SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4439-4
Silk fibroin (SF) hydrogels are promising for neural regeneration but suffer from progressive stiffening due to excessive β-sheet assembly, limiting their use in traumatic brain injury (TBI) repair. This study introduces a dopamine (DA)-mediated synergistic topological entanglement strategy to construct an SF-DA/gelatin-DA composite hydrogel (SG). The system integrates covalent cross-linking, net cationic electrostatic repulsion, hydrogen bonding, and π-π stacking to regulate SF assembly dynamics at the molecular level. The resulting SG hydrogel maintains stable mechanical softness over extended periods, with a storage modulus of approximately 1.2 kPa after 28 days, compared to a 5-fold increase in pure SF hydrogels. The sustained softness promotes neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation and differentiation, with a 2.5-fold increase in βIII-tubulin expression and a 1.8-fold increase in GFAP expression after 14 days. In a rat TBI model, SG hydrogel implantation reduced glial scar formation by 40% and improved neurological function scores by 30% at 8 weeks. The hydrogel degrades at a rate of 12% per week, matching tissue regeneration. This multi-crosslinking approach offers a clinically translatable strategy for neural tissue engineering, addressing the critical bottleneck of mechanical instability in SF-based biomaterials.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4472-0
Dynamic electrocardiography (ECG) monitoring during physical activity remains compromised by motion artifacts that corrupt signal fidelity, particularly with conventional gel electrodes whose impedance rises sharply under deformation. This work presents a thumb-sized liquid metal system integrating gallium-based epidermal electrodes with a self-adhesive elastomeric matrix to sustain robust ECG acquisition against motion. The electrodes exploit the fluidic compliance of eutectic gallium–indium to maintain continuous skin contact, while the adhesive formulation ensures stable interfacial coupling without additional fixation. The system achieves low motion artifact levels, preserving waveform morphology and R-peak detectability during ambulation. The compact form factor enables unobtrusive wearability, and the materials architecture addresses the trade-off between adhesion and conformability that limits existing dry electrodes. The study establishes a materials and device pathway for clinical-grade dynamic ECG in ambulatory and point-of-care settings, with implications for continuous cardiac monitoring where patient movement is unavoidable.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4468-6
The proliferation of multispectral detection platforms demands materials that simultaneously satisfy electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and infrared (IR) camouflage without compromising radio-frequency (RF) transmission. Conventional MXene films exhibit exceptional EMI shielding (>40 dB) but suffer from high IR emissivity and severe RF reflection, precluding integration with wave-transmitting arrays. This work introduces liquid metal (LM)-modified MXene composite films engineered via structural patterning to decouple optical, IR, and RF responses. The LM phase, dispersed within the MXene interlayer galleries, reduces free-electron density and tailors the dielectric loss, while a periodic array architecture creates impedance-matched windows for RF transmission. The resulting films achieve an EMI shielding effectiveness of 36 dB at 510 µm thickness, with a low IR emissivity of 0.36 and an RF transmittance exceeding 80% in the X-band. The patterning strategy suppresses surface current continuity, mitigating the trade-off between shielding and transmission. These metrics represent a 20% improvement in IR camouflage and a 15% enhancement in RF transparency relative to pristine MXene films. The composite films also demonstrate mechanical flexibility, retaining 95% of initial conductivity after 1,000 bending cycles. This work establishes a scalable route for multispectral-compatible materials critical for next-generation stealth and communication systems.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4240-7
The electrocatalytic ammonia oxidation reaction (AOR) is pivotal for sustainable energy conversion and storage, enabling direct ammonia fuel cells (DAFCs), ammonia electrolysis, and solid oxide fuel cells. This review critically examines recent advances in AOR catalysis, emphasizing active-site regulation, interfacial engineering, and device-oriented catalyst development. For noble-metal catalysts, optimizing adsorption and dehydrogenation of NHx intermediates while mitigating poisoning is essential for sustained activity. Non-noble-metal systems, particularly Ni-based catalysts, require precise control of reconstructed working-state phases such as NiOOH-like species to balance activity and selectivity. Interfacial engineering, including heterointerfaces, defect structures, and doped coordination environments, strongly influences the competition between AOR and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), as well as product branching toward N2 or oxygenated nitrogen species. The review underscores that catalyst optimization now extends beyond bulk composition to the precise regulation of the interfacial reaction microenvironment. Furthermore, practical device operation is governed by membrane/electrolyte compatibility, mass transport, ammonia crossover, thermal management, and long-term durability. Bridging fundamental catalyst studies with deployable ammonia energy technologies requires coordinated optimization from active materials to electrode architectures and full-device systems. This review provides a comprehensive framework for designing next-generation AOR catalysts and accelerating their integration into industrial energy systems.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4339-7
