Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Graphene Oxide–Silver Nanoparticle Nanocomposites

• • GO-AgNPs combine GO's large surface area (theoretical ~2630 m²/g) with AgNPs' potent antibacterial activity, addressing AgNP aggregation and stability issues that reduce efficacy. • • Synthesis methods (physical, chemical, biological) critically determine nanocomposite properties; chemical reduction using agents like sodium borohydride yields controlled particle size (1–100 nm) and high loading, but green synthesis offers eco-friendly alternatives. • • Antimicrobial mechanisms include membrane disruption, oxidative stress, and damage to proteins/DNA, with GO-AgNPs showing enhanced activity against bacteria, viruses, and fungi compared to AgNPs alone. • • In anticancer therapy, GO-AgNPs induce apoptosis via ROS generation, with potential for targeted drug delivery and photothermal therapy, though in vivo toxicity and long-term effects require rigorous evaluation.