related, with vehicle evaporation sources non-negligible, providing insights for evaluating vehicular impacts on particulate pollution.

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Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds at a Roadside Site in a Tropical City during Summer

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025022502• Jan 15, 2026

Electronic Synergy Modulation of Fe-Based Bimetallic Oxides Catalysts for Enhanced Ozonation in Industrial Wastewater Treatment

Authors: CAO Xu, MEI Hong, WANG Yan, LI Wenwei, LIU Xianwei

The design of stable and efficient O3 catalysts is critical for advancing heterogeneous catalytic ozonation (HCO) in industrial wastewater treatment. In this study, various iron-based bimetallic oxides were synthesized, and Fe-Co bimetallic oxide (FeCo-O) was identified as the optimal catalyst through degradation experiments and structural characterization. FeCo-O exhibits a single spinel structure with abundant metal valence states and synergistic effects between Fe and Co. Compared to conventional O3 oxidation, the FeCo-O/O3 system enhanced organic pollutant degradation by 2–3 times, demonstrating broad applicability under neutral or weakly acidic/alkaline conditions. Characterization revealed that FeCo-O promotes O3 activation via enhanced inter-metal electron transfer on the catalyst surface, increasing the generation of highly oxidative free radicals (·OH, ·O2−) and thereby improving pollutant degradation efficiency. In treating real industrial wastewater, the FeCo-O/O3 system achieved excellent COD removal, indicating its potential for both pre-treatment and advanced treatment applications. This study provides theoretical and practical guidance for designing efficient catalytic ozonation catalysts.

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Electronic Synergy Modulation of Fe-Based Bimetallic Oxides Catalysts for Enhanced Ozonation in Industrial Wastewater Treatment

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025022704• Jan 15, 2026

Formation Mechanisms of Secondary Inorganic Components in Fine Particulate Matter in a Typical City of the Fenwei Plain

Authors: WEI Ying, MU Ling, WU Zhijun, ZONG Taomou, KONG Xiangyu, LI Chenhui, LI Jiajie, LI Yongqi

Secondary inorganic aerosols (SNA), comprising sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium, are critical contributors to PM2.5 pollution in the Fenwei Plain, yet their formation mechanisms remain poorly characterized. Wintertime observations in Taiyuan revealed SNA as the dominant PM2.5 component, with a mean mass concentration of 33.19 ± 18.72 μg m−3, accounting for 47.13% of total PM2.5 mass. SNA concentrations increased markedly with pollution severity, but even under relatively clean conditions, SNA maintained a high mass fraction. Diurnal variation and correlation analyses indicated that nitrate formation pathways differed between day and night, largely governed by relative humidity (RH). During daytime, high RH (>55%) facilitated the partitioning of gaseous HNO3 to particulate nitrate. At night, RH positively correlated with nitrate concentration and nitrogen oxidation rate (NOR), with increased aerosol liquid water content (AWC) promoting NO2-to-nitrate conversion. The PM2.5 pH ranged from 4.3 to 5.2, and sulfate formation was primarily driven by H2O2 oxidation, with NO2 oxidation as a secondary pathway. These findings enhance understanding of SNA formation in the Fenwei Plain and provide a scientific basis for air quality policy.

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Formation Mechanisms of Secondary Inorganic Components in Fine Particulate Matter in a Typical City of the Fenwei Plain

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025100102• Jan 15, 2026

Distribution and Risk Assessment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Source Water to Tap Water in the Hubei Section of the Yangtze River Mainstream

Authors: GAO Pan, YAN Chunmiao, ZHANG Zhaojun, YI Chuan, XU Chunyan, LING Haibo

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are emerging contaminants of concern in China, and drinking water is a major exposure pathway. This study investigated 17 PFAS in surface water from 12 drinking water sources along the Hubei section of the Yangtze River mainstream during dry, normal, and wet seasons. Total PFAS concentrations ranged from 10.84 to 41.05 ng/L (dry), nd to 62.60 ng/L (normal), and 6.77 to 29.00 ng/L (wet). Predominant compounds were PFBS, PFOA, PFHxA, PFBA, and PFOS. Lake-type sources exhibited significantly higher concentrations than river-type sources, and dry and normal seasons showed higher levels than wet season. Compared to other Chinese sources, PFAS levels in Hubei were moderate, with fluorochemical plant inputs and population density as likely influencing factors. Ecological and health risk assessments indicated acceptable risks. In four selected water supply systems, PFAS distribution from source to tap was examined; PFOA, PFBA, PFHxA, and PFBS were dominant, and secondary water supply did not significantly introduce or remove PFAS. Health risks from tap water were within acceptable limits.

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Distribution and Risk Assessment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Source Water to Tap Water in the Hubei Section of the Yangtze River Mainstream

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026021202• Jan 15, 2026

Source Apportionment and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in PM2.5 during Winter in Xi'an under Different Pollution Levels Based on the PMF Model

Authors: GAO Fei, DONG Yawei, TIAN Tian, WANG Yuwei, ZHANG Yu, ZHAO Bei

To investigate the sources and health risks of heavy metals in PM2.5 during winter in Xi'an, hourly concentrations of eight heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr, etc.) were measured using an Amms-100 online analyzer at the Xi'an International Horticultural Exposition site from November 2024 to March 2025. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was applied for source apportionment, and the U.S. EPA health risk assessment model was used to evaluate carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for different populations. Results showed that PM2.5 concentrations varied significantly across pollution levels, with an average of 173.5 μg·m−3 during heavy pollution, 4.1, 1.9, and 1.3 times higher than during non-pollution, light, and moderate pollution periods, respectively. Concentrations of Pb, Mn, and Cu increased with pollution level, indicating a combined effect of coal combustion and unfavorable dispersion. PMF identified five sources during non-pollution periods (industrial metallurgy, crustal dust, metal processing, etc.) but only four during polluted periods, with Cu contribution increasing significantly, suggesting a shift to traffic-related mechanical wear. Health risk assessment indicated that carcinogenic risks were highest in adult males, followed by adult females and children. Non-carcinogenic risks (HQ) for Zn and Cu were below 1, but Pb and Mn posed non-carcinogenic risks, with Mn being significant. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) for As and Cr exceeded 10−4, identifying them as primary carcinogenic metals. This study provides scientific evidence for targeted air pollution control in Xi'an, emphasizing the need to strengthen controls on coal combustion, traffic, and industrial emissions during heating periods.

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Source Apportionment and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in PM2.5 during Winter in Xi'an under Different Pollution Levels Based on the PMF Model

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025031901• Jan 15, 2026

Research Progress on Adsorption of Radioactive Iodine from Water by Covalent Organic Frameworks

Authors: ZHENG Peixu, LUO Wei, HUANG Siyu, MENG Min, MENG Mianwu, JIANG Liping

The rapid expansion of the nuclear power industry has increased the demand for effective nuclear wastewater treatment, making the efficient removal of radioactive iodine isotopes (e.g., 131I, 129I) from aqueous environments a critical challenge. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), a class of crystalline porous materials characterized by high specific surface area, tunable pore structures, and exceptional stability, exhibit significant potential for capturing radioactive iodine from water. This review systematically examines the adsorption mechanisms of iodine by COF materials, including electrostatic interactions, charge transfer, hydrogen bonding, and secondary mechanisms such as metal coordination, ion exchange, and van der Waals forces. The effects of COF pore structures on iodine removal efficacy are discussed with a focus on pore size and functional group modifications. Key research trends and prevailing challenges in the application of COFs for aqueous iodine capture are analyzed, including the need for selective adsorption in complex wastewater matrices and the scalability of COF synthesis. The review concludes with a perspective on future research directions, emphasizing the design of novel COFs with tailored pore chemistry and the development of cost-effective, regenerable adsorbents for practical deployment in nuclear wastewater treatment.

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Research Progress on Adsorption of Radioactive Iodine from Water by Covalent Organic Frameworks

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026021002• Jan 15, 2026

Model-Averaging Species Sensitivity Distribution for Phthalate Esters and Ecological Risk Assessment in Typical Freshwater Basins of China

Authors: LIU Rui, JIA Hexue, ZHANG Na, WU Cong, ZHANG Wenxiang, WANG Fang

The construction of species sensitivity distribution (SSD) models using a single function requires optimization to reduce subjectivity. To minimize model selection uncertainty and align with Chinese freshwater organism effect criteria, this study integrated native freshwater species toxicity data, including experimental and predicted values from interspecies correlation estimation (ICE) and acute-chronic ratio (ACR) methods, and applied a model-averaging approach to construct SSD models for seven representative phthalate esters (PAEs): dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DnBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), and dihexyl phthalate (DnHP). The derived short-term predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECacute) for DMP, DEP, DnBP, BBP, DEHP, DIDP, and DnHP were 16.796, 4.984, 9.064×10⁻², 2.490×10⁻¹, 1.898×10⁻², 1.386×10⁻¹, and 7.428×10⁻² μg·L⁻¹, respectively. Long-term PNECs (PNECchronic) were 3.245×10², 36.500, 1.149, 4.018, 8.949×10⁻², 1.637, and 4.073×10⁻¹ μg·L⁻¹, respectively. These PNECs, based on native species toxicity data and more stringent than existing standards, are recommended as potential references for water quality criteria based on Chinese freshwater organism effects. Ecological risk assessment using the hazard quotient (HQ) method on exposure concentrations from typical Chinese freshwater basins revealed that DEHP and DnBP posed high short-term risks, BBP mainly medium risk, while DMP, DEP, and DnHP showed low or no risk. Long-term risks indicated DEHP at medium to high risk, DnBP mainly medium to low, BBP low or no risk, and DMP, DEP, and DnHP no risk. The overall ecological risk ranking was DEHP > DnBP > BBP > DEP > DMP ≈ DnHP.

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Model-Averaging Species Sensitivity Distribution for Phthalate Esters and Ecological Risk Assessment in Typical Freshwater Basins of China

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026012501• Jan 15, 2026

Advances in Research on the Effects of Exposure to Metals and Bisphenol Pollutants on Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents

Authors: ZHOU Ziyi, QI Ruilin, LI Yumiao, XU Hui, XU Jing, WU Weikang, TIAN Zhuoyue, TANG Zhi

Childhood hypertension is a growing global concern, with approximately 4% of Chinese children exhibiting sustained elevated blood pressure meeting hypertension criteria, and single-time-point screening detecting rates of 14%–20% (up to 19% in obese children). Environmental exposure to metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, copper, chromium) and bisphenol analogues (bisphenol A, S, F) has been implicated as a modifiable risk factor. This review synthesizes epidemiological evidence linking such exposures to blood pressure alterations in children and adolescents, highlighting dose-response relationships and potential mechanisms, including oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and epigenetic programming. Key findings from cited studies indicate that low-dose bisphenol A exposure alters human cardiomyocyte functionality, and synergistic effects with insulin resistance elevate childhood blood pressure. Metal exposures, particularly lead and cadmium, are associated with increased blood pressure and cardiovascular structural changes. The review underscores the critical window of developmental exposure and the 'tracking phenomenon' linking childhood blood pressure to adult hypertension. Limitations include cross-sectional designs and confounding by mixed exposures. Future research should employ longitudinal cohorts and multi-pollutant models to refine risk assessment. Preventive strategies should integrate school health programs to reduce environmental exposure and monitor cardiovascular health.

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Advances in Research on the Effects of Exposure to Metals and Bisphenol Pollutants on Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026031202• Jan 15, 2026

Research Progress on Exposure Assessment of Liquid Crystal Monomers

Authors: JIANG Yuchen, BAI Xue, BAO Shan, LU Yifu, SHI Xiaoming

Liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) are a novel class of organic compounds primarily used in the manufacturing of electronic devices such as liquid crystal displays (LCDs). LCMs can enter the environment and organisms through various pathways, and due to their persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and toxicity, they pose significant threats to ecosystems and human health, emerging as a concerning category of organic pollutants. Current research focuses on developing standardized, high-throughput, and highly sensitive analytical methods based on chromatography-mass spectrometry for quantifying LCMs across multiple environmental media. By integrating exposomics and long-term dynamic monitoring, exposure mapping is used to identify characteristic LCMs in different regions. Through screening LCM-exposed biomarkers and integrating human metabolic kinetic models, the assessment methodology is transitioning from environmental concentration-based external exposure estimation to biologically effect-based internal exposure risk evaluation. This research provides a scientific foundation for improving exposure monitoring systems and control measures for LCMs.

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Research Progress on Exposure Assessment of Liquid Crystal Monomers

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025040202• Jan 15, 2026

Catalytic Hydrogenation Removal of Typical Halophenol Odorous Substances by Palladium Catalysts Confined in UiO-66

Authors: ZHAO Jiayi, XIE Xinyi, SUN Jingya, ZHANG Yufan, FU Heyun

Halophenols are highly toxic disinfection byproducts and common taste-and-odor pollutants in drinking water. In this study, a palladium catalyst confined within the pores of UiO-66 (Pd@UiO-66) was prepared via a double-solvent method and applied for the catalytic hydrodechlorination of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP). A surface-supported catalyst (Pd/UiO-66) was synthesized by deposition-precipitation as a benchmark. Comprehensive characterization using ICP-OES, XRD, TEM, EDX mapping, XPS, and in situ CO-IR revealed that Pd@UiO-66 exhibited smaller Pd particle sizes, higher Pd dispersion, and a greater proportion of cationic Pd species (Pdn+) compared to Pd/UiO-66. These features enhanced the activation and cleavage of the C–Cl bond. Catalytic tests demonstrated that Pd@UiO-66 achieved >90% removal of 4-CP within 15 minutes, with phenol as the sole degradation product, showing significantly lower predicted toxicity (ECOSAR) than the parent compound. The kinetics followed the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. Pd@UiO-66 exhibited 2.1 times higher initial activity and 1.2 times higher turnover frequency than Pd/UiO-66. Moreover, the pore confinement effect imparted high stability, with no significant loss in initial activity (within 10%) after five reaction cycles. These results highlight the potential of confined Pd catalysts for efficient removal of halophenolic odorants from water.

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Catalytic Hydrogenation Removal of Typical Halophenol Odorous Substances by Palladium Catalysts Confined in UiO-66

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026021301• Jan 15, 2026

Macrophage-Mediated Pulmonary Inflammatory Response and Underlying Mechanisms Induced by Lithium Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles

Authors: ZHAO Xinglin, ZHANG Zhenyong, ZHANG Kena, CHEN Yangsheng, LIU Yin, ZHAO Bin

Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) nanoparticles (NPs), generated during the lifecycle of LCO batteries via mechanical wear, pose respiratory health risks. This study systematically assessed LCO NPs' physicochemical properties, ion release, and immunotoxicity using multi-scale models. LCO NPs exhibited irregular morphology, layered crystal structure, good dispersion, and negative surface charge. Cobalt ion release was minimal: 1.03% in deionized water and 0.11% in cell culture medium. In vitro, LCO NPs significantly induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) in macrophages, promoting M1 polarization. In vivo, intranasal exposure caused dose-dependent pulmonary accumulation, alveolar destruction, inflammatory cell infiltration, and elevated cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant enrichment of NF-κB, JAK-STAT, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways, implicating these in macrophage activation and inflammation amplification. This multi-level study elucidates LCO NPs' immunotoxicity mechanisms, providing a scientific basis for environmental health risk assessment and management of lithium-ion battery materials.

