• • All four SPAs (4-t-OP, AO 3114, AO 1135, AO 702) significantly promoted 3T3-L1 differentiation, evidenced by increased lipid accumulation and triglyceride content, with upregulation of Pparγ and marker genes (Plin, Fabp4, Adipoq).
• • Transcriptomic analysis showed differential gene expression profiles during early differentiation, with GO and KEGG enrichment revealing enhanced energy metabolism and protein synthesis pathways, and regulation of PPAR signaling.
• • This is the first report of adipogenic effects for the three high-molecular-weight SPAs (AO 3114, AO 1135, AO 702), expanding the scope of potential metabolic disruptors beyond legacy compounds like 4-t-OP.
• • The findings imply that environmental exposure to these SPAs may contribute to lipid metabolism disorders, underscoring the need for regulatory scrutiny of SPA additives in food contact materials.