• • TVOCs mass concentration averaged (27.29 ± 15.96) μg·m−3, with alkanes (50.3%) dominant; key species propane, ethane, methanethiol, and ethylene require targeted control for ozone mitigation.
• • OFP reached (64.30 ± 66.41) μg·m−3, with alkenes (63.5%) as main contributor; ethylene, propylene, and m/p-xylene are priority reactive species for reducing ozone formation.
• • Daytime photochemical loss of VOCs was 2.40 μg·m−3, with alkenes (67.1%) dominating; correction for this loss is essential to avoid underestimating reactive species in source apportionment.
• • PMF based on initial concentrations identified vehicle emissions (56.2%), solvent usage (21.5%), combustion (8.9%), industrial (7.5%), and natural sources (5.9%); compared to uncorrected data, vehicle, combustion, and solvent contributions decreased, while industrial increased, and a natural source emerged.