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Macrophage-Mediated Pulmonary Inflammatory Response and Underlying Mechanisms Induced by Lithium Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025033102• Jan 15, 2026

Research Progress on the Olfactory Toxicity of Aquatic Pollutants to Fish

Authors: ZENG Shimin, TONG Changlun, YANG Fangxing

Olfaction is crucial for fish survival in complex aquatic environments, enabling detection and discrimination of odor signals that regulate foraging, predator avoidance, social interaction, courtship, and migration. The fish olfactory system, directly exposed to water, is highly susceptible to aquatic pollutants such as heavy metals and pesticides. This review summarizes the composition and structure of the fish olfactory system, the process of olfactory response, and current research on olfactory toxicity of major aquatic pollutants. Key findings indicate that pollutants like copper and cadmium disrupt olfactory epithelium integrity, alter olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) populations, and impair odor-driven behaviors. For instance, copper exposure in larval zebrafish causes differential death and regeneration of OSN populations, leading to neurobehavioral deficits. Cadmium exposure in juvenile coho salmon differentially alters odorant-driven behaviors and olfactory receptor expression. The review highlights the need for further research on mechanisms, mixture effects, and development of biomarkers for early warning. Understanding olfactory toxicity is vital for ecological risk assessment and for developing fish-based biosensors for water quality monitoring.

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Research Progress on the Olfactory Toxicity of Aquatic Pollutants to Fish

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025031302• Jan 15, 2026

Occurrence, Bioaccumulation, and Elimination of Trifluoropropylmethylsiloxanes in Sediments and Mollusks of Bohai Bay

Authors: LIU Bihe, XU Lin, ZHAO Rusong, LI Na, CAI Yaqi

Trifluoropropylmethylsiloxanes (D3F and D4F) are emerging contaminants whose environmental behavior remains poorly understood. This study investigated their occurrence, bioaccumulation, and elimination in sediments and mollusks collected from 60 sites across 12 coastal cities along Bohai Bay, China. Concentrations in sediments ranged from <LOD to 17.1 ng/g dry weight (dw) with a detection frequency of 30% and a mean of 5.6 ng/g dw. In mollusks, concentrations ranged from <LOD to 20.2 ng/g wet weight (ww) with a detection frequency of 21.7% and a mean of 4.1 ng/g ww. Compared with cyclic dimethylsiloxanes (D4, D5, D6), trifluoropropylmethylsiloxanes exhibited 1–2 orders of magnitude lower concentrations and 1.4–2.2 times lower biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF: 0.67 for D3F, 0.61 for D4F). However, from 2017 to 2023, trifluoropropylmethylsiloxanes showed higher annual accumulation rates in sediments (21.5%) and mollusks (32.8%) than dimethylsiloxanes (10.2% and 6.7%, respectively). This discrepancy is attributed to their higher usage growth, stronger sorption (lg KOC: 6.77 for D3F, 8.81 for D4F vs. 4.22–5.99 for D4–D6), and slower elimination in mollusks (half-lives: 11.1 d for D3F, 20.1 d for trans-D4Fa vs. 5.4–8.6 d for D4–D6). The primary degradation product, methyl(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silanediol, was detected in sediments (mean 15.7 ng/g dw, detection frequency 33.3%) and mollusks (mean 31.2 ng/g ww, detection frequency 33.3%). Its accumulation rate in mollusks was 1.4 times faster than in sediments, suggesting its potential as an exposure indicator. These findings highlight distinct environmental behaviors of trifluoropropylmethylsiloxanes, necessitating further monitoring and risk assessment.

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Occurrence, Bioaccumulation, and Elimination of Trifluoropropylmethylsiloxanes in Sediments and Mollusks of Bohai Bay

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025040708• Jan 15, 2026

Research Progress on Bisphenol S-Induced Metabolic Disorder-Related Diseases

Authors: JIANG Xinyao, XIE Chunfeng, ZHONG Caiyun, ZHU Jianyun

Bisphenol S (BPS), a substitute for bisphenol A (BPA), is widely used in food packaging, plastics, and dental fillings. BPS enters and accumulates in the human body via respiratory, digestive, and dermal routes, posing increasing health risks. Epidemiological and animal studies link BPS exposure to metabolic disorders. This review systematically summarizes BPS pollution status and its mechanisms in obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and immune system disorders. BPS detection rates reach 78.5% in food samples (up to 67.1 μg·kg−1) and 81.67% in fish (up to 65.31 μg·kg−1). In indoor dust, BPS levels reach 26.6 μg·g−1, with adult daily exposure estimated at 0.78 ng·kg−1 in China. Mechanistically, BPS disrupts lipid and glucose metabolism, induces oxidative stress and inflammation, and alters nuclear receptor signaling. The review highlights the need for molecular target identification and metabolic network interaction studies to develop intervention strategies.

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Research Progress on Bisphenol S-Induced Metabolic Disorder-Related Diseases

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025031905• Jan 15, 2026

Assessment and Source Analysis of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution under Different Land Use Types in the Yixun River Basin

Authors: CAO Wenjia, WEI Xiaofeng, XUE Boqiang, CHEN Ziran, XUE Leilei, JIANG Ying, LIU Yang

Land use types profoundly influence the accumulation, speciation, and ecological risk of heavy metals through differences in human activity intensity, pollution input pathways, and soil self-regulation capacity. This study investigated soils of different land use types in Longhua County, downstream of the Yixun River Basin, central Chengde City, Hebei Province. Using the Nemerow Index and Potential Ecological Risk Index, the overall regional pollution was mild (Pn=1.65) with low ecological risk (RI=121.17). Main pollutants were Cd, Pb, Zn, and Hg, with Cd and Hg as primary ecological risk factors. Construction land exhibited moderate pollution and medium risk, with a Nemerow Index of 2.37 and average RI of 190.78, significantly exceeding other land use types. PMF model identified four pollution sources: pedogenic parent material natural source (43.54% contribution) dominating Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn enrichment; metallogenic parent material natural source (19.88%) controlling Cd spatial differentiation; agricultural-transportation mixed source (24.79%) driving As and Pb accumulation; and industrial source (11.93%) causing local Hg enrichment. Natural sources contributed 63.42% of total heavy metals, being the primary contributor. As was generally below background values, not constituting pollution; Pb exceeded standards but posed low ecological risk; industrial Hg enrichment in construction land presented high pollution and ecological risk, requiring priority control.

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Assessment and Source Analysis of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution under Different Land Use Types in the Yixun River Basin

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026020207• Jan 15, 2026

Occurrence Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Hexabromocyclododecanes in Soils from a Historical Production Legacy Site

Authors: YANG Jing, WU Kaixuan, QI Li, YANG Wenlong, ZHU Chaofei, MAO Yanqing, LIU Haoran, LI Jingchen, YAN Yan, DU Bing, LIU Wenbin

Although the production and use of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) have been completely banned in China since December 2021, historical production activities may still leave high-concentration residual contamination in localized areas. This study investigated a typical legacy site of historical HBCDs production in eastern China. Surface and core soil samples were systematically collected both inside and outside the former plant area to characterize the occurrence, spatial distribution, and environmental burden of HBCDs, and to evaluate associated human health risks. Results showed that HBCD concentrations in soils outside the plant area ranged from below detection limit to 6.90×10² ng·g⁻¹ dw, while those inside the plant area were substantially higher, reaching up to 1.18×10⁶ ng·g⁻¹ dw. γ-HBCD was the dominant isomer; however, its relative abundance was lower than that reported in commercial HBCD mixtures and in previous studies conducted near production facilities. Outside the plant, HBCDs concentrations in soil generally decreased with increasing distance from the site, yet remained detectable at a distance of approximately 10 km (15.2 ng·g⁻¹ dw). Within the plant area, HBCDs concentrations in soil cores decreased with depth, declining from 1.08×10⁴–1.18×10⁶ ng·g⁻¹ dw in surface soils to 1.05–93.5 ng·g⁻¹ dw at depths of about 4 m. Analysis of the relative cumulative environmental burden indicated that although HBCDs loads were highest in the near-source area, they gradually accumulated over a broader spatial scale. Approximately 23.7%, 40.1%, 60.0%, and 87.1% of the total estimated burden accumulated within 2 km, 2.81 km, 4 km, and 6 km from the site, respectively. Health risk assessment indicated that oral ingestion of soil was the primary exposure pathway for different populations. Localized high-contamination zones within the plant area contributed significantly to non-carcinogenic risks, while overall risks for children outside the plant area were at acceptable levels.

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Occurrence Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Hexabromocyclododecanes in Soils from a Historical Production Legacy Site

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025102801• Jan 15, 2026

Water Quality Prediction and Data Quality Enhancement of the Lhasa River Using Machine Learning

Authors: CHEN Jiale, LIU Teng, XU Geng, XIAO Fangjing, CUI Xiaomei, BU Duo, ZHANG Qiangying

This study develops a multivariate time-series forecasting model for water quality in the Lhasa River, focusing on four key indicators: water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity. Data preprocessing integrated multiple missing-value imputation strategies and interquartile range (IQR) outlier removal. Boxplots and relative standard deviation (RSD) assessed data distribution and dispersion, while autocorrelation and Pearson correlation analyses revealed periodic patterns and inter-variable relationships. Four representative algorithms—Support Vector Regression (SVR), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), CNN-BiLSTM-Attention, and TCN-Transformer—were optimized via Bayesian hyperparameter tuning. Model performance was evaluated using MAE, MSE, RMSE, and R². The study systematically compared the effects of different missing-value handling methods, both independently and combined with IQR outlier removal. Results indicate that CNN-BiLSTM-Attention excels in water temperature prediction, suitable for relatively stable and simple patterns. In contrast, TCN-Transformer demonstrates superior performance for pH, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity, which exhibit strong nonlinearity and long-term dependencies, effectively capturing temporal dependencies and coupling relationships. The findings provide a viable technical route and theoretical reference for river water quality monitoring and intelligent early-warning systems.

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Water Quality Prediction and Data Quality Enhancement of the Lhasa River Using Machine Learning

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025032004• Jan 15, 2026

Research and Application of County-Town Scale Air Pollution Tracing Method

Authors: FAN Shoubin, ZHAO Yuncheng, QU Song, ZHANG Chunjie, JIAO Yufang, NIE Ruixian, ZHANG Xuanyu, LONG Teng

This study proposes an integrated source apportionment framework that synergistically integrates pollution source classification, atmospheric dispersion modeling, backward trajectory analysis, weighted trajectory clustering, and forward contribution estimation to accurately target peak reduction at localized air pollution hotspots. Applied at the County-Town Scale in Beijing, this method was employed to investigate pollution episodes at the Tongzhou Dongguan monitoring site. Source classification relied on a pollution fingerprint database and temporal concentration profiles, while local contributions were quantified through combined air quality modeling and monitoring data. Forward and backward trajectory analyses enabled the identification of potential source regions and key contributors. Results indicate that construction dust, road dust, and emissions from the catering industry were the dominant local sources, with construction and road dust contributing most prominently to PM2.5 concentrations. Furthermore, abnormal PM2.5 increases were closely linked to low boundary layer height, weak winds, and high humidity, emphasizing the role of meteorological conditions in pollution accumulation. The proposed framework proves effective in pinpointing local pollution sources and offers a scientific basis for targeted air quality management at finer spatial scales.

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Research and Application of County-Town Scale Air Pollution Tracing Method

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025032001• Jan 15, 2026

Variation of PCDD/Fs and Their Monomer Components During Low-Temperature Thermal Decomposition (250–500 °C) of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash

Authors: MAO Hui, ZHANG Ying, YU Jianfei, WU Jing, LE Xiaoliang, ZHANG Zongxiang, JU Yongming

This study investigates the variation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and their monomer components during low-temperature thermal decomposition (250–500 °C) of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash from a typical mechanical grate furnace. Results demonstrate that pyrolysis temperature and time significantly affect the solid-phase removal rates of PCDD/F mass concentration and toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentration. The influence weights of temperature on mass and TEQ removal rates are 20.86 and 21.41, respectively, while those of time are 4.27 and 3.36. Response surface analysis identifies optimal conditions at 380 °C for 1.0 h. At 250–300 °C, both PCDFs and PCDDs concentrations increase synchronously, indicating enhanced formation. At 300 °C for 2.0 h, high-chlorinated congeners undergo dechlorination to low-chlorinated ones, notably increasing 2,3,7,8-T4CDD (I-TEF=1.0) and 1,2,3,7,8-P5CDD (I-TEF=0.5). From 350 °C upward, significant degradation occurs; at 380 °C (1.0 h), degradation rates for PCDDs and PCDFs reach 97.8% and 97.6%, respectively, effectively reducing TEQ-contributing congeners. The process proceeds in two stages: initial dechlorination, followed by destruction of dioxin-like compounds at higher temperatures. 2,3,7,8-T4CDD emerges as a critical component for detoxification. These findings provide a scientific basis for optimizing thermal treatment of fly ash to minimize environmental and health risks.

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Variation of PCDD/Fs and Their Monomer Components During Low-Temperature Thermal Decomposition (250–500 °C) of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026041402• Jan 15, 2026

Interface Diffusion of PFAS in Paddy Soil under Quinolone Antibiotic Input: A Metagenomics-Based Multi-Community Regulation Mechanism

Authors: HUANG Xinlin, BI Wuxia, TU Wenqing, WU Jianyi

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are emerging contaminants ubiquitously distributed in paddy soils. In paddy management, surface water irrigation introduces quinolone antibiotics (QNs) into the soil, potentially altering PFAS interfacial migration via microbial community shifts. This study investigated the soil-water partitioning of PFAS under irrigation with four QNs (norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, ofloxacin) using UHPLC-MS/MS and soil metagenomics. Results showed that QNs input, especially norfloxacin, significantly promoted the release of short-chain PFAS (e.g., PFBA) from soil to overlying water, while long-chain PFAS remained largely retained in soil. Metagenomic analysis revealed that archaeal and viral communities contributed most to PFAS release. Spearman correlations indicated ammonia-oxidizing archaea (Nitrososphaera) positively correlated with PFBA, whereas Bcep22virus negatively correlated with multiple PFAS. Differential gene expression and co-occurrence networks suggested QNs suppressed key functional genes in archaea and viruses (nitrogen metabolism, secretion systems, outer membrane proteins), reshaping interfacial partitioning and enhancing short-chain PFAS mobility, thereby increasing food security risks.

