Metal-Organic Frameworks and Their Composites for Oil-Water Separation: Design Strategies, Synthesis Methods, and Performance Evaluation

• • Superhydrophobic MOF composites achieve water contact angles up to 172.3° (OPA-UiO-66@MF) and separation efficiencies >99.9% (ZIF-8/MF), enabling high-purity effluent for industrial discharge. • • Adsorption capacities range from 27 to 168 g·g⁻¹ (e.g., D-ZIF-8/MF: 68–168 g·g⁻¹), demonstrating superior oil uptake compared to conventional sorbents, which is critical for spill remediation. • • Flux rates up to 5000 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹ (Sr-MOF on steel mesh) indicate potential for high-throughput continuous separation, addressing a key bottleneck in industrial wastewater treatment. • • Cycle stability of 20–30 cycles (e.g., ZIF-8/PDVB-vim: 30 cycles) with maintained performance suggests economic viability for repeated use, reducing operational costs.