• • At H2O2 concentrations of 50–200 mg·L−1, complete bacterial inactivation in toilet bowl water occurs within 4–24 h, with no harmful disinfection by-products, offering a safer alternative to chlorination.
• • In situ electrochemical H2O2 generation using a gas diffusion electrode at 0.8 A reduces total bacterial count by >90% in toilet seal water during normal use, significantly mitigating aerosol-mediated pathogen transmission.
• • The system operates at approximately 8.5 V and consumes only 0.08 CNY per day (based on 0.5 CNY·kWh−1), demonstrating economic feasibility for household adoption.
• • Compared to HOCl disinfection, H2O2 avoids the formation of volatile halogenated by-products (e.g., trihalomethanes), ensuring safer indoor air quality during toilet flushing.