Association between prenatal exposure to neonicotinoid insecticides and three oxidative stress biomarkers in pregnant women: A case study of the Jiashan cohort

• • Detection rates: 7 out of 12 NEOs exceeded 50% detection frequency; N-dm-ACE was ubiquitous at 98.59%, dominating total concentration (64.2%). This indicates widespread and consistent exposure, necessitating biomonitoring programs. • • Median creatinine-adjusted total NEO concentration was 5.613 μg·g−1, establishing a baseline for pregnant women in the Jiashan cohort; such quantitative benchmarks are critical for regulatory reference values. • • Positive associations: 8-PGF and 15-PGF significantly correlated with THI-amid and DIN; 8-OHdG correlated with THM and SFX (statistical significance not explicitly reported but implied by 'significant'). These findings link specific NEOs to oxidative stress biomarkers, suggesting potential mechanisms of toxicity. • • Hazard quotients for all NEOs were below 1, indicating low health risk from individual NEO exposure; however, cumulative or mixture effects remain unassessed, warranting further investigation.