Neuromorphic computing demands energy-efficient synaptic devices that emulate biological plasticity. Optoelectronic memristors based on colloidal quantum dots (QDs) offer tunable bandgaps and solution processability, yet suffer from defect-mediated nonradiative recombination and instability. Here, we report ZnS-passivated CdZnSe core/shell QDs as the active layer in memristive devices, achieving enhanced synaptic emulation and information encryption. Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) decay curves were fitted with a tri-exponential function, revealing that ZnS passivation suppresses defect-related trap states, prolonging the average carrier lifetime from 12.3 ns (CdZnSe) to 28.7 ns (CdZnSe/ZnS). The intensity proportion of the fast decay component (τ1 ≈ 1.2 ns) decreased from 45% to 18%, indicating reduced surface trapping. Devices incorporating CdZnSe/ZnS QDs exhibit stable bipolar resistive switching with an ON/OFF ratio exceeding 10^3, endurance of >10^3 cycles, and retention of >10^4 s. Under 365 nm UV illumination, the devices show light-tunable synaptic plasticity, including paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) with a facilitation index of 180% at a 50 ms interval, and transition from short-term to long-term memory. The memristors successfully emulate essential synaptic functions and are employed in a simple encryption scheme, demonstrating the potential of defect-passivated QDs for secure neuromorphic hardware.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4322-4
Ultrafast scintillators with low-nanosecond emission are essential for next-generation high-rate X-ray and particle imaging. Although Ce3+-activated scintillators inherently exhibit fast response characteristics, conventional Ce3+-doped hosts rarely achieve low-nanosecond ultrafast decay. Here, we report a high-entropy fluoride scintillator (HEFS), Ce:LaGdCaSrBaF12 (Ce:LGCSB), in the form of bulk single crystals. The severe lattice distortion arising from multi-cation disorder induces exciton localization and effectively suppresses exciton diffusion. Through the rapid relaxation of localized excitons, the high-entropy Ce:LGCSB single crystals deliver a decay time of 1.23 ns with a 94.6% fast-component contribution and without any noticeable slow component. Through first-principles calculations, spectroscopic characterization, and transient dynamics analysis, we reveal that the ultrafast response originates from accelerated Frenkel exciton (FE) recombination enabled by the high-entropy environment. This work establishes entropy-engineered fluorides as promising ultrafast scintillator platforms and proposes a general strategy for extending sluggish diffusion effects to the excitonic scale, offering new opportunities for improving scintillation timing performance.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4232-1
Polyanionic cathode materials are widely considered as potential cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries due to their strong three-dimensional framework and intrinsic thermal safety. Nevertheless, the limitation of the specific capacity and energy density hindered their application, which can be ascribed to the common reliance of single-electron redox reaction of the transition metal. By realizing the reversible double redox reaction of vanadium-based and manganese-based polyanion cathodes, researchers have successfully opened up a new way to break through the long-term performance limitations. Recent studies disclose that vanadium and manganese-based polyanionic cathodes exhibit the possibility of realizing a reversible double-redox reaction, which opened up new avenues to overcome the capacity dilemma. However, many fundamental issues remain unclear, including insufficient structural stability at high operating voltages, irreversible structural evolution induced by sodium extraction, sluggish electronic and ionic transport kinetics, and Jahn–Teller distortion. Therefore, it is imperative to summarize recent work in order to clarify the pathway for future investigation. In this review, the key challenges associated with the activation of the double-redox reaction are outlined, followed by the realization and regulation of the double-redox reaction in polyanionic cathode materials. A systematic summary of recent studies is performed for both vanadium and manganese-based compounds, which could contribute to the fundamental understanding of the double-redox reaction mechanism. Combined with the modification strategy and future perspective, this review provides insights into the rational design of polyanionic cathodes with a reversible double-redox reaction. It also offers insights into the development of high-energy-density cathode materials for next-generation sodium-ion batteries.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3696-3
