• • MNPs concentrations in aquatic environments reach up to 1.20×10^4 items/L in Arctic ice cores and 13.51 items/L in the Mariana Trench, indicating widespread contamination that necessitates monitoring in cardiovascular risk assessments.
• • Human weekly MNPs intake is estimated at 5 g (equivalent to a credit card), based on WWF data, underscoring the scale of exposure and the urgency for toxicological evaluation.
• • In soil, MNPs average abundance in typical farmland (0–20 cm) of the North China Plain is 4.75×10^4 items/kg, highlighting terrestrial exposure routes that may contribute to cardiovascular burden.
• • Atmospheric MNPs concentrations in a coastal city in eastern China average 0.19 items/L, with 65.1% in the 5–30 μm size range, indicating inhalation as a significant exposure pathway with potential cardiovascular implications.