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Interface Diffusion of PFAS in Paddy Soil under Quinolone Antibiotic Input: A Metagenomics-Based Multi-Community Regulation Mechanism

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026022502• Jan 15, 2026

Impact of Land Use Types on Topsoil Carbon and Nitrogen and Their Spatial Distribution Characteristics in the Karst Area of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: A Case Study of the Sancha River Basin

Authors: LI Hong, LI Canfeng, SHEN Run, HUANG Chao, CHEN Jianglin, MAO Jianmei, YANG Chaolei

This study investigates the effects of different land use types on topsoil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents and their spatial distribution in the lower reaches of the Sancha River Basin, a karst region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Grid sampling collected 0–20 cm topsoil from forestland (n=23), cultivated land (n=25), and grassland (n=32). Total C and N were measured. Results showed that topsoil C content followed grassland (40.36±22.92 g·kg−1) > forestland (37.05±12.83 g·kg−1) > cultivated land (34.06±14.57 g·kg−1), while N content followed forestland (2.89±0.76 g·kg−1) > grassland (2.67±1.19 g·kg−1) > cultivated land (2.50±0.65 g·kg−1). One-way ANOVA revealed no significant differences among land use types (P>0.05). Soil C and N were significantly positively correlated across all land uses (r>0.5, P<0.001). Coefficient of variation (CV) indicated grassland had the highest C variability (0.57), while forestland showed the most stable C and N (CV=0.35 and 0.26, respectively). Cultivated land had CVs of 0.43 for C and 0.26 for N. Spatially, forestland exhibited concentrated high C values with significant N heterogeneity; grassland had higher C in southern and eastern areas but scattered distribution, with generally low and variable N; cultivated land showed uniform but lowest C and N. Land use types significantly drive topsoil C and N dynamics through vegetation input, soil disturbance, and management practices, underscoring the importance of rational land use planning for enhancing carbon sink functions and sustainable development in karst watersheds.

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Impact of Land Use Types on Topsoil Carbon and Nitrogen and Their Spatial Distribution Characteristics in the Karst Area of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: A Case Study of the Sancha River Basin

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025032006• Jan 15, 2026

Sulfhydryl Functionalized Two-Dimensional Ti3C2Tx MXene for Capture of As(III) in Aqueous Solution

Authors: ZHAO Zhanyi, LIU Jinghua, TAN Feng

A thiol-functionalized Ti3C2Tx (SH-Ti3C2Tx) material was synthesized via chemical bonding of dithiothreitol (DTT) onto Ti3C2Tx MXene for the adsorptive removal of As(III) from water. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed a typical two-dimensional layered structure with DTT covalently attached. The adsorption of As(III) on SH-Ti3C2Tx followed the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating monolayer adsorption. At pH 7, the maximum adsorption capacity reached 55.6 mg·g−1, which is 2.8 times higher than that of pristine Ti3C2Tx (20 mg·g−1). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that As(III) uptake primarily occurred via formation of As–S bonds. To enable continuous treatment, SH-Ti3C2Tx was loaded onto melamine sponge via electrostatic interactions to fabricate a flow-through adsorption column (SH-Ti3C2Tx@MS). This column achieved removal efficiencies of 99.5% for both high (100 mg·L−1) and low (100 μg·L−1) As(III) concentrations, reducing effluent As(III) to below the World Health Organization guideline of 10 μg·L−1. The spent column could be regenerated using 1 mol·L−1 NaOH solution, retaining over 80% of its initial removal efficiency after five consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles. The SH-Ti3C2Tx material demonstrates significant potential for efficient and reusable removal of As(III) from contaminated waters.

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Sulfhydryl Functionalized Two-Dimensional Ti3C2Tx MXene for Capture of As(III) in Aqueous Solution

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025040401• Jan 15, 2026

Chloride-Induced Dual Electron Regulation on Zero-Valent Iron Surface for Highly Efficient Reductive Removal of Cr(VI)

Authors: HU Chunlei, ZHANG Guangqin, HAO Chenglin, TAO Qingwen, WANG Zhuting, LI Meiqi, ZHANG Lizhi

Conventional zero-valent iron (ZVI) suffers from limited electron transfer due to its dense surface oxide layer. This study introduces a mechanochemical ball-milling strategy incorporating sodium chloride (NaCl) with ZVI to fabricate chloride-modified ZVI (Cl-ZVIbm). Using hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) as a model pollutant, Cl-ZVIbm exhibited a 76.5-fold enhancement in removal kinetics (0.0306 min−1 vs. 0.0004 min−1) compared to ball-milled ZVI (ZVIbm), achieving complete removal of 2 mg·L−1 Cr(VI) within 120 min. Spectroscopic characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed dual regulation mechanisms: (1) Cl− substitution of surface hydroxyl groups alters coordination environments, enabling Cr(VI) adsorption via a bidentate binuclear configuration with adsorption energy reduced from –0.28 eV to –1.64 eV; (2) The strong electron-withdrawing effect of Cl− drives directional electron migration from the iron core to the surface, increasing surface Fe(II) content by 26.9% (67.5% vs. 53.2%) and facilitating direct electron transfer to reduce 99.5% of Cr(VI) into low-toxicity Cr(III). Notably, chloride leaching during reactions was only 0.0126 mmol·L−1, far below industrial wastewater discharge standards, confirming environmental compatibility. This work provides atomic-scale insights into chloride-mediated electronic modulation on ZVI surfaces, offering novel principles for interfacial engineering of environmental functional materials and a theoretical basis for heavy metal remediation technologies.

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Chloride-Induced Dual Electron Regulation on Zero-Valent Iron Surface for Highly Efficient Reductive Removal of Cr(VI)

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025031105• Jan 15, 2026

Response Characteristics of Colloid Migration to pH and Ionic Strength and Its Numerical Simulation

Authors: ZHANG Yulong, ZHUANG Wenhua, TAN Bo

Colloids significantly influence contaminant transport in groundwater, yet their behavior under varying hydrochemical conditions remains inadequately characterized. This study employed quartz sand as a surrogate porous medium to investigate colloid transport through column experiments under controlled pH and ionic strength (IS). Breakthrough curves (BTCs) were obtained for a conservative tracer and for colloids under nine combinations of pH (5, 7, 9) and IS (1, 5, 10 mmol·L−1). Hydrus-1D, incorporating a two-site kinetic sorption model, was used to simulate colloid transport and derive key parameters: attachment rate (k1a), detachment rate (k1d), straining rate (k2a), and maximum retained concentration on site 2 (Smax2). Results demonstrated that increasing pH and decreasing IS enhanced colloid mobility. Specifically, at IS = 1 mmol·L−1, normalized peak concentrations (C/C0) were 0.33, 0.40, and 0.72 for pH 5, 7, and 9, respectively. At pH = 7, C/C0 decreased from 0.40 to 0.18 and 0.12 as IS increased from 1 to 5 and 10 mmol·L−1. The fitted transport parameters accurately captured these trends, with R² ≥ 0.95 across all conditions. Mechanistically, higher pH increases negative surface charge and electrostatic repulsion, while higher IS compresses the double layer and reduces repulsion, thereby inhibiting transport. These findings provide quantitative insights for predicting colloid-facilitated contaminant migration in subsurface environments.

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Response Characteristics of Colloid Migration to pH and Ionic Strength and Its Numerical Simulation

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025032801• Jan 15, 2026

Determination of Neonicotinoid Insecticides and Their Metabolites in Serum and Urine by Liquid-Liquid Extraction Coupled with Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Application to Human Biomonitoring

Authors: JIA Xiangyu, DENG Fenfang, TIAN Hemi, YUAN Jun, PENG Rongfei, PAN Xinhong, LI Juntao, TAN Lei

A highly sensitive and accurate method using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed for simultaneous quantification of nine neonicotinoid insecticides and their metabolites in human urine and serum. Samples underwent enzymatic hydrolysis followed by ethyl acetate extraction, effectively enriching target analytes. Gradient elution and optimized mass spectrometry conditions enabled simultaneous determination. The method exhibited excellent linearity with correlation coefficients >0.999. In urine, limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.001 to 0.010 μg·L−1 and limits of quantification (LOQ) from 0.004 to 0.035 μg·L−1. In serum, LODs were 0.0004–0.02 μg·L−1 and LOQs 0.0014–0.07 μg·L−1. Average spiked recoveries were 89.3%–115.0% in urine and 83.0%–115.0% in serum, with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 0.5%–8.0% and 2.5%–9.5%, respectively. Analysis of paired urine and serum samples from 123 Guangzhou residents revealed detection rates of 94.3%–100% for the nine analytes in urine, with clothianidin showing the highest median concentration (1.89 μg·L−1). In serum, detection rates for clothianidin, thiacloprid, acetamiprid, imidacloprid-olefin, and 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid were below 60%, while the remaining four analytes ranged from 74.8% to 99.2%. Urinary concentrations of all nine analytes were significantly higher than serum concentrations (P<0.05). Significant positive correlations between urine and serum concentrations were observed for clothianidin, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, and N-desmethyl-acetamiprid, with N-desmethyl-acetamiprid showing the strongest correlation. The LLE-UPLC-MS/MS method efficiently and accurately detects neonicotinoids and metabolites in urine and serum, providing a reliable tool for human exposure assessment.

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Determination of Neonicotinoid Insecticides and Their Metabolites in Serum and Urine by Liquid-Liquid Extraction Coupled with Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Application to Human Biomonitoring

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025032403• Jan 15, 2026

Construction of an Electrochemical Sensor Based on UiO-66-NH2@Polyaniline Composite for Lead Ion Detection

Authors: REN Shufang, WANG Zihan, QUAN Xuebing, LYU Rui, CHEN Yu, WANG Zhonglai

An electrochemical sensor for lead ion (Pb2+) detection was developed based on a metal-organic framework (UiO-66-NH2) and conductive polymer polyaniline (PANI) composite. The UiO-66-NH2 was synthesized via hydrothermal method, and the UiO-66-NH2@PANI composite was prepared by in-situ polymerization. The composite was drop-coated onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to fabricate the sensor. Material characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Electrochemical performance was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Key parameters including loading amount, enrichment time, and pH were optimized. Under optimal conditions, the sensor exhibited a linear response to Pb2+ in the concentration range of 10–200 μg·L−1 with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9960, and a limit of detection (LOD) of 9.8 μg·L−1. The sensor demonstrated good anti-interference, repeatability, and stability. Practical applicability was assessed by spiked recovery tests in Yellow River water and tap water, yielding recovery rates of 94.1%–100.8% with relative standard deviations (RSD) ≤3.84%. Comparative analysis with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed comparable accuracy, confirming the sensor's potential for reliable Pb2+ monitoring in environmental samples.

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Construction of an Electrochemical Sensor Based on UiO-66-NH2@Polyaniline Composite for Lead Ion Detection

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025040104• Jan 15, 2026

Oxidative Coupling of 2,6-Dichlorophenol in Three Typical Zonal Soils

Authors: QIN Yuanming, LI Lingyun, LI Linghan, LIU Zhangying, PEI Zhiguo, YANG Ruiqiang, LI Yingming, ZHANG Qinghua

The oxidative transformation of 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP) was investigated in three typical zonal soils: black soil, red soil, and brown soil. Results demonstrated that 2,6-DCP underwent oxidative coupling in all soils, yielding hydroxylated polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (OH-PCDEs) and hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) as primary products. The highest oxidative efficiency occurred in black soil, with approximately 85.1% of 2,6-DCP transformed within three days. In contrast, red and brown soils exhibited lower efficiencies, indicating a strong dependence on soil properties. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the oxidative coupling reaction is endothermic, with elevated temperatures favoring reaction progress. Furthermore, soil microorganisms and dissolved oxygen were identified as critical controlling factors, acting synergistically to drive the reaction. This study provides the first evidence of natural oxidative coupling of 2,6-DCP in soil, forming OH-PCDEs and OH-PCBs. These findings offer significant scientific insight into the environmental fate of halogenated phenolic pollutants in terrestrial systems.

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Oxidative Coupling of 2,6-Dichlorophenol in Three Typical Zonal Soils

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025040705• Jan 15, 2026

Antagonistic Effects of Anthraquinone-2,6-Disulfonic Acid Sodium Salt and Biochar Matrix on Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Mediated Cr(VI) Reduction

Authors: LIU Lijuan, REN Hao, WANG Xue, ZHU Bingqian, CHENG Chen, ZHANG Peng

Chromium is a common environmental metal pollutant. Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 can generate extracellular electrons, facilitating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), thereby mitigating its toxicity. Both biochar and electroactive dissolved organic matter (e-DOM) regulate extracellular electron transfer during Cr(VI) bioreduction. In practice, surface DOM on biochar can detach and enter the environment, while the biochar matrix (BCM) remains the predominant form and coexists with e-DOM. However, the combined effects of BCM and e-DOM on microbial Cr(VI) removal are unclear. This study investigated the individual and combined impacts of biochar matrix and AQDS (a model e-DOM) on Cr(VI) reduction by S. oneidensis MR-1. Results showed that biochar matrix or AQDS alone promoted Cr(VI) removal, primarily by accelerating electron transfer during the fast reduction phase. However, when both were added, an antagonistic effect was observed, attributed to increased repulsive forces between the biochar matrix-AQDS complex and the bacterial cells, which inhibited electron transfer to Cr(VI). This research elucidates the electrochemical interactions between biochar matrix and e-DOM, providing a theoretical basis for biochar applications in environmental remediation and risk assessment.

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Antagonistic Effects of Anthraquinone-2,6-Disulfonic Acid Sodium Salt and Biochar Matrix on Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Mediated Cr(VI) Reduction

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025032601• Jan 15, 2026

Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Chlorate and Perchlorate in Tea from Anhui Region, China

Authors: WANG Xiuli, XIE Ji'an, YU Xuerong, ZHAO Ziwei, ZHUANG Meihui, DING Gang, LIU Bolin

This study investigated the pollution characteristics of chlorate and perchlorate in tea from Anhui region and assessed the health risks associated with tea consumption. A total of 132 tea samples, including green tea (n=89), black tea (n=30), yellow tea (n=10), and white tea (n=3), were collected from major tea-producing areas. Chlorate and perchlorate levels were quantified using isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Chlorate was detected in 15.9% of samples, with concentrations ranging from not detected to 0.040 mg·kg−1, and no samples exceeded the regulatory limit. Perchlorate was detected in 100% of samples, with concentrations ranging from 0.011 to 1.611 mg·kg−1, and 2.3% of samples exceeded the limit. Pollution characteristics analysis revealed that perchlorate levels were significantly correlated with tea type and geographical origin, with environmental contamination in tea-growing areas being the primary determinant. A significant positive correlation was also observed between chlorate and perchlorate levels. Health risk assessments were conducted for the general tea-consuming population, sub-groups loyal to specific tea types (green and black tea), and sub-groups preferring local tea from high-pollution regions (Lu'an City and central Anhui). Assessments were based on mean and 95th percentile (P95) exposure levels. For chlorate, the maximum hazard quotient (HQ) was 0.003, far below 1, indicating negligible risk. For perchlorate, all HQ values were below 1, regardless of tea type or region, based on both mean and P95 levels, using the Chinese provisional tolerable daily intake (tTDI). However, perchlorate contamination in central Anhui, particularly Lu'an City, warrants continued monitoring due to elevated levels and occasional exceedances.

