• • B-BC@Fe3S4 and N-BC@Fe3S4 achieved ENR removal efficiencies of 90.72% and 91.89%, respectively, representing 10.4% and 11.8% relative improvements over unmodified BC@Fe3S4 (82.21%), indicating that heteroatom doping significantly enhances catalytic activity for PDS activation.
• • N-BC@Fe3S4 exhibited superior resistance to Fe3+ leaching compared to B-BC@Fe3S4, reducing secondary pollution risk and enhancing catalyst stability for repeated use in wastewater treatment.
• • Mechanistic analysis identified both radical (SO4•−, •OH, O2•−) and non-radical (1O2) pathways contributing to ENR degradation, with B/N functional groups facilitating non-radical oxidation, broadening the applicability to complex water matrices.
• • N-BC@Fe3S4 demonstrated stronger environmental adaptability, maintaining high degradation efficiency across varying pH, anion, and humic acid conditions, outperforming B-BC@Fe3S4 in resistance to interference, which is critical for real-world wastewater applications.