Identification, Risk Assessment, and Management Strategies for Emerging Pollutants in the Life Cycle of Lithium-Ion Batteries

• • Identified 43 emerging pollutants across 6 categories in the lithium-ion battery life cycle, with electrolytes containing the most (PFASs lithium salts, solvents, and organophosphorus flame retardants). • • DCM at production sites exhibits the highest carcinogenic risk, exceeding the EPA basic value of 1×10−6 but below the critical value of 1×10−4; non-carcinogenic risk remains below 1. • • At disposal sites, TDCPP shows the highest carcinogenic risk (below 1×10−6), while TCPP shows the highest non-carcinogenic risk (below 1). • • Ultra-short-chain PFASs (NTf2, TfNH2) released from discarded batteries are identified as priority concerns, necessitating targeted management strategies.