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Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Chlorate and Perchlorate in Tea from Anhui Region, China

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025031202• Jan 15, 2026

Electron Transfer Regulation and Nitrogen Removal Pathways in Constructed Wetland with Manganese Ore and Activated Carbon Coupling Microbial Fuel Cell

Authors: WANG Yifei, ZHAO Donghua, SONG Xinshan

Manganese-rich constructed wetlands (CWs) have emerged as an effective strategy for enhanced nitrogen removal, yet current understanding of their denitrification mechanisms remains limited to speculative interpretations of microbial community structures. This study developed a novel CW-MFC system integrating manganese ore (MO) and activated carbon (AC) substrates with microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology to investigate the manganese-nitrogen coupling biochemical metabolism. It was systematically evaluated the effects of influent organic carbon concentrations on nitrogen removal performance and elucidated the mechanisms of electron transfer and their coupling with nitrogen removal pathways through multi-dimensional analyses, including functional enzymes, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) characterization, intra-/extracellular electron transfer-related gene expression, and electron transport activity. Results showed that the synergistic integration of MO, AC, and MFC configuration significantly enhanced nitrogen removal efficiency, with ammonium removal reaching up to 5.5 times that of the control group. The functional substrates notably upregulated enzyme activities of nitrogen transformation in biofilms while stimulating nitrification and anammox processes at the anode. EPS analysis revealed that Mn2+ derived from manganese reduction was captured by EPS, thereby facilitating the manganese cycling. Concurrently, the increased abundance of electron transport chain (ETC) and extracellular electron transfer (EET) genes, coupled with increased cytochrome C (Cyt-C) concentration and activity, confirmed enhanced EET performance. It indicated that the coordinated EET network among electrodes, microorganisms, MO, and AC serves as critical electron mediators for nitrogen transformation. This study provides mechanistic insights into manganese-carbon coupled CW-MFC systems regarding nutrient removal, biogeochemical cycling, and electron transfer dynamics, advancing fundamental knowledge for the development and application of manganese-rich constructed wetland technology.

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Electron Transfer Regulation and Nitrogen Removal Pathways in Constructed Wetland with Manganese Ore and Activated Carbon Coupling Microbial Fuel Cell

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025032401• Jan 15, 2026

Research Progress on the Pollution Status of Diazepam in Fishery Water Environment and Its Treatment Technology

Authors: CHEN Xu, HUANG Dongmei, HUANG Xuanyun, SHI Yongfu, XU Yilin, LI Siman, YE Hongli

Diazepam (DZP), a benzodiazepine anxiolytic drug, has been a persistent contaminant in fishery water environments. In China, DZP is classified as a veterinary drug that must not be detected in animal-derived foods, yet it is frequently found in aquatic products, posing significant risks to ecological health and food safety. This review systematically summarizes the current pollution status of DZP in fishery water and its adverse effects on aquatic organisms, emphasizing its persistence in both water and aquatic products. The paper comprehensively examines advances in detection techniques, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), as well as treatment technologies such as adsorption, photolysis, chemical oxidation, and biodegradation. Critical gaps remain in the integration of these technologies for practical remediation. The review underscores the urgent need for enhanced monitoring and risk assessment of DZP contamination, alongside the development of more efficient and scalable treatment methods. By consolidating current knowledge, this work provides technical support for aquatic organism protection and fishery water management, and serves as a reference for future research and technological innovation in this field.

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Research Progress on the Pollution Status of Diazepam in Fishery Water Environment and Its Treatment Technology

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025032704• Jan 15, 2026

Degradation of Chlorogenic Acid by Magnetic Field Coupled Fe-C Activated Persulfate Process

Authors: QU Hui, LU Xian, CHANG Tao, TAO Jun, ZHAO Zhimiao, ZHANG Yinjiang

Chlorogenic acid (CGA), a key component of the anti-COVID drug Lianhua Qingwen, is recalcitrant to biodegradation and tends to bioaccumulate, posing risks to aquatic ecosystems. Conventional water treatment methods are inadequate for its removal. This study investigated the degradation of CGA using a magnetic field coupled Fe-C activated persulfate (MF/Fe-C/PS) advanced oxidation process. The degradation efficiencies of Fe-C, PS, Fe-C/PS, and MF/Fe-C/PS systems were compared, and the dominant reactive species and their contributions were identified. The effects of initial pH, persulfate (PS) concentration, Fe-C dosage, and inorganic anions on degradation kinetics were examined, along with the degradation pathway and disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation potential. Results showed that MF/Fe-C/PS achieved 99% degradation of CGA within 60 min under optimal conditions: pH=3, PS concentration 1.5 mmol·L−1, and Fe-C dosage 0.4 g·L−1. Coexisting Cl−, Br−, and I− inhibited CGA oxidation to varying degrees, as did natural organic matter (FA and BAS). The reactive species SO4−·, ·OH, and 1O2 contributed 41.6%, 30.5%, and 27.9%, respectively. Degradation mechanisms included hydrolysis, dehydroxylation, decarboxylation, and benzene ring cleavage. Pre-oxidation by MF/Fe-C/PS significantly reduced the DBP formation potential during subsequent chlorination/chloramination. Energy per order (EE/O) analysis indicated favorable economic efficiency.

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Degradation of Chlorogenic Acid by Magnetic Field Coupled Fe-C Activated Persulfate Process

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025031304• Jan 15, 2026

Temporal and Spatial Variation Characteristics of Water Chemistry and Evaluation of Irrigation Suitability in the Qingling River Basin in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River

Authors: TU Chunlin, LI Xuekui, CHEN Qingsong, MA Yiqi, LI Yiying, SHI Yu, CHEN Chao, YIN Linhu

The Qingling River, a representative silicate rock catchment in the upper Yangtze Basin, is vital for agricultural productivity in central Yunnan. To investigate its hydrochemical characteristics, river water samples were systematically collected during both dry and wet seasons. Employing hydrochemical diagrams, statistical analysis, and absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) modeling, we identified influencing factors and their contributions to water chemistry and evaluated irrigation suitability. Results showed that pH ranged from 7.36 to 9.18 in dry season and 7.12 to 8.92 in wet season, with total dissolved solids (TDS) varying between 119–2684 mg·L−1 and 125–2342 mg·L−1, respectively. Dominant cations were Ca2+ and Na+, while anions were primarily SO4^2− and HCO3^− in both seasons; notably, SO4^2− concentrations significantly exceeded the Yangtze River Basin’s average. Hydrochemical types varied seasonally: HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg and HCO3·SO4-Ca dominated in dry season, whereas HCO3·SO4-Ca·Na, HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg, and HCO3-Ca prevailed in wet season. The river water was affected by five factors: sulfuric acid-dominated water-rock interactions, carbonic acid-dominated water-rock interactions, domestic sewage discharge, agricultural non-point source pollution, and unknown sources. Contribution rates were 47.90%, 24.80%, 16.98%, 2.40%, and 7.92% in dry season, and 28.23%, 28.94%, 27.48%, 2.02%, and 13.34% in wet season, respectively. Water-rock interactions emerged as the primary control on hydrochemistry. While most samples were suitable for irrigation, a few exhibited high salinity, warranting cautious use. This study provides scientific support for irrigation water resource management and safe utilization in the Qingling River Basin.

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Temporal and Spatial Variation Characteristics of Water Chemistry and Evaluation of Irrigation Suitability in the Qingling River Basin in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025032504• Jan 15, 2026

Guanidine-Functionalized Covalent Organic Framework for Efficient Adsorption of Diclofenac Sodium: Synthesis, Performance, and Mechanism

Authors: WANG Le, XU Qiaoying, RAN Caicai, FU Wenjie, ZENG Keni, HOU Linli

The environmental persistence and ecotoxicity of diclofenac sodium (DCF), a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, necessitate efficient removal strategies. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as promising adsorbents. Here, a novel nanoribbon COF (COF-TFPPy-DGCl) was synthesized via condensation of 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(4-formylphenyl)pyrene and 1,3-diaminoguanidine hydrochloride. The material was characterized by SEM, TGA, FT-IR, and PXRD. Batch adsorption experiments evaluated the effects of pH, contact time, and initial concentration. COF-TFPPy-DGCl exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 370 mg·g−1 for DCF, with capacity decreasing as pH increased. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model, and equilibrium data fitted the Langmuir isotherm. Selectivity tests demonstrated a DCF removal rate of 96.75%, significantly higher than for ciprofloxacin and bisphenol A (<20%). The adsorbent retained 80% of its capacity after five regeneration cycles, indicating high stability. Mechanistic studies revealed that adsorption is driven by a synergistic combination of electrostatic interactions (dominant), π-π stacking, and hydrogen bonding, facilitated by uniformly distributed active sites. Rapid equilibrium was achieved within 30 minutes. These findings establish COF-TFPPy-DGCl as a highly selective, stable, and regenerable adsorbent for DCF removal from water, offering a theoretical basis for designing advanced COF-based water treatment materials.

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Guanidine-Functionalized Covalent Organic Framework for Efficient Adsorption of Diclofenac Sodium: Synthesis, Performance, and Mechanism

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025040701• Jan 15, 2026

Exploring the Impact of Goaf Water on Maize Growth from a Microbial Perspective

Authors: YUE Huifeng, WANG Yilin

Goaf water (GW), formed by water accumulation in coal mine goafs, poses ecological risks due to its pollutant content. While previous studies focused on physicochemical properties, microbial community dynamics and their effects on plants remain underexplored. Maize (Zea mays L.) is sensitive to water quality changes, making it a suitable model for ecological risk assessment. This study investigated GW samples from a coal mine in Yangquan, Shanxi Province, using metagenomic sequencing to analyze microbial communities and maize seed cultivation experiments to evaluate growth effects. Results demonstrated that GW significantly inhibited maize growth, particularly lower-depth samples. Microbial diversity and composition varied markedly with depth; lower-depth GW enriched distinct microbial species potentially influencing plant growth. These microbes may regulate plant development through metabolic pathway modulation. The study elucidates the complex impacts of GW microbial communities on plant growth and emphasizes their importance in ecological risk assessment of GW.

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Exploring the Impact of Goaf Water on Maize Growth from a Microbial Perspective

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025040102• Jan 15, 2026

Performance and Mechanism of Calcium Peroxide for Fluoride Removal and Site Energy Distribution

Authors: HU Qili, ZHANG Yunhui, WANG Yangshuang, LI Yixi, YANG Xingyue, MA Siting, PEI Qiuming, ZHAO Xijin

Calcium peroxide (CaO2) with a rich porous structure was synthesized via chemical precipitation for efficient fluoride removal from aqueous solutions. The adsorbent was characterized by SEM, BET, LPSA, and XRD, revealing a mesoporous material with a total pore volume of 0.51 cm3·g−1. Batch experiments investigated the effects of adsorbent dosage, initial fluoride concentration, reaction time, pH, and coexisting anions. Adsorption kinetics followed a fractal-like pseudo-first-order model, with intraparticle diffusion as the rate-limiting step. Equilibrium data were well described by the Sips isotherm, predicting a maximum adsorption capacity of 479.8 mg·g−1. Site energy distribution analysis indicated a normal distribution with an average energy of 13.36 kJ·mol−1. Mechanistic studies using FTIR and XPS revealed that fluoride removal proceeds via surface precipitation, ligand exchange, and electrostatic attraction. The high density of active sites contributes to the exceptional defluoridation performance, positioning CaO2 as a promising adsorbent for fluoride-contaminated water treatment.

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Performance and Mechanism of Calcium Peroxide for Fluoride Removal and Site Energy Distribution

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026030202• Jan 15, 2026

Effects of Reduced Nitrogen Application with Humic Acid Urea on Yield, Nitrogen Utilization, and Carbon Emissions in Double-Cropping Rice

Authors: ZHANG Shuxiao, HUANG Sheng, WANG Qingping, JING Jianyuan, LI Hongying, HE Haitao, WANG Shaojie, LIU Zhiwei, XIA Shaopan, XU Gang, XIONG Qizhong, YE Xinxin

High nitrogen (N) inputs, low N use efficiency, and substantial greenhouse gas emissions constrain sustainable double-cropping rice production in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. To evaluate whether humic acid urea (HAU) can reconcile yield stability with N reduction and carbon mitigation, a field experiment was conducted in a double-cropping rice system. Five treatments were established: conventional urea at the recommended N rate (U), HAU at the recommended N rate (HAU), conventional urea with a 20% reduction in N input (U-20), HAU with a 20% reduction in N input (HAU-20), and a no-N control (CK). Rice yield, N uptake and utilization, and the full life-cycle carbon footprint were quantified. Results showed that HAU significantly increased double-cropping rice yield by 6.46% (early rice) and 8.76% (late rice) compared to U (P < 0.05). HAU-20 maintained yield equivalent to U, while U-20 significantly reduced yield. HAU-20 significantly improved nitrogen fertilizer apparent utilization rate, agronomic efficiency, and partial factor productivity. Specifically, apparent utilization rate increased by 9.24 percentage points (early rice) and 7.80 percentage points (late rice); agronomic efficiency increased by 18.51% and 26.69%, and partial factor productivity by 22.79% and 25.58% for early and late rice, respectively (P < 0.05). Life-cycle carbon footprint was significantly reduced by 26.25% (early rice) and 40.38% (late rice) under HAU-20 compared to U, with per-unit product carbon footprint reduced by 0.22 t CO2-eq·t−1 and 0.86 t CO2-eq·t−1, respectively. The reduction was primarily attributed to decreased CH4 and N2O emissions: early rice CH4 and N2O cumulative emissions decreased by 28.92% and 44.34%, and late rice by 44.46% and 63.85% (P < 0.05). In conclusion, HAU with 20% N reduction sustains yield, enhances N use efficiency, and significantly lowers carbon footprint, offering a viable path for green and low-carbon double-cropping rice production.

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Effects of Reduced Nitrogen Application with Humic Acid Urea on Yield, Nitrogen Utilization, and Carbon Emissions in Double-Cropping Rice

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025051307• Jan 15, 2026

Chemistry and Ionic Sources of Precipitation in the Changsha Area

Authors: PENG Lei, YU Zhengliang, XIAO Xiong, XU Linya, YANG Han

This study investigates the ionic concentration characteristics and sources of atmospheric precipitation in Changsha, China, based on samples collected from December 2019 to November 2021. The total dissolved solids (TDS) in precipitation ranged from 51.71 to 813.40 μeq·L−1, with a volume-weighted mean (VWM) concentration of 245.58 μeq·L−1. The VWM ionic concentrations followed the order: Ca2+ > SO4^2− > NO3^− > HCO3^− > K+ > Na+ > Cl− > Mg2+. Ca2+ and SO4^2− together accounted for 55.76% of the total ionic mass. Seasonal variation of total ionic concentration was highest in winter and lowest in spring, following the order winter > autumn > summer > spring. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations between SO4^2− and NO3^− (r = 0.78) and between Ca2+ and Mg2+ (r = 0.70), suggesting common sources. Principal component analysis and enrichment factor (EF) analysis indicated that SO4^2− and NO3^− predominantly originated from anthropogenic activities, with contribution rates of 99.5% and 95.4%, respectively, likely from coal combustion and industrial emissions. Ca2+ and K+ were mainly terrestrial, with contribution rates of 99.2% and 98.3%, respectively, from soil and biomass burning. Mg2+ had dual sources: 68.8% terrestrial and 31.2% marine. Cl− exhibited an EFmarine of 0.74 and EFsoil of 50.20, indicating a dominant marine source contributing 98% of its input. These findings provide a scientific basis for understanding regional atmospheric pollution and supporting environmental management strategies.