The development of substitutable meniscus implants that can effectively protect articular cartilage remains a great challenge. Herein, a polyurethane with chemical crosslinking and sulfobetaine extenders containing hydrophobic chains (PU-CL-hSB) is developed, which could improve comprehensive properties and long-term stability simultaneously. By regulating the mole ratio of functional groups, PU-CL-hSB with appropriate mechanical properties, excellent tribological properties, and good fatigue resistance is used to prepare substitutable meniscus implant by hot-pressing. Due to the synergistic effect of functional groups, PU-CL-hSB meniscus implant presents comparable or even superior properties to native meniscus. It withstands a maximum force of 26.08 N versus 25.14 N for native meniscus, an energy dissipation from 45.93 to 39.17 N mm compared to 28.83 to 19.11 N mm for native meniscus over 300 cycles, and a friction coefficient from 0.08 to 0.19 compared to 0.11 to 0.26 for native meniscus. This PU-CL-hSB meniscus implant is further implanted into live rabbit knee joints for 8 and 25 weeks by a new approach, and in vivo data indicate that PU-CL-hSB meniscus implant not only protects articular cartilage from severe damage without eliciting inflammatory responses, but also can maintain normal physiological activities in the native state. Our findings present a substitutable meniscus implant that could be applied in vivo and propose evaluation methodologies for meniscus implants.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3615-1
Stretchable electronics are pivotal for bio-integrated devices, soft robotics, and wearables, yet their development is constrained by single-layer architectures that limit integration density and by mechanical mismatch between rigid components and soft substrates, which curtails service life. Here, we introduce a LEGO-like modular assembly strategy to construct multilayer three-dimensional (3D) stretchable electronics. Electronic components (ECs) and self-healing polyurethane (SPU) substrates patterned with liquid metal (LM) circuits serve as the modular blocks. This design simplifies fabrication and markedly enhances 3D integration density. The combination of LM circuits and self-healing elastic substrates enables devices to withstand diverse deformations and to autonomously heal after mechanical damage. Notably, the devices can undergo multiple recycling and reuse cycles without significant performance loss. This methodology offers a new paradigm for advanced flexible electronics, addressing critical bottlenecks in integration density, mechanical robustness, and sustainability.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3617-x
Macrophages are pivotal in infection resolution and tissue repair via dynamic M1-to-M2 phenotypic polarization. Although various nano-biomaterials can modulate macrophage polarization, achieving sequential M1-to-M2 transition using a single nanoformulation remains challenging. Here, we propose a strategy employing transition metal carbide/nitride (MXene) nanosheets, internalized by macrophages, as the sole regulator to induce sequential polarization. Under a rotating magnetic field, the high electrical conductivity and magnetoelectric activity of endocytosed MXene generate electrical signals and reactive oxygen species (ROS), driving M1 polarization. Upon magnetic field removal, the inherent bioactivity of MXene facilitates repolarization to the M2 phenotype. Mechanistically, this transition involves inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway and activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. In vivo, MXene nanosheets under on-off rotating magnetic field stimulation enabled sequential M1-to-M2 polarization, promoting bacterial clearance and tissue regeneration in infected wounds. This two-step sequential strategy targeting macrophages offers a promising therapeutic approach for infected wound healing.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3707-8
Wound infection is a major cause of death during the wound healing process. Improperly dressed wounds can lead to secondary injury, prolonging healing time and increasing infection risk. Here, we propose an antibacterial slippery dressing through molecular engineering of copper ions. The oil layer forms a barrier to reduce clot adhesion to the wound site and prevent environmental contamination. Single-cell level detection indicates that secreted copper ions induce bacterial death not only by disrupting membrane integrity but also by relying on the production of reactive oxygen species. Further membrane depolarization and adenosine triphosphate production blockage result in the aggregation of important proteins in various biological processes, such as metabolic homeostasis, ultimately leading to bacterial death. The animal model confirms that our dressing accelerates wound healing by promoting the growth of granulation tissue and collagen deposition. Our dressing demonstrates significant clinical implications for the design of next-generation therapeutic applications.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3654-5
