• • Total VOCs concentration reached 42.72×10⁻⁹ in autumn and 25.15×10⁻⁹ in winter, with isopentane, ethane, and ethylene as dominant species, indicating seasonal variation and specific source signatures.
• • OFP analysis revealed that alkanes and alkenes, particularly isopentane and ethylene, drive ozone formation, necessitating priority control of these reactive species to mitigate photochemical smog.
• • Aromatic hydrocarbons contributed 85.00% of SOAFP, with benzene as the main contributor, highlighting the need to reduce aromatic emissions to lower secondary organic aerosol formation.
• • PMF source apportionment identified technological processes and oil/gas volatilization as the largest source (35.57%), followed by combustion/petrochemical, motor vehicles, and regional background, guiding targeted emission reduction strategies.