• • PFOS exposure induced 61 differential metabolites in zebrafish embryos, while 6:2 FTSA induced 33, indicating a distinct metabolic perturbation profile; the higher count for PFOS suggests a broader metabolic disruption, which is critical for risk assessment of PFOS alternatives.
• • Both PFOS and 6:2 FTSA caused embryonic malformations after 72 h exposure, confirming developmental toxicity; this underscores the need for thorough toxicological screening of replacement compounds.
• • PFOS primarily disrupted lipid metabolism pathways, leading to immunotoxicity, whereas 6:2 FTSA affected dopaminergic synapse pathways, indicating neurotoxicity; these pathway-specific effects are essential for understanding mechanisms of toxicity.
• • The identified differential metabolites were predominantly lipids and amino acid derivatives, providing a biochemical basis for the observed phenotypic effects; this information can guide targeted biomarker development for environmental monitoring.