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Chemistry and Ionic Sources of Precipitation in the Changsha Area

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 7 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025031102• Jan 15, 2026

Rational Design of Laccase Mutants for Enhanced Catalytic Degradation of Benzene-Containing Pollutants: A Computational Insight into Binding Pocket Engineering

Authors: LIN Shuo, LAN Shanhong, LYU Xiaomei, XIE Junlong, WEI Chenzhi, YU Yingxin, HU Junjie

Laccases are promising biocatalysts for environmental remediation, yet their application is hindered by the instability and limited substrate affinity of wild-type enzymes. Here, we report a computational strategy integrating homology modeling, molecular docking, and virtual mutagenesis to engineer high-performance laccase mutants targeting benzene-containing pollutants. Structural analysis revealed that fungal laccase (Trametes versicolor, T.v) exhibited stronger binding affinities for aniline, o-phenylenediamine, and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) compared to bacterial laccase (Bacillus subtilis, B.s), attributed to optimized hydrophobic and hydrogen-bond interactions within the substrate-binding pocket. Virtual mutagenesis identified critical residues (e.g., Ser113, Leu459) regulating substrate stability. Notably, mutations at Ser113 to Arg/Glu/Leu significantly enhanced binding energy (ΔG ≤ −7.1 kcal·mol−1 for HBT) by narrowing the pocket exit and reinforcing hydrophobic constraints. Mechanistically, polar mutations in the pocket interior promoted hydrogen bonding, while hydrophobic substitutions at peripheral residues restricted substrate dissociation. Our findings establish a dual-region engineering principle—enhancing hydrogen bonds internally and hydrophobicity externally—to optimize laccase activity. This work provides a generalizable framework for the rational design of oxidoreductases in pollutant degradation.

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Rational Design of Laccase Mutants for Enhanced Catalytic Degradation of Benzene-Containing Pollutants: A Computational Insight into Binding Pocket Engineering

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026030601• Jan 15, 2026

Network Toxicology and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Elucidate Bisphenol A-Induced Neurotoxicity in SVGP12 Astrocytes: Mechanistic Insights and Risk Assessment for Chronic Neurodegenerative Diseases

Authors: XU Jin, CHEN Xingxing, DENG Shan, LEI Zhigang, LIU Quanhui, HUANG Ben, ZHANG Dandan

Bisphenol A (BPA), a high-volume industrial chemical, is implicated in neurotoxicity and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. This study integrates network toxicology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations to systematically delineate the common mechanisms linking BPA to Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). Using the human astrocyte cell line SVGP12 as an in vitro model, we identified six key toxic functional proteins—TP53, HSP90AA1, HSP90AB1, INS, BCL2, and AKT1—that mediate BPA's effects across these diseases, with BCL2 emerging as the most central node. Experimental validation demonstrated that BPA induces oxidative stress and cell cycle arrest, suppresses the INS-AKT1-BCL2 anti-apoptotic pathway, and activates the TP53-HSP90 pro-apoptotic pathway, culminating in mitochondrial apoptosis of astrocytes and disruption of neural microenvironment homeostasis. These findings reveal a convergent mechanism by which BPA accelerates neurodegeneration, filling a critical gap in understanding BPA's role in AD, PD, and HD. The study provides a novel theoretical framework and experimental evidence for BPA neurotoxicity risk assessment and informs preventive and therapeutic strategies for BPA-related neurodegenerative disorders.

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Network Toxicology and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Elucidate Bisphenol A-Induced Neurotoxicity in SVGP12 Astrocytes: Mechanistic Insights and Risk Assessment for Chronic Neurodegenerative Diseases

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026021203• Jan 15, 2026

Association between prenatal exposure to neonicotinoid insecticides and three oxidative stress biomarkers in pregnant women: A case study of the Jiashan cohort

Authors: ZHONG Xiang, MENG Huajun, WU Yanmei, LIANG Hong, XI Jianya, MIAO Maohua, XUE Jingchuan

Neonicotinoid insecticides (NEOs) are widely used pesticides with residues entering the human body via multiple routes, posing potential health risks. Pregnant women are a sensitive population requiring investigation into NEO exposure effects. Based on the Jiashan Birth Cohort, this study measured 12 NEOs (9 parent compounds and 3 metabolites) and three oxidative stress biomarkers (8-iso-prostaglandin F2α, 8-iso-15(R)-prostaglandin F2α, and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine) in urine from 917 pregnant women using liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Demographic data were integrated to analyze exposure patterns and associations. Results showed at least one NEO detected in all samples; seven NEOs had detection rates >50%. Median creatinine-adjusted total concentration was 5.613 μg·g−1. Acetamiprid-N-desmethyl (N-dm-ACE) had the highest detection rate (98.59%) and largest concentration proportion (64.2%). Spearman correlation, multiple linear regression, and Bayesian kernel machine regression revealed positive associations between oxidative stress markers and NEO exposure. Specifically, 8-PGF and 15-PGF correlated positively with thiacloprid-amide (THI-amid) and dinotefuran (DIN); 8-OHdG correlated positively with thiamethoxam (THM) and sulfoxaflor (SFX). Health risk assessment indicated hazard quotients below 1 for all NEOs, suggesting low health risks. This study provides evidence linking NEO exposure to oxidative stress damage in pregnant women, informing risk assessment for sensitive populations.

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Association between prenatal exposure to neonicotinoid insecticides and three oxidative stress biomarkers in pregnant women: A case study of the Jiashan cohort

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025042502• Jan 15, 2026

Comparative Effectiveness and Mechanism of Antibiotic Degradation by B/N-Doped Biochar-Supported Fe3S4 Activating Peroxydisulfate

Authors: LIU Lei, ZHENG Tianyu, WANG Yimeng, ZHENG Hao, GAO Yifan, XIE Yulin, CHANG Qing, XING Xuan

Rice husk biochar (BC) was modified with boron (B) and nitrogen (N) doping and loaded with Fe3S4 to fabricate B-BC@Fe3S4 and N-BC@Fe3S4 catalysts for peroxydisulfate (PDS) activation and enrofloxacin (ENR) degradation. Characterization via SEM, BET, XRD, Raman, and XPS confirmed successful heteroatom incorporation and uniform Fe3S4 dispersion, enhancing specific surface area and defect sites. Degradation experiments showed that B-BC@Fe3S4 and N-BC@Fe3S4 achieved ENR removal efficiencies of 90.72% and 91.89%, respectively, significantly outperforming unmodified BC@Fe3S4 (82.21%). Mechanistic studies revealed that PDS activation proceeded via Fe3S4-mediated electron transfer generating radical species (SO4•−, •OH, O2•−) and via B/N functional groups promoting non-radical singlet oxygen (1O2) formation. Notably, N-BC@Fe3S4 exhibited superior resistance to Fe3+ leaching and greater environmental adaptability under varying pH, anion, and humic acid conditions. These findings demonstrate that B/N-doped biochar-supported Fe3S4 are effective catalysts for PDS activation, offering promising potential for antibiotic removal from real wastewater matrices.

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Comparative Effectiveness and Mechanism of Antibiotic Degradation by B/N-Doped Biochar-Supported Fe3S4 Activating Peroxydisulfate

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025041101• Jan 15, 2026

Recent Advances on Synergistic Catalytic Removal of Chlorinated Volatile Organic Pollutants and NOx

Authors: SUN Bohua, LI Qianqian, DUO Jia, SU Guijin

Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) are typical halogenated organic pollutants frequently coexisting with nitrogen oxides (NOx) in flue gases from thermal industrial processes such as waste incineration and metal smelting. The synergistic catalytic removal of these co-pollutants offers substantial environmental benefits and engineering potential. This review focuses on the regulation of catalyst acidity and redox properties, systematically summarizing the synergistic mechanisms between CVOCs catalytic oxidation and NH3-selective catalytic reduction (NH3-SCR) for NOx removal. Special attention is given to reaction pathways governing chlorine species desorption and intermediate mineralization during CVOCs oxidation, alongside intrinsic strategies for broadening the SCR temperature window, enhancing N2 selectivity, and mitigating catalyst deactivation. Key challenges in simultaneous removal include competitive adsorption of coexisting pollutants, chlorine poisoning of catalysts, formation of polychlorinated byproducts, and interference from other flue gas components. Future research directions are proposed, encompassing interfacial mechanistic elucidation, innovative design of multifunctional catalytic sites, and technological transition from laboratory-scale studies to industrial applications. This review provides theoretical insights and technical guidance for integrated control of multiple pollutants.

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Recent Advances on Synergistic Catalytic Removal of Chlorinated Volatile Organic Pollutants and NOx

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025041409• Jan 15, 2026

Research Progress on Degradation of Pollutants in Water by High-Entropy Alloy Catalytic Materials

Authors: SU Qiong, NIE Hongjie, SUN Ke, ALIDAN·Ruzahong, ZHENG Yunhua, ZHAO Bowen

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have emerged as promising catalytic materials for organic wastewater treatment owing to their unique catalytic activity, structural stability, and corrosion resistance. This review systematically elaborates the physicochemical properties of HEAs and their multi-path degradation mechanisms, with emphasis on Fenton reactions, photocatalysis, and tribocatalysis. The influence of mainstream preparation techniques—mechanical alloying, arc melting, gas atomization, and impregnation adsorption—on catalytic performance is critically compared. To overcome practical bottlenecks such as low powder recovery and rapid active-site deactivation, synergistic optimization strategies including metal doping, morphological modification, and composite engineering are proposed. The review identifies key challenges in enhancing degradation efficiency, scaling up production, and designing composite materials, and outlines future research directions for HEAs in wastewater treatment. This work provides a theoretical foundation for developing efficient and stable HEA-based environmental catalysts.

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Research Progress on Degradation of Pollutants in Water by High-Entropy Alloy Catalytic Materials

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026012605• Jan 15, 2026

Effects of Four Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants on Adipogenic Differentiation and Potential Mechanisms

Authors: GUAN Tianyan, HE Yinling, SUN Zhendong, ZHOU Qunfang, LIAO Chunyang, SHI Jianbo, JIANG Guibin

Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are widely used, leading to environmental contamination and human exposure. However, studies on their effects on adipocyte differentiation and underlying mechanisms, particularly for emerging SPAs, are limited. This study evaluated the impacts of 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) and three novel antioxidants (AO 3114, AO 1135, AO 702) on adipogenesis using the mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation model. Lipid staining, triglyceride measurement, differentiation-related gene expression analysis, and transcriptomic approaches were employed. All four SPAs significantly promoted differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into mature adipocytes and upregulated expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparγ) and mature adipocyte marker genes. Transcriptomic analysis revealed differential effects on gene transcription during early differentiation. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that these SPAs promoted adipogenesis by enhancing energy metabolism and protein synthesis, as well as regulating PPAR and other signaling pathways. In conclusion, the tested SPAs promote adipogenesis and disrupt lipid metabolism through distinct mechanisms, suggesting long-term exposure may cause metabolic disorder risks and pose a public health threat.

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Effects of Four Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants on Adipogenic Differentiation and Potential Mechanisms

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025041904• Jan 15, 2026

Advances in Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Non-Fentanyl Opioids in Biological Samples

Authors: LUO Wei, FENG Boying, SHEN Yao, WEI Yuxin, HE Hongyuan

Non-fentanyl opioids, a subclass of new synthetic opioids (NSOs), have emerged as the fastest-growing category of new psychoactive substances (NPS) globally, driven by regulatory tightening on fentanyl analogs. Their structural diversity, rapid in vivo metabolism, and multiple metabolic pathways complicate detection in biological matrices, posing significant challenges for forensic toxicology and environmental monitoring. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) remains the gold standard for trace-level quantification due to its high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. This review systematically examines the classification, toxicological profiles, and metabolic routes of non-fentanyl opioids, including AH-7921, MT-45, U-47700, brorphine, and nitazenes. It critically evaluates sample preparation techniques—solid-phase extraction (SPE), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), and protein precipitation (PPT)—highlighting their efficiency, recovery rates, and matrix effects. Furthermore, it synthesizes recent advances in LC-MS methodologies, including high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), with emphasis on multiplex detection capabilities, limits of detection (LODs) reaching sub-ng/mL levels, and validation parameters. The review underscores the necessity for continuous analytical innovation to keep pace with emerging NSOs and provides a technical framework for accurate identification in forensic and environmental contexts.

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Advances in Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Non-Fentanyl Opioids in Biological Samples

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025042101• Jan 15, 2026

Preparation of Biochar-Supported Zero-Valent Iron/Iron Carbide Composites and Their Application in TCPA Removal

Authors: SHI Shaojie, LI Na, ZHAO Rusong, NIU Hongyun, CAI Yaqi

Chloropyridine compounds, widely used as pesticide intermediates in China, pose significant risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health due to their high toxicity, persistence, and frequent detection in water bodies. This study addresses the removal of 3,4,5,6-tetrachloropyridine-2-carboxylic acid (TCPA), a representative chloropyridine contaminant, using a novel composite material. Biochar-supported zero-valent iron/iron carbide composites (SL-FeC2O4-800 °C) were synthesized via a high-temperature carbothermal process, employing activated sludge as the carbon source and ferrous oxalate (FeC2O4) as the iron precursor. The composite exhibited rapid and efficient TCPA degradation across a wide pH range (3–9), achieving 98% removal within 2 minutes. Mechanistic studies using scavenging experiments revealed that TCPA removal proceeds through synergistic pathways: adsorption onto biochar, direct reduction by zero-valent iron, and oxidation by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated via oxygen activation. Surface-bound iron species were identified as critical for ROS formation. The material demonstrated reusability over five cycles, with degradation efficiencies decreasing from 98.54% to 40.36%, indicating gradual deactivation due to iron consumption and surface passivation. This work not only provides an efficient and environmentally sustainable method for removing persistent and highly toxic pollutants like TCPA but also offers a novel strategy for sludge resource utilization. The low-cost raw materials, simple preparation, and high activity position this composite as a promising candidate for industrial wastewater treatment, particularly in pesticide manufacturing effluents.