Hydrogen production by photosynthetic green algae is an efficient biological process that utilizes light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into clean and renewable energy. In this paper, we constructed a hybrid system combining graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Chlorella), in which g-C3N4 serves as an extracellular electron source and Chlorella acts as a biological reactor for specific hydrogen production. In particular, the electronic structure of carbon nitride was optimized by means of hydrothermal alkalization and copper ion doping, expanded the light absorption range and enhanced the light response ability. g-C3N4, as an extracellular electron source, can provide electrons for Chlorella to improve hydrogen production performance which is 3.7 times that of bare Chlorella. The construction of a biological hybrid system is a feasible optimization strategy for the hybrid system to promote the synergistic effect of the hybrid system by regulating the properties of non-living components.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3730-3
Water scarcity, exacerbated by organic micropollutant contamination and climate change, necessitates energy-efficient, eco-friendly purification technologies. Membrane separation has emerged as a transformative solution, outperforming energy-intensive processes such as distillation. Traditional chemical separations, dominated by distillation, consume 10%–15% of global energy, whereas advanced membrane technologies can reduce energy use by up to 90%. However, membrane separation is hampered by reliance on toxic petrochemical feedstocks and persistent microplastic pollution from nonbiodegradable end-of-life membranes. Shao's group addresses both gaps with a sustainable nanofiltration membrane (SNFM) crafted entirely from low-hazard, renewable components. The substrate polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable polyester derived from corn starch, is processed via modified nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) to form a porous yet strong support. For the selective layer, toxic aromatic monomers are replaced with xylitol (a plant sugar alcohol) and dopamine (DA, a biogenic amine), and green solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide are used to avoid volatile organic compound emissions. Compared with commercial alternatives, this design yields a membrane with exceptional dual functionality: it maintains high separation performance (928% greater permeance, 92% bisphenol A rejection, and 89% Na2SO4 rejection) and low fouling (protein adsorption ≤12 μg cm−2) over 30 days. A life cycle assessment reveals a 62% reduction in carbon footprint compared with petrochemical-based membranes, whereas soil biodegradation tests confirm 90% breakdown within 6 months, driven by Delftia and Tissierella microbes. By eliminating microplastic waste and toxic inputs, this SNFM bridges the divide between performance and environmental responsibility, offering a scalable blueprint for next-generation green membranes in water treatment and beyond.
Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology•2026•DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0028
Pyrolysis is a key route for the graded conversion of low-rank coal, yet the volatiles are rich in oxygenates and heavy components, limiting direct utilization. This study proposes a tandem catalytic system combining metal oxides and ZSM-5 zeolite to efficiently convert lignite pyrolysis volatiles into light aromatics (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, naphthalene, methylnaphthalene). The upper-layer metal oxide pre-cracks large molecules and removes oxygenates, reducing carbon deposition on the zeolite and extending catalyst life. Among metal oxides tested, strongly basic MgO exhibited superior cracking and deoxygenation performance. Compared to ZSM-5 alone, the MgO/ZSM-5 tandem system increased total light aromatics yield by approximately 20% to 21.5 mg/g, while maintaining liquid product proportion at 21.4%. The incorporation of MgO also significantly reduced coke deposition on ZSM-5, preserving its catalytic activity and potentially prolonging its operational lifespan. These findings provide a theoretical basis for upgrading low-rank coal pyrolysis volatiles to valuable light aromatics.
Environmental Chemistry•2026•DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025122102
Uranium is a key resource for nuclear energy, but its mining and processing generate large amounts of uranium-containing wastewater, posing persistent threats to the environment and human health. In this study, a cyano-functionalized C3N4/ZnIn2S4 (CCN/ZIS) heterojunction system was constructed for efficient removal of U(VI) from uranium mining wastewater. The introduction of cyano groups significantly enhanced the adsorption capacity of CCN/ZIS, reaching a maximum of 123.65 mg·g−1. Characterization techniques (UV-vis DRS, EIS, i-t, PL, TRPL) confirmed that cyano groups effectively suppress charge carrier recombination, improving photogenerated carrier separation. Under visible light, the modified material achieved over 95% removal of U(VI) within 10 minutes, demonstrating a 20-fold efficiency increase compared to pristine materials. Even in simulated uranium mining wastewater containing high concentrations of CO3^2− and F−, CCN/ZIS maintained excellent performance, overcoming the technical challenge of U(VI) removal efficiency being constrained by water quality conditions. Quenching experiments identified e− and ·O2− as the primary reactive species responsible for U(VI) reduction. This study reveals the synergistic mechanism of selective U(VI) enrichment and photoreduction, providing theoretical innovation and technological breakthroughs for uranium pollution control.
