• • Chronic exposure to graphene oxide (GO) in zebrafish induces inflammation and differentially disturbs intestinal microbiota, with effects dependent on exposure duration and concentration (Jia et al., 2019).
• • Polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) at environmentally relevant concentrations (e.g., 100 μg/L) cause gut dysbiosis and inflammation in adult zebrafish, altering microbial diversity and increasing pathogenic taxa (Jin et al., 2018).
• • Nanoplastics (e.g., 50 nm PS) induce more severe gut microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation in adult zebrafish than microplastics (5 μm), highlighting size-dependent toxicity (Xie et al., 2021).
• • Acute exposure to microplastics (e.g., 500 μg/L) induces metabolic disturbances and gut dysbiosis in adult zebrafish, with significant changes in metabolic pathways (Medriano & Bae, 2022).