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Preparation of Biochar-Supported Zero-Valent Iron/Iron Carbide Composites and Their Application in TCPA Removal

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026022702• Jan 15, 2026

Vertical Distribution and Emission Characteristics of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in a Municipal Solid Waste Landfill

Authors: CHEN Tianyu, HE Xiaosong, SUN Yue, YU Shiyang, GUO Yanli, HE Anen, LI Juan, LYU Jitao, WANG Yawei

This study systematically investigated the occurrence and vertical distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in solid waste, leachate, and surrounding groundwater at a municipal solid waste landfill in Fuyang City, Anhui Province, China. A total of 23 PFAS were detected in solid waste, with total concentrations (∑PFAS) ranging from 7.95 to 172.28 ng·g⁻¹. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), an ultrashort-chain PFAS, was ubiquitous, contributing on average 59% to the total PFAS mass. PFAS composition varied with depth: long-chain PFAS dominated in middle and upper layers, while short-chain and ultrashort-chain PFAS were more abundant in deeper layers, indicating enhanced downward migration of shorter-chain compounds. Sulfonic acid PFAS exhibited increasing relative abundance with depth. Leachate ∑PFAS concentration was 14.35 μg·L⁻¹, dominated by short-chain compounds such as PFPrS and PFBS, consistent with the composition in bottom-layer waste. Groundwater surrounding the landfill contained multiple PFAS, with concentrations decreasing with distance from the landfill, confirming the landfill as a source of PFAS to the surrounding environment. Multivariate analyses (PCoA and Bray–Curtis dissimilarity) revealed that some groundwater samples closely resembled leachate in PFAS composition, suggesting direct impact via leachate migration. These findings underscore the role of landfills as significant reservoirs and sources of PFAS, particularly ultrashort-chain compounds, and highlight the need for improved leachate management to mitigate groundwater contamination.

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Vertical Distribution and Emission Characteristics of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in a Municipal Solid Waste Landfill

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025042304• Jan 15, 2026

Spatial Distribution Similarities and Differences of Atmospheric PM2.5 Chemical Components in Typical Cities of Central and Southern China

Authors: LI Jiajie, MU Ling, WU Zhijun, QIU Yanting, WANG Junrui, WEI Ying, LI Chenhui

To characterize the spatial variability of PM2.5 chemical components at the urban scale, ambient PM2.5 samples were collected from eight sites across Changsha, China. Samples were analyzed using ion chromatography, elemental carbon/organic carbon (EC/OC) analysis, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. Results showed that PM2.5 concentrations in urban areas were significantly higher than in suburban locations, with notably elevated levels at Changsha New Railway Station and Mapoling. Across different PM2.5 pollution levels, the eight sites exhibited pronounced spatial differences in concentration while sharing similar chemical compositions. Source apportionment identified secondary nitrate, vehicle emissions, and secondary sulfate as major contributors to PM2.5. The spatial distribution of these sources varied distinctly: secondary nitrate showed lower contributions in central areas but higher in western and southeastern regions; secondary sulfate was more prominent in the southeast, while vehicle emissions contributed more in the southeast and less in the west. Additionally, aerosol liquid water content promoted the secondary formation of nitrate and sulfate, exacerbating PM2.5 pollution. Secondary organic carbon was elevated in areas with high pedestrian density, suggesting enhanced secondary organic aerosol formation under intensive human activity. The study provides insights for targeted pollution control strategies in Changsha and similar cities.

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Spatial Distribution Similarities and Differences of Atmospheric PM2.5 Chemical Components in Typical Cities of Central and Southern China

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025041804• Jan 15, 2026

Degradation Efficiency of EDTMPS by BDD Anode Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation System

Authors: WANG Anshan, ZHANG Yulin, ZHANG Jie, LI Lehuan, ZHANG Yuling

Ethylene diamine tetra (methylene phosphonic acid) sodium (EDTMPS), an organic phosphonate scale and corrosion inhibitor, is widely used in industrial recirculating cooling water systems. Its efficient degradation in blowdown water is critical for water reuse. This study employed a plate-frame electrochemical advanced oxidation (EAOP) system with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode to degrade EDTMPS. The effects of operating conditions (temperature, voltage, liquid flow rate) and water quality parameters (pH, electrolyte concentration, chloride ion concentration) were systematically investigated. Optimal degradation efficiency of 99.48% was achieved at 50 °C, 300 mL·min−1, 7.0 V, pH 10, and 0.05 mol·L−1 Na2SO4. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) characterization of chloride-containing systems indicated that reactive species included hydroxyl radicals, sulfate radicals, and possibly chlorine radicals. In a coexisting system with benzotriazole (BTA), EAOPs degraded EDTMPS and BTA with comparable efficiencies. The results demonstrate that BDD-based EAOPs is effective for removing organic phosphonates from low-chloride, low-hardness cooling water, offering a promising approach for blowdown water treatment and reuse.

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Degradation Efficiency of EDTMPS by BDD Anode Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation System

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025050801• Jan 15, 2026

Metal-Organic Frameworks and Their Composites for Oil-Water Separation: Design Strategies, Synthesis Methods, and Performance Evaluation

Authors: LI Junjiao, YI Xiaohong, WANG Chongchen

Oil-contaminated water poses severe ecological and public health risks, yet conventional treatment technologies are hindered by complex processing and low selectivity. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their composites, with tunable pore structures, high surface areas, and controllable wettability, offer promising solutions. This review systematically classifies design strategies and synthesis methods for MOFs and MOF-based composites tailored for oil-water separation. We highlight recent advances, emphasizing structure–function relationships. Key performance metrics from representative studies include water contact angles up to 172.3°, separation efficiencies exceeding 99.9%, and adsorption capacities reaching 168 g·g⁻¹. Challenges such as scalability, stability, and fouling resistance are discussed, along with future directions for practical implementation.

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Metal-Organic Frameworks and Their Composites for Oil-Water Separation: Design Strategies, Synthesis Methods, and Performance Evaluation

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025050601• Jan 15, 2026

Emission Changes of PCDD/Fs in the Iron and Steel Industry under Ultra-Low Emission Transformation

Authors: XU Jiaying, SONG Xiwen, CHEN Xiu, CHEN Yuanzheng, JIANG Yilun, DONG Wei, LI Qing

China's iron and steel industry has undergone comprehensive ultra-low emission transformation, meeting stringent limits for conventional pollutants, yet the fate of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) remains unclear. This study combined field sampling and literature review to analyze PCDD/Fs emission characteristics from sintering, converter, and electric arc furnace processes before and after transformation, and calculated national emissions for 2022. Results demonstrate that ultra-low emission transformation effectively reduces PCDD/Fs emissions. Specifically, emission concentrations decreased by 86.5%, 95.1%, and 66.9% for sintering, converter, and electric arc furnace, respectively, with corresponding emission factors dropping to 0.11, 0.009, and 0.014 μg I-TEQ·t−1 product. Under the transformation scenario, total national emissions were 104 g I-TEQ (uncertainty ±26 g), a 94.9% reduction from the unreformed scenario (2049 ± 763 g I-TEQ). Congener profiles shifted from high-chlorinated dominance to low-chlorinated dominance, while toxicity equivalent distribution remained dominated by 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF (35%–56%). This study quantifies the co-benefit of PCDD/Fs reduction, providing critical data for updating China's emission inventory and formulating toxicity-oriented control policies.

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Emission Changes of PCDD/Fs in the Iron and Steel Industry under Ultra-Low Emission Transformation

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025041502• Jan 15, 2026

Research Progress on Atmospheric Microplastics: Sampling, Analytical Methods, Occurrence, and Ecological Impacts

Authors: WANG Bo, WANG Kai, QU Kaijing, ZHANG Jinrui, LONG Xin, XU Li, HOU Junxian, LI Ben, PAN Xianhui, LI Xin, HU Junli, LIU Xuejun

Microplastics (MPs), defined as plastic particles smaller than 5 mm, are ubiquitous environmental contaminants with documented presence in urban, rural, marine, remote, and polar atmospheres. The atmosphere serves as a primary medium for their long-range transport, raising concerns regarding climate interactions and human health. This review synthesizes recent advances in atmospheric MPs research, encompassing sampling strategies, pretreatment protocols, analytical techniques, occurrence characteristics, and ecological ramifications. Passive and active sampling methods are delineated, with active samplers enabling quantitative flux measurements. Pretreatment typically involves sequential steps of sieving, density separation, digestion, staining, and filtration to isolate MPs from complex matrices. Identification relies on visual inspection, micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (μ-FTIR), micro-Raman spectroscopy, laser direct infrared imaging (LDIR), and mass spectrometry. Reported atmospheric MPs predominantly exhibit dimensions below 700 μm, with fibrous morphologies being most prevalent. Color distribution is dominated by black, followed by white and transparent particles. Over 20 polymer types have been identified, with textiles, tire wear, and dust identified as principal sources. Atmospheric MPs can influence solar radiation balance, cloud formation processes, and pose risks to flora, fauna, and human health. However, research remains nascent; standardization of sampling and analytical protocols, along with comprehensive toxicological assessments, are critical knowledge gaps requiring urgent attention.

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Research Progress on Atmospheric Microplastics: Sampling, Analytical Methods, Occurrence, and Ecological Impacts

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025051502• Jan 15, 2026

Research and Application of Illicit Drug Detection Technologies in Indoor Air

Authors: YAO Xiaofei, YUAN Huiwen, YUAN Chenjun, YAO Linxia

Contamination of indoor air with illicit drugs poses a serious threat to public health and safety. Accurate and precise methods for monitoring these drugs are crucial for combating drug production, trafficking, and abuse, as well as reducing the risk of occupational exposure in law enforcement and healthcare workers. Current on-site rapid detection techniques for drugs in indoor air primarily include ion mobility spectrometry and electronic nose technology. Chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques are often used in the laboratory. Monitored drug types include heroin, amphetamine-type stimulants, cannabis, cocaine, synthetic cannabinoids, and fentanyl analogs, with concentration ranges ranging from a few ng·m−3 to several hundred µg·m−3. Drug concentrations are influenced by factors such as the drug type, methods involved in production and abuse, intensities of human activity, and ventilation conditions. While it has been demonstrated that long-term exposure to drug-contaminated environments may cause persistent physical discomfort, the specific mechanisms underlying health risks require further investigation. This paper reviews the sources of illicit drugs in indoor air, their detection methods, and typical application scenarios. It also analyzes the shortcomings of existing studies and proposes future research directions. The aim is to provide technical references for the monitoring of drugs in indoor air environments.

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Research and Application of Illicit Drug Detection Technologies in Indoor Air

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026031101• Jan 15, 2026

Experimental Evaluation of Mass Discrimination Effects in Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry: A Case Study of Straight-Chain Fatty Acids

Authors: JIANG Hao, HE Quanfu, JIANG Bin, DING Xiang

Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) is widely used for molecular characterization of complex organic matter due to its ultrahigh resolution and mass accuracy. In atmospheric and natural organic matter studies, signal intensity is often used as a proxy for relative abundance or combined with a single internal standard for semi-quantitative comparison. Such practices assume uniform response across species of different mass-to-charge ratios (m/z); however, electrospray ionization (ESI), ion transport, and space-charge effects within the ICR trap can introduce mass-dependent biases. This study systematically evaluated mass discrimination effects on fatty acid analysis using a 9.4 T ESI-FT-ICR-MS, employing C12–C30 straight-chain saturated fatty acids, three deuterated internal standards, and three concentration levels. Results showed: (1) Absolute intensities of fatty acids and internal standards were not linearly proportional to concentration; as fatty acid concentration doubled, intensity increases were non-proportional, while internal standard intensities declined by up to 53% despite constant concentration. At equal concentrations, intensity decreased markedly with molecular weight—triacontanoic acid (C30) was ~40 times lower than lauric acid (C12), indicating severe underestimation of high-molecular-weight species. (2) Response ratios of fatty acids to internal standards versus concentration ratios exhibited good linearity (R² > 0.9). The derived deviation coefficients (F) increased exponentially with m/z (R² > 0.999), reaching >50 for C30. (3) Application to PM2.5 fatty acids showed that after F correction, abundances of long-chain fatty acids (C20–C30) increased 3.6-fold, and the carbon preference index (CPI) shifted from 1.8 (fossil fuel source) to 3.4 (higher plant source), demonstrating that neglecting mass discrimination leads to misidentification of sources. These findings underscore the necessity of systematic evaluation of mass discrimination effects in ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry for accurate organic composition and source apportionment.

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Experimental Evaluation of Mass Discrimination Effects in Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry: A Case Study of Straight-Chain Fatty Acids

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025041405• Jan 15, 2026

Application of Pyrolysis-Based Analytical Methods for Environmental Microplastic Detection

Authors: ZHENG Kexin, WANG Peng, CHEN Mingfeng, HU Yong, ZHOU Lifang, XIE Hongwei, QUAN Changjian, ZHOU Zhen, GAO Xiangjing

Microplastics, as a class of emerging environmental contaminants, pose global concerns due to their potential ecological and human health impacts. Accurate identification and quantification of microplastics in environmental matrices are essential for assessing their environmental fate and ecological risks. Pyrolysis-based analytical methods, which decompose macromolecules into smaller fragments followed by gas chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection, offer high sensitivity and accuracy, making them significant for microplastic analysis. Despite these advantages, their application remains nascent, with limited comprehensive understanding of their applicability across diverse environmental media. This review systematically compares three pyrolysis-based techniques—pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC), and thermal extraction-desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS)—for microplastic detection in various matrices. The effectiveness of each method is evaluated in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and matrix compatibility. Critical challenges, including lack of standardized protocols, complex sample pretreatment requirements, and limitations in quantifying mixtures, are identified. Future research directions emphasize the need for standardization, optimization of pretreatment for complex matrices, and integration with complementary techniques such as FTIR and Raman spectroscopy to enhance comprehensive microplastic characterization. This review provides a critical framework for selecting appropriate pyrolysis-based methods and highlights areas requiring further methodological development.

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Application of Pyrolysis-Based Analytical Methods for Environmental Microplastic Detection

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025111403• Jan 15, 2026

Heavy Metal Pollution Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment of Sediments in the Hengyang Section of the Xiang River

Authors: FANG Xiaohong, HU Linjie, HAN Xiangyu, PENG Bo, ZHONG Yuru, PENG Qing, SHI Shana

Sediments from the Hengyang reach of the Xiangjiang River were analyzed for concentrations, chemical fractions, and sources of 14 heavy metals (As, Se, Cd, Sb, Pb, Tl, Bi, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn, V, Cr, Cu). Mean concentrations of As, Se, Cd, Sb, Pb, Tl, and Bi exceeded local background values, with Cd, Se, Bi, and As showing pronounced enrichment. Spatial heterogeneity was marked, with higher levels downstream; overall concentrations were lower than previously reported. Sequential extraction revealed that Sb, Bi, Se, Tl, Cu, As, V, Cr, and Ni were predominantly in the residual fraction (F4), while Zn, Cd, Pb, and Mn had higher extractable fractions (F1+F2+F3), with bioavailable fractions generally elevated downstream. Geo-accumulation index (Igeo) indicated no contamination by Co, Zn, V, or Cr, but varying degrees of contamination by Mn, Ni, As, Se, Cd, Sb, Pb, Tl, Bi, and Cu, with pollution severity order: Se>Cd>Bi>As>Sb>Pb>Tl>Ni>Cu>Mn>Zn>Cr>Co>V. Enrichment factors showed significant enrichment for Cd, Sb, and Bi, moderate for Pb, and low for others. Potential ecological risk index (RI) revealed Cd as the primary contributor (87.49% of total risk), with overall moderate risk at downstream sites and slight risk across the entire section. Source apportionment using PCA and PMF identified three sources: industrial and traffic mixed source (57.60%), natural source (16.00%), and industrial-natural mixed source (26.40%). These findings enhance understanding of heavy metal pollution mechanisms in the Hengyang section and recommend priority control of industrial and traffic emissions, with focus on Cd mobility, to support sediment remediation strategies.