Environmental Chemistry•2026•DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024121101
The excessive and uncontrolled use of antibiotics inevitably leads to their release into natural environments, accelerating the production, occurrence, and transport of resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Among these, antibiotic resistance plasmids (ARPs) pose a significant public health challenge due to their environmental persistence and ability to spread and amplify within microbial communities. This study used the tetC gene-pUC18 plasmid as a model ARP to investigate aggregation behavior in aqueous environments under varying pH (3–7), ionic strength (0.001–0.1 mol·L−1 NaCl and 0.001–0.05 mol·L−1 CaCl2), and in the presence of different concentrations of natural colloids. Results indicate that at low pH, ARP structure condenses inward and functional groups may protonate, reducing negative charge and overall size. Compared to Na+, Ca2+ forms cationic bridges between negatively charged phosphate diester groups, significantly enhancing aggregation. Natural colloids induce heteroaggregation with ARPs, with aggregate size increasing with colloid concentration. This study provides scientific evidence for elucidating ARP behavior in soil and groundwater, crucial for assessing risks to human health and ecosystems and understanding global circulation mechanisms.
Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology•2026•DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604017
The Shule River Basin, a typical arid inland river basin, faces critical water scarcity that threatens ecological security and sustainable development. This study integrated the FLUS and InVEST models to simulate water yield in 2030 and 2050 under three climate scenarios (SSP119, SSP245, SSP585). Geographic detectors quantified the driving mechanisms of natural and human factors. Results showed: (1) Desert dominates land use (78.6% in 2020). Under SSP119, desert area decreases by 0.69% by 2050, while under SSP585 it expands by 5.7%, with grassland loss of 23.0%, indicating severe ecological degradation. (2) Water yield exhibits a south-high, north-low spatial pattern, with high values in glacier-covered and high-altitude areas. SSP119 yields the most significant increase (147.6×10^8 t by 2050), whereas SSP585 shows minimal increase (43.9×10^8 t) due to extreme climate. (3) Precipitation and DEM are core driving factors; the interaction between land use type and precipitation has the strongest influence, implying that artificial land use changes can significantly regulate water yield. This multi-scenario framework provides decision support for water resource management and ecological governance in arid inland river basins.
New Carbon Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61094-3
Aqueous zinc-iodine (Zn-I2) batteries are promising for large-scale energy storage due to their intrinsic safety, low cost, and high theoretical capacity (211 mAh g−1 for iodine). However, their practical application is hindered by the poor electronic conductivity of iodine, sluggish redox kinetics, and the shuttle effect of polyiodides. This review systematically analyzes the reaction mechanisms of iodine cathodes, including two-electron (I−/I2) and multi-electron (I−/I2/I+ and I−/I2/I+/IO3−) pathways, and identifies key bottlenecks. It then comprehensively summarizes recent advances in iodine host materials, categorized into three strategies: physical confinement, chemical adsorption, and electrocatalysis. Representative host materials such as porous carbons, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs), polymers, MXenes, and Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) are discussed, with emphasis on the structure–performance relationships. The review highlights that heteroatom doping (e.g., nitrogen) enhances chemical adsorption of iodine species, while single-atom catalysts (e.g., Co, Zn) provide electrocatalytic sites that accelerate conversion kinetics. Finally, future research directions are proposed, including exploration of multi-electron systems, mechanistic elucidation of iodine conversion, development of advanced host materials, and optimization of zinc anodes, to accelerate the commercialization of Zn-I2 batteries.
Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering•2026•DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507088
Methanol is highly biodegradable, yet its efficient and stable anaerobic treatment is constrained by prolonged microbial adaptation to toxic substances, narrow microbial community structure, and poor sludge granulation. This study applied two functional additives—sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as an inorganic carbon source (IC) and an amino-acid-rich organic functional supplement (FS)—to accelerate the startup of two upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. UASB-A received 3,000 mg·L−1 NaHCO3 and 127 mg·L−1 FS, while UASB-B received only 3,000 mg·L−1 NaHCO3. Both additives enabled rapid startup and granulation by shortening hydraulic retention time (HRT) and increasing organic loading rates (4, 6, 9, 15, 20, and 30 g COD·L−1·d−1). Granulation was evidenced by increased total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), and particle size distribution. Microbial community analysis at HRT 0.2 d revealed highest relative abundances of Acetobacterium at 30.2% (UASB-A) and 36.9% (UASB-B). NaHCO3 supplementation enhanced syntrophy between Acetobacterium and the acetoclastic methanogen Methanothrix, while FS significantly increased the abundance of Sporomusa, establishing a novel syntrophic relationship with Methanothrix. These interactions promoted sludge granulation. The study demonstrates that functional additives facilitate rapid startup and granulation in methanol anaerobic treatment, offering a strategy to overcome process bottlenecks.
Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology•2026•DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605007
Reservoirs are significant sources of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas. The nosZ-type denitrifying bacteria, which reduce N2O to inert N2, play a critical role in mitigating emissions. This study investigated the community structure, diversity, and abundance of nosZ-type denitrifiers in surface sediments (0-15 cm) from 18 reservoirs in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, including 10 in the Yellow River mainstem and 8 in the Huangshui River basin. Sampling occurred during dry (May 2023) and wet (August 2023) seasons. High-throughput sequencing of the nosZ gene and quantitative PCR were employed. Results showed that Proteobacteria dominated (78.91%). Paracoccus and Halomonas were biomarkers in the Yellow River mainstem. Diversity was significantly higher in the Huangshui basin (P<0.05), with no temporal difference. Gene abundance was higher in the Huangshui basin (165.24×10^5 copies/g) than in the Yellow River mainstem (34.43×10^5 copies/g), and higher in wet season (128.55×10^5 copies/g) than dry season (61.27×10^5 copies/g) (P<0.05). Redundancy analysis and hierarchical partitioning identified sediment temperature, pH, total phosphorus, and water total nitrogen as key drivers, explaining 17.14%, 16.89%, 13.83%, and 11.23% of community variation, respectively. These findings reveal significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity and provide a scientific basis for N2O mitigation in plateau reservoirs.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3817-3
The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data-driven edge intelligence applications has created an urgent demand for highly efficient computing hardware. Ferroelectric memristors have emerged as promising candidates for edge hardware due to their multi-level conductance tunability and high integration potential. In this work, we fabricated yttrium-doped hafnium oxide (YHO) memristors with a remanent polarization of ~30 μC/cm2, a multi-level resistive state retention time of approximately 10^5 s, and an endurance of up to 10^9 cycles. Based on this device, we constructed a real-time path-tracking system for intelligent vehicles—which achieves 100% path recognition accuracy—and a traffic sign denoising network optimized for hardware mapping via a hierarchical mixed-precision quantization strategy; this network yields denoised images with a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of 27.04 and a structural similarity index measure (SSIM) of 0.80. This work paves an innovative pathway for the practical application of hafnium-based ferroelectric memristors, accelerating the development of highly efficient hardware for edge intelligence.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3812-5
Anaerobic bacterial infections, prevalent in oxygen-deprived tissues, are recalcitrant to conventional antibiotics due to slow bacterial metabolism and the generation of nutrient-rich niches that foster polymicrobial biofilms. Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), a skin commensal, exemplifies this challenge, causing acne vulgaris and implant-associated infections, with rising antibiotic resistance. This study introduces an antimicrobial peptide (AMP), WRK (sequence: WRKFRRFKFRW-NH2), which induces endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in anaerobic bacteria, exploiting their inherent low ROS tolerance. WRK exhibited potent antibacterial activity, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 μg mL−1 against planktonic P. acnes and a minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of 64 μg mL−1. To enable dermal delivery, WRK was encapsulated in layered dissolving microneedles (MNs), which demonstrated adequate mechanical strength for skin penetration. In a mouse back acne model, AMP MNs significantly reduced P. acnes infection and inflammation, outperforming commercial clindamycin gel. Histological analysis confirmed reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and tissue hyperplasia in the AMP MN group. This strategy offers a promising approach for treating anaerobic infections without promoting drug resistance, addressing a critical unmet need in clinical dermatology and implant surgery.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3720-2
The emergence of smart textiles and wearable electronics demands conductive fibers that maintain stable electrical performance under dynamic mechanical deformation. Conventional conductive yarns, based on carbon nanomaterials, metallic coatings, or hybrids, suffer from a trade-off between conductivity and stretchability, often exhibiting resistance fluctuations or failure under strain. Liquid metals (LM) offer high conductivity and intrinsic deformability but suffer from interfacial instability, such as dewetting and leakage, without structural guidance. This work presents a hierarchical design strategy integrating capillary-guided infiltration and interfacial anchoring of LM within yarn microstructures. Electrospun poly(styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene) (SBS) microfibers onto commercial spandex (PU) yarns create a porous base with three-dimensional microchannels. These channels are functionalized with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to enhance wettability and provide reactive sites for alloying with LM. Upon immersion, LM is drawn into the porous network via capillary action, forming stable intermetallic bonds (Ag9In4 and AgIn2) with the AgNP-modified fibers. Encapsulation with a second SBS layer yields the final SBS-LM/Ag-SBS (SLMAS) yarn. The resulting yarns exhibit exceptional electrical conductivity, with resistance as low as 0.082 Ω/cm at an LM loading of 6.88 mg/cm. They demonstrate strain-invariant performance, long-term durability, and functional convergence, supporting Joule heating and electrochromic display within a single fiber. Joule heating tests show a temperature rise from 86.4 to 122.7°C, following Ohm's and Joule's law. Integration of thermochromic microcapsules enables voltage-triggered color change, laying groundwork for electrothermally responsive textiles. Challenges remain in material costs, multi-step fabrication, and durability under environmental stressors. This work establishes a new paradigm for stretchable fiber electronics, reconciling conductivity with extreme mechanical compliance.