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Heavy Metal Pollution Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment of Sediments in the Hengyang Section of the Xiang River

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025042103• Jan 15, 2026

Temporal and Spatial Distribution, Ecological Risk Assessment, and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of Ranwu Lake, Xizang

Authors: CUI Xiaomei, LIU Yang, YANG Bo, WANG Haoyu, XU Geng, BU Duo, ZHANG Qiangying

This study investigated the spatiotemporal distribution, ecological risk, and sources of seven heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, As) in surface sediments of Ranwu Lake, Xizang. Twelve samples were collected during the glacial ablation period (July 2024) and late glacial ablation period (November 2024). Concentrations were determined and analyzed using inverse distance weighting (IDW) for spatial patterns, geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and potential ecological risk index (RI) for risk assessment, and correlation analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) for source apportionment. Results showed that during glacial ablation, mean Cr, Cd, Pb, and As exceeded Xizang soil background values, while in the late ablation period only Cd, Pb, and As remained elevated. Spatial distribution varied between periods, with high concentrations in the middle and lower lake during ablation, shifting to the lower lake in the late period. Igeo and RI indicated overall low ecological risk, with Cd as the primary risk factor; mean RI values were 81.79 and 98.30 for the two periods, respectively. Source apportionment revealed that heavy metals mainly originated from natural and transportation sources, with traffic emissions being the major contributor to ecological risk. Specifically, Cr, Ni, and As were predominantly natural, Cd and Pb were mainly traffic-related, and Cu and Zn were influenced by both natural and traffic sources.

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Temporal and Spatial Distribution, Ecological Risk Assessment, and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of Ranwu Lake, Xizang

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025042702• Jan 15, 2026

Photochemical Reaction Characteristics and Source Apportionment of VOCs Based on Estimation of Initial Volume Mixing Ratios during Summer in Dalian

Authors: CAO Shanshan, YAN Shouzheng, MIAO Shuyi, JIA Dezhou, WANG Xiaohuan, CHEN Xin, LIU Jiajun

This study estimated initial volume mixing ratios of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Dalian from June 1 to August 31, 2024, using a photochemical age-based parameterization method, and performed source apportionment with positive matrix factorization (PMF). Observed average TVOCs concentration was 12.49×10⁻⁹, comprising alkanes (84.2%), alkenes (10.4%), and aromatics (5.4%). Corrected initial TVOCs was 14.93×10⁻⁹, indicating a loss rate of 16.4%. Loss rates were highest for alkenes (53.2%), followed by aromatics (23.3%) and alkanes (6.8%). Ozone formation potential (OFP) averaged 21.31×10⁻⁹ (observed) and 38.75×10⁻⁹ (initial), with an OFP loss rate of 45.0%, distributed as alkenes (56.4%), aromatics (32.7%), and alkanes (10.3%). During ozone pollution episodes, TVOCs chemical loss was 1.9 times that of non-pollution periods, with alkene loss reaching 61.6%; OFP loss was 1.2 times higher, with alkenes contributing 88.4% to TVOCs loss. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential from 08:00–17:00 was 1.51×10⁻¹ μg·m⁻³, with 99.4% from aromatics and toluene contributing 68.3%. PMF identified five sources: motor vehicles (49.6%), oil and gas volatilization (20.7%), petrochemical enterprises (12.6%), industrial processes (11.2%), and solvent use (5.9%). OFP modeling indicated motor vehicles contributed most to ozone formation (41.1%), followed by petrochemical enterprises (35.8%). During ozone pollution, PMF based on initial concentrations showed petrochemical sources had the highest OFP contribution (42.5%), whereas observed concentrations indicated motor vehicles as the top contributor (42.5%). This discrepancy underscores the necessity of correcting for photochemical losses in source apportionment studies.

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Photochemical Reaction Characteristics and Source Apportionment of VOCs Based on Estimation of Initial Volume Mixing Ratios during Summer in Dalian

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026031103• Jan 15, 2026

Speciation Analysis and Advanced Removal of Thallium from Washing Wastewater of Sintering Machine Head Ash

Authors: WANG Yunyan, CHEN Qingbin, OUYANG Rui, FU Jie, TONG Tianxing, KE Yong, YANG Bentao, ZHANG Xuekai, SUN Zhumei

Sintering ash washing wastewater from steel plants is characterized by high salinity, high chloride content, high thallium load, and coexistence of multiple metals, posing significant treatment challenges. This study employed thermodynamic simulation to elucidate the speciation and transformation of thallium in such wastewater, and systematically investigated a combined process of sulfide precipitation coupled with coagulation-flocculation. The results showed that at pH 9–10, thallium predominantly existed as Tl+. Under oxidizing conditions, the stable complex anion [TlCl4]− dominated at pH < 8.1, while at pH > 8.1, a mixed system of solid Tl2O3 and dissolved TlClO3 coexisted. Under optimized conditions (pH 12, 2.0% thallium removal agent, 1.0% multi-effect auxiliary agent), the thallium concentration in the wastewater decreased from an initial 9.58 mg·L−1 to 4.31 μg·L−1, meeting the stringent discharge limit of ≤5 μg·L−1. Concurrent removal of Cu, Zn, and Cd was achieved. The primary removal mechanism was sulfide precipitation, with lattice substitution between Tl+ and K+ serving as an auxiliary pathway. This study provides a practicable technical route for advanced treatment of high-chloride, high-thallium industrial wastewater.

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Speciation Analysis and Advanced Removal of Thallium from Washing Wastewater of Sintering Machine Head Ash

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025051802• Jan 15, 2026

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Recovery from Chicken Manure Biogas Slurry via Magnesium-Modified Zeolite Coupled with Electrochemical Precipitation Crystallization

Authors: QIN Haiyan, LUO Xiaoliang, XU Yufeng, CHENG Ying, HE Fang, WANG Jin, ZHANG Wenyi

This study investigates the recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus from anaerobic digestion biogas slurry of chicken manure via magnesium-modified zeolite coupled with electrochemical precipitation crystallization. Three types of magnesium-modified zeolites were prepared using alkali activation and magnesium loading to enhance adsorption capacity. A coupled 'magnesium-modified zeolite-electrochemical MAP' reactor was constructed, and key parameters (N/P ratio, pH, current density) were optimized via response surface methodology. The results show that MgCl2-modified zeolite (MgCl2-ZO) exhibited the best coupling precipitation performance. Under optimal conditions (N/P ratio 3.78, pH 8.43, current density 13.11 A·m−2), the removal efficiencies for total nitrogen (TN), total ammonium nitrogen (TAN), total phosphorus (TP), and total phosphate (TPS) reached 54.84%, 62.93%, 82.02%, and 77.72%, respectively. The mechanism involves synergistic adsorption and electrochemical release of Mg2+ from the magnesium electrode, which promotes struvite crystallization. The electrochemical field enhances ion exchange and chemical precipitation on the zeolite surface, facilitating efficient nutrient recovery. This approach offers a promising solution for nutrient management in livestock wastewater.

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Nitrogen and Phosphorus Recovery from Chicken Manure Biogas Slurry via Magnesium-Modified Zeolite Coupled with Electrochemical Precipitation Crystallization

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025041105• Jan 15, 2026

Source Apportionment of Ambient VOCs in Summer in Urban Shenyang Based on Photochemical Loss Correction

Authors: CHI Haorui, SU Congcong, JIANG Boqi, GUAN Jingwen, CHEN Siyu, YU Xingna

Online measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were conducted in the central urban area of Shenyang from June 1 to August 31, 2022, to analyze concentration levels and ozone formation potential (OFP). The initial concentrations of VOCs were estimated using the photochemical age parameter method to correct for photochemical losses. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied for source apportionment. The average mass concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) was (27.29 ± 15.96) μg·m−3, with alkanes (50.3%) as the dominant component; key species included propane, ethane, methanethiol, and ethylene. The OFP of TVOCs was (64.30 ± 66.41) μg·m−3, with alkenes (63.5%) as the main contributor; key reactive species were ethylene, propylene, m/p-xylene, toluene, and isoprene. Daytime photochemical loss of VOCs reached 2.40 μg·m−3, with alkenes (67.1%) dominating. PMF based on initial concentrations identified five major sources: vehicle emissions (56.2%), solvent usage (21.5%), combustion sources (8.9%), industrial emissions (7.5%), and natural sources (5.9%). Compared to PMF results based on directly monitored concentrations, contributions from vehicle emissions, combustion sources, and solvent usage decreased, while industrial emissions increased. The organic chemical industry source was not identified, and a new natural source contribution was recognized. These findings underscore the importance of photochemical loss correction in source apportionment and highlight key species and sources for ozone pollution control in Shenyang.

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Source Apportionment of Ambient VOCs in Summer in Urban Shenyang Based on Photochemical Loss Correction

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026051001• Jan 15, 2026

Investigating the Transport Correlation of Ozone and PM2.5 between Haikou and Guangdong-Guangxi Cities

Authors: SHENG Hui, MENG Xinxin, PI Dongqin, FU Yang, MAI Xiuqi, ZENG Yurong, XU Wenshuai

Haikou, a representative tropical city in China, experiences air pollution influenced by both local emissions and regional transport. This study analyzed O3 and PM2.5 concentrations, emission sources, and meteorological fields from Haikou and Guangdong-Guangxi cities in 2024, employing correlation analysis and the Weighted Potential Source Contribution Function (WPSCF) to systematically investigate spatial-temporal patterns, regional linkages, and transport mechanisms. Results revealed distinct pollution characteristics: Hainan exhibited prominent O3 pollution in autumn and winter, while the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in Guangdong suffered significant O3 pollution year-round, positioning it as the core control area. Guangxi was characterized by severe PM2.5 pollution in winter with extensive high concentration areas. Haikou's O3 and PM2.5 concentrations showed strong correlations with those in Zhanjiang and Maoming throughout the year, particularly in winter. Regional transport analysis indicated that O3 pollution in Haikou depended on stable cross-regional precursor transport coupled with intense photochemical conditions, whereas PM2.5 exhibited diverse transport pathways across seasons. Lag effect analysis confirmed that pollution exceedance days were substantially influenced by upwind transport from the previous day, highlighting the dominant role of cross-regional physical transport. Autumn pollution was driven by stable surface northeasterly winds and upper-level uniform pressure fields. Potential source areas were highly consistent with the MEIC emission inventory, confirming distinct contributions of transport pathways for O3 and PM2.5. These findings provide a scientific basis for differentiated collaborative control of air pollution in tropical coastal cities.

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Investigating the Transport Correlation of Ozone and PM2.5 between Haikou and Guangdong-Guangxi Cities

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025051404• Jan 15, 2026

Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Typical Rubber Additives and Their Transformation Products in the Guangzhou Section of the Pearl River, China

Authors: ZHANG Menghuan, CHEN Xiaoli, ZHONG Lixiang, LIN Mingfu, SONG Lisha, HUANG Yumei, WANG Jun

Rubber additives, such as 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG) and p-phenylenediamine antioxidants (PPDs), are widely used in the rubber industry and have been increasingly detected in aquatic environments. This study investigated the distribution characteristics and potential sources of seven typical rubber additives (DPG, 6PPD, IPPD, DPPD, CPPD, DNPD, and 77PD) and the transformation product 6PPD-Q in surface water of the Guangzhou section of the Pearl River, China. A total of 29 sampling sites were analyzed. Total concentrations of the target compounds ranged from 205 to 5400 ng·L−1, with a mean of (820±1100) ng·L−1. DPG was the dominant compound in both dissolved and particle phases, accounting for (99±1.9)% and (66±13)% of the total concentrations, respectively. Source analysis indicated that aquaculture, vessel navigation, agricultural runoff, and wastewater treatment plant discharges likely influence the occurrence of rubber additives in this river section. Risk quotient (RQ) assessment revealed that 6PPD-Q posed high ecological risk at all sampling sites (RQ > 1), while DPG exhibited moderate to high risk at most sites (RQ > 0.1). In contrast, 6PPD, IPPD, CPPD, and DPPD showed low ecological risk. These findings highlight the need for heightened attention to the ecological risks posed by 6PPD-Q and DPG in the Pearl River Basin and provide scientific data for pollution prevention and risk management.

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Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Typical Rubber Additives and Their Transformation Products in the Guangzhou Section of the Pearl River, China

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026050701• Jan 15, 2026

Efficient Adsorption of Food Colorants onto Activated Carbon Derived from Haematococcus pluvialis Residue: Performance and Mechanism

Authors: MENG Yifan, LI Xingchao, ZHANG Lei, SONG Xueer, HU Xinyue, WANG Yue, WANG Menghan, LI Zichao

Azo food colorants are persistent aquatic pollutants posing risks to ecosystems and human health. Utilizing biomass waste to produce low-cost activated carbon offers a sustainable strategy for their removal. In this study, activated carbon (HPR-AC) was synthesized from Haematococcus pluvialis residue via phosphoric acid activation, and its adsorption performance was evaluated using Sunset Yellow (SY), Ponceau 4R (P4R), and Tartrazine (TY) as model pollutants. The effects of solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, and temperature on adsorption efficiency were systematically examined. Characterization by BET, FTIR, XRD, and XPS revealed that HPR-AC possesses a high specific surface area and an abundant mesoporous structure. The adsorption process was well described by the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, indicating monolayer chemisorption and an endothermic nature. At pH 5 and 55 °C, the maximum adsorption capacities reached 67.12, 79.72, and 72.75 mg·g−1 for SY, P4R, and TY, respectively. Statistical physics modeling further suggested a multilayer physical adsorption mechanism, primarily governed by pore filling, electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, and charge transfer. These findings provide both theoretical insights and empirical data for the valorization of H. pluvialis residue and the development of efficient, sustainable adsorbents for azo dye removal from water.

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Efficient Adsorption of Food Colorants onto Activated Carbon Derived from Haematococcus pluvialis Residue: Performance and Mechanism

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025041805• Jan 15, 2026

Evaluation of Selenium Bioavailability in Naturally Enriched Paddy Soils Based on Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT) and Its Influencing Factors

Authors: YAO Yuxue, ZHENG Liugen

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for mammals, yet no universally applicable method exists for assessing soil Se bioavailability. This study validated the feasibility of diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technology for accurately evaluating Se bioavailability in paddy soils under natural conditions, and analyzed Se migration in the soil-plant system, soil kinetic characteristics, and the influence of physicochemical properties on Se bioavailability. Rice plants and corresponding rhizosphere soil samples were collected and analyzed using three traditional extraction methods alongside DGT. Results showed that 96.7% of soil samples and 66.7% of rice samples met the selenium-rich standard, and Se content measured by DGT most accurately reflected soil Se bioavailability. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of different rice plant parts indicated generally low Se enrichment in grains, with primary enrichment in rice roots. Correlation analysis revealed that adjustments in soil pH, organic matter (SOM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and sulfur (S) content could effectively improve soil Se bioavailability. These findings underscore DGT's superiority over conventional extraction methods for predicting Se uptake, offering a robust tool for managing selenium-rich agricultural resources.

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Evaluation of Selenium Bioavailability in Naturally Enriched Paddy Soils Based on Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT) and Its Influencing Factors

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025041701• Jan 15, 2026

Redox Zoning Characteristics of Groundwater Contaminated by Landfill Leachate in TS Informal Landfill in Southwest China

Authors: LUO Cheng, LI Bo

Landfill leachate leakage poses a significant threat to groundwater quality, particularly from informal landfills lacking proper containment. This study investigates the redox zoning characteristics of groundwater contaminated by leachate from the TS informal landfill in Southwest China. Based on redox-sensitive indicators and microbial community structure, the spatial evolution of redox conditions along the groundwater flow path was delineated. Results show that from the proximal to distal zones of the contaminant plume, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and dissolved oxygen (DO) increase significantly, while concentrations of Fe2+, NH4+, TOC, and HCO3− decrease markedly. The percentage of NO3− increases, indicating a transition from reducing to oxidizing conditions. Microbial communities shift correspondingly from anaerobic to aerobic populations. The infiltration of leachate introduces substantial reducing substances, creating a reducing environment that gradually oxidizes as dissolved organic matter is depleted. The plume is sequentially divided into sulfate reduction, iron reduction, manganese reduction, nitrate reduction, and oxidation zones. This redox zoning significantly attenuates pollutants, reducing the impact of leachate on groundwater. The findings provide a scientific basis for groundwater pollution prevention and control.

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Redox Zoning Characteristics of Groundwater Contaminated by Landfill Leachate in TS Informal Landfill in Southwest China

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025042703• Jan 15, 2026

Phosphorus Exchange Characteristics at the Sediment-Water Interface and Microbial Driving Mechanisms in Aquaculture Ponds of Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis)

Authors: XIONG Ruixiang, LIN Jianwei, ZHAN Yanhui, WU Xugan

This study investigated phosphorus (P) exchange at the sediment-water interface and its microbial driving mechanisms in aquaculture ponds of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Using diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), labile P concentrations in the upper sediment were significantly higher than in overlying water from late July to mid-August and in October, indicating sediment acts as a P source during these periods. The duration of aquaculture was a key factor; P diffusion flux declined from late July to mid-August and further decreased by October. Analyses of labile Fe, P-Fe correlations, and bacterial community composition and function suggested that dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction mediated by Fe-reducing bacteria and chemical Fe(III) reduction driven by sulfate-reducing bacteria metabolites were important mechanisms for P release. Additionally, bacterial-driven organic P mineralization and inorganic P dissolution contributed. The results indicate a high risk of P release from sediment to overlying water from late July to mid-August, potentially significantly affecting water P concentrations. Therefore, controlling sediment P release during this period is crucial.

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Phosphorus Exchange Characteristics at the Sediment-Water Interface and Microbial Driving Mechanisms in Aquaculture Ponds of Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis)

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025050803• Jan 15, 2026

Experimental Study of Drag Reduction with Surfactants in Porous Media for Coal Seam Water Injection

Authors: LIU Kaixin, CHEN Guoliang, WANG Pengfei

This study systematically investigates the synergistic drag reduction mechanism of surfactants and porous media in coal seam water injection. Four surfactant types—cationic CTAB, anionic SDBS, amphoteric BS-12, and nonionic OP-10—were tested with five porous media pore sizes (3–12 mm) using a custom-built all-in-one drag reduction test system. The effects of surfactant type, mass concentration, driving frequency, and pore diameter on drag reduction efficiency were evaluated. Results show that in an empty tube, drag reduction efficiency increases with mass concentration. As driving frequency increases, drag reduction first rises then falls, peaking at 35 Hz. With porous media, drag reduction exhibits pore size dependence, reaching a maximum at 8 mm and decreasing thereafter. The composite surfactant-porous media system achieves synergistic enhancement over single systems. At 0.05% mass concentration, all surfactants attain maximum drag reduction, with CTAB showing the highest efficiency. Optimal conditions (0.05% CTAB, 35 Hz, 8 mm pore size) yield a drag reduction rate of 66.14%, a 1.4-fold improvement over 20 Hz. These findings demonstrate that tailoring surfactant and porous media parameters can significantly optimize coal seam water injection efficiency, offering a practical approach for dust control in mining.

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Experimental Study of Drag Reduction with Surfactants in Porous Media for Coal Seam Water Injection

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025051701• Jan 15, 2026

Oxidative Stress Response of Selenium Nanoparticles to Copper Stress in Aspergillus flavus TL-F3

Authors: YUE Yuchen, ZHU Tingting, CHEN Nuo, WANG Binhao, GAO Yuci, JIANG Yehong, FAN Ting

This study investigated the effects of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on the growth, mycelium morphology, copper (Cu2+) removal rate, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and intracellular enzyme activity of Aspergillus flavus TL-F3 (A. flavus TL-F3) under Cu2+ stress. Results showed that different concentrations of Cu2+ inhibited the growth of A. flavus TL-F3. The highest Cu2+ removal rate of 56.32% was observed at a Cu2+ concentration of 50 mg·L−1. Under 50 mg·L−1 Cu2+ stress, 0.25 mg·L−1 SeNPs promoted the growth of A. flavus TL-F3, increasing its biomass by 2.71%, and significantly enhanced the fluorescence intensity of EPS, Na+/K+-ATPase activity, and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities. Additionally, SeNPs stimulated the glutathione (GSH-GSSG) cycle in A. flavus TL-F3, elevating glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity by 17.2% and 23.94%, respectively, and increasing reduced glutathione (GSH) content by 18.59%, and decreasing the GSH/GSSG ratio, thereby effectively alleviating Cu2+ toxicity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that surface functional groups of A. flavus TL-F3, including carboxylic acid, alcohol, phenol, and phosphate/sulfate functional groups, might bind with Cu2+, enhancing its tolerance to Cu2+. This study enriches the theoretical knowledge of microorganism-heavy metal interactions and provides deeper insights into microbial heavy metal resistance mechanisms.

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Oxidative Stress Response of Selenium Nanoparticles to Copper Stress in Aspergillus flavus TL-F3

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025042203• Jan 15, 2026

Safe Utilization of High Cadmium Cropland by Random Forest Based on Soil Properties

Authors: DAI Liangliang, WU Wenbin, GONG Hao, ZHANG Jun, HU Xiangrong

Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in crops is influenced by complex, crop-specific factors, posing challenges for the safe utilization of soils with elevated Cd levels. This study focused on a region with anomalously high soil Cd in northern Longshan County, Hunan Province, China. We systematically collected and analyzed Cd concentrations in the edible parts of lily (Lilium spp.) and maize (Zea mays L.), along with corresponding root-zone soil properties including Cd content, pH, and oxide levels. The bioconcentration factors (BCF-Cd) for lily and maize were compared, and their controlling factors were identified. Using random forest with hyperparameter optimization, optimal predictive models for BCF-Cd were developed for each crop. Results showed that lily BCF-Cd was significantly higher than that of maize. Key factors influencing BCF-Cd in both crops included soil pH, manganese (Mn), organic matter (OM), and the weathering-leaching coefficient (ba). Feature importance analysis identified soil pH as the most critical factor. Based on model predictions, a zoning scheme for safe arable land utilization was proposed to maximize land productivity while ensuring the medicinal safety of lily and food safety of maize. This study provides scientific support for enhancing food security and optimizing land resource use.

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Safe Utilization of High Cadmium Cropland by Random Forest Based on Soil Properties

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025041505• Jan 15, 2026

Characteristics and Causes of PM2.5 Changes in the Fenwei Plain from 2013 to 2020

Authors: LIN Guangwu, ZHANG Zhaolei, WANG Yiheng, DONG Jiaxin, WANG Peng, ZHANG Hongliang

To combat severe air pollution, China has implemented a series of air pollution control action plans since 2013, effectively alleviating PM2.5 pollution. However, PM2.5 concentrations in most cities within the Fenwei Plain still exceed national standards. This study systematically evaluates PM2.5 concentration changes across two policy phases (2013–2020) using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, quantifying contributions of meteorology and emissions, and analyzing sectoral source changes. Results show that annual average PM2.5 concentration declined cumulatively by 19% during 2013–2020. In the first phase (2013–2017), regional PM2.5 decreased by 3% annually, with most improvement in winter; however, due to unfavorable meteorology, concentrations increased in Xi'an and Xianyang. In the second phase (2017–2020), PM2.5 declined by an additional 16%, with more effective control measures, particularly in spring and autumn. Emission reductions dominated in both phases, with stronger effects in the second phase (−8 μg·m−3), significantly outweighing adverse meteorological contributions (+3.5 μg·m−3). Nevertheless, many cities still face challenges from unfavorable meteorology, highlighting the need for future policies to account for meteorological influences. Emissions from industrial, energy, and agricultural sources decreased significantly across both phases. However, during winter heating periods, residential emissions emerged as a source equal in importance to industrial emissions, becoming a key target for future emission controls.

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Characteristics and Causes of PM2.5 Changes in the Fenwei Plain from 2013 to 2020

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025042504• Jan 15, 2026

Effect of Co-aging with Common Ions and Humic Acid on the Control of Phosphorus Release from Sediment by the Combination of Lanthanum-Modified Bentonite and Vallisneria natans

Authors: WANG Xinyi, LIN Jianwei, ZHAN Yanhui

This study investigated the effect of co-aging with common cations/anions and humic acid (HA) on the combined use of Vallisneria natans (VN) and lanthanum-modified bentonite (LMB) for controlling phosphorus (P) release from sediment. Results showed that co-aging significantly reduced the phosphate adsorption capacity of LMB, with the maximum unit adsorption capacity decreasing by 33.8% compared to the unaged material. Under the combined application of VN and unaged LMB, P in sediment could still be released into pore water via dissimilatory iron(III) reduction mediated by iron-reducing bacteria and chemical reduction of iron(III) induced by sulfate-reducing bacteria metabolites, subsequently migrating to overlying water. However, the combined treatment effectively inhibited P release, achieving an average reduction efficiency of 57.1% for dissolved reactive phosphorus (SRP) in overlying water and 74.0% for labile P in sediment (measured by DGT) at an LMB dosage of 89 g·m−2. Co-aging with common ions and HA diminished the P control efficiency of the combined treatment, primarily due to reduced phosphate adsorption capacity of LMB. Therefore, mitigating the negative effects of co-aging is crucial for enhancing the long-term P control performance of the VN-LMB combined technology.

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Effect of Co-aging with Common Ions and Humic Acid on the Control of Phosphorus Release from Sediment by the Combination of Lanthanum-Modified Bentonite and Vallisneria natans

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026032502• Jan 15, 2026

Spatiotemporal Distribution Characteristics and Main Influencing Factors of Atmospheric CH4 in Northern Zhejiang

Authors: LIN Qun, WEI Kangxuan, FANG Wenxin, DING Li, ZANG Kunpeng, SHAN Meng, XU Honghui

Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas with a global warming potential approximately 28 times that of CO2 over a 100-year horizon. Direct observation of atmospheric CH4 concentrations is essential for quantifying contributions from anthropogenic and natural sources. This study analyzes online CH4 monitoring data from Huzhou City and Deqing County in northern Zhejiang Province, China, to characterize spatiotemporal variations and identify controlling factors. Diurnal patterns show higher nighttime concentrations due to reduced vertical mixing and enhanced stability, with winter maxima and autumn minima. The seasonal background concentration at Huzhou station follows winter > spring > autumn > summer. Deqing, influenced by artificial aquaculture ponds and wetlands, exhibits smaller diurnal amplitude and generally higher CH4 levels than Huzhou, particularly during the plum rain season. Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) analysis indicates that high-concentration sources are predominantly located in eastern Zhejiang, with seasonal shifts: spring sources in the Yangtze River Delta and southeast coast, summer sources in southeastern Zhejiang, minimal autumn regional transport, and winter sources in eastern Jiangxi. These findings underscore the roles of local wetland emissions and regional transport in modulating CH4 levels, providing a scientific basis for targeted emission reduction strategies.

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Spatiotemporal Distribution Characteristics and Main Influencing Factors of Atmospheric CH4 in Northern Zhejiang

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025042802• Jan 15, 2026

Research Progress on Thermal Regeneration Technology for Saturated Activated Carbon

Authors: ZHOU Yang, HUA Yinfeng, YIN Hang, YAN Lili, RAO Pinhua

Activated carbon, characterized by its extensive pore structure, high specific surface area, and superior adsorption capacity, is widely employed in advanced water treatment. However, upon reaching adsorption saturation, its efficacy diminishes, necessitating replacement or regeneration. Thermal regeneration stands out due to its high desorption efficiency, simple equipment requirements, and low energy consumption, making it the predominant industrial method. Despite its prevalence, systematic investigations into the underlying reaction mechanisms and the influence of operational parameters remain insufficient. This review comprehensively examines common thermal regeneration technologies for saturated activated carbon, including multi-hearth furnaces, rotary kilns, superheated steam, microwave, and solar regeneration. It delineates the fundamental principles, process flows, advantages, disadvantages, and current research status of each method. The desorption and reaction mechanisms of pollutants within activated carbon pores during thermal regeneration are discussed in detail, along with the effects of critical conditions such as temperature, atmosphere, and purge gas flow rate on pollutant removal efficiency. Furthermore, the relationship between activated carbon performance parameters and regeneration efficiency is analyzed, and innovations based on conventional thermal regeneration, as well as integration with emerging technologies, are explored. Finally, the challenges facing thermal regeneration are summarized, and future research priorities are proposed, focusing on the treatment of waste gas and liquid byproducts, technology integration, and enhancement of overall regeneration performance. This review aims to provide a scientific foundation for the sustainable recycling of activated carbon in industrial applications.

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Research Progress on Thermal Regeneration Technology for Saturated Activated Carbon

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026022402• Jan 15, 2026

Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Graphene Oxide–Silver Nanoparticle Nanocomposites

Authors: SUN Dan, LIU Hongyan, HUANG Yanze, WANG Yuchen, WANG Xue

Graphene oxide–silver nanoparticle (GO-AgNPs) nanocomposites synergistically combine the high specific surface area and biocompatibility of graphene oxide with the potent antibacterial and optical properties of silver nanoparticles. This review systematically examines current synthetic strategies—physical, chemical, and biological—and their influence on nanocomposite morphology, loading efficiency, and stability. The biomedical applications of GO-AgNPs are critically analyzed, focusing on antimicrobial activity, anticancer therapy, drug delivery, and biosensing. Mechanistic insights reveal that antimicrobial action involves membrane disruption, oxidative stress, and damage to biomolecules, while anticancer effects are mediated through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The review also addresses challenges such as AgNP aggregation and stability, which are mitigated by GO support. Future directions emphasize the development of multifunctional nanomedicine platforms, with a need for standardized toxicity assessments and scalable synthesis. This comprehensive overview aims to guide further research and clinical translation of GO-AgNPs.

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Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Graphene Oxide–Silver Nanoparticle Nanocomposites

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