Environmental Chemistry•2026•DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025030501
Coastal areas serve as critical ecological interfaces for the migration of terrestrial microplastics (MPs) into the ocean, and characterizing their pollution is essential for integrated coastal management. This study investigated the occurrence, sources, and ecological risks of MPs in surface waters of nearshore areas and river estuaries around Hainan Island, a typical tropical tourist island. MPs abundance ranged from 316.67 to 1300 n·m−3 in seawater and from 400 to 5416.67 n·m−3 in river water. In seawater, the dominant polymer was polyethylene terephthalate, with fibers being the predominant shape, size class 500–1000 μm, and white/transparent color. In river water, polypropylene-ethylene copolymer dominated, also as fibers, but with size class 100–500 μm and white/transparent color. Seawater MP abundance showed a significant positive correlation with tourist numbers, and distribution across functional areas followed: tourism areas > natural areas > aquaculture areas > residential areas. Multiple correspondence analysis identified household plastic waste, laundry wastewater, aquaculture, and fishery products as primary sources of seawater MPs. Principal component analysis indicated homologous characteristics between seawater and river MPs, suggesting rivers are a major pathway for terrestrial MP transport to coastal zones. Ecological risk assessment revealed low pollution loads, with potential ecological risks moderate for seawater and medium-low for river water. Notably, 15% of seawater sampling sites exhibited polymer risk level Ⅳ, primarily driven by polyacrylonitrile's high biological toxicity. These findings provide a scientific basis for developing MP pollution control strategies in Hainan Island.
Environmental Chemistry•2026•DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025030403
Microplastics (MPs) act as vectors for co-migrating antibiotics and heavy metals, forming complex pollution systems with potential joint toxicity. However, the differential adsorption behaviors and underlying mechanisms of MPs toward organic versus inorganic pollutants remain insufficiently understood. This study selected polypropylene (PP) microplastics, a major component of agricultural plastic films, and investigated the adsorption of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and Cr(VI) onto aged PP under varying environmental conditions. Results demonstrated that aging increased the maximum adsorption capacity by 2–3 times for both pollutants. Notably, aged PP exhibited approximately 30 times higher adsorption capacity for SMX than for Cr(VI). Characterization revealed that aging introduced oxygen-containing functional groups (e.g., carbonyl) on the MP surface, enhancing adsorption. Mechanistic analysis indicated that hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions dominated SMX adsorption, while Cr(VI) adsorption was primarily governed by electrostatic interactions and pore-filling. The stronger intermolecular forces for SMX compared to reversible pore-filling for Cr(VI) explained the observed differences. Increasing pH induced electrostatic repulsion, reducing adsorption of both pollutants. High concentrations of Na+ and Mg2+ caused charge shielding, potentially enhancing Cr(VI) adsorption but inhibiting SMX adsorption due to competition for active sites. The presence of organic matter (humic acid) had negligible effects on Cr(VI) adsorption but reduced SMX adsorption, likely due to complexation. These findings elucidate distinct molecular-level pathways for organic versus inorganic pollutant adsorption on aged MPs, highlighting the roles of hydrogen bonding and pore-filling in driving differential behaviors.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3858-8
High-quality β-Ga2O3 membranes are pivotal for fabricating high-performance memristive devices. Here, vertical Ag/β-Ga2O3/Pt memristors built on high-crystalline-quality β-Ga2O3 membranes via lattice epitaxy engineering and a sacrificial-layer-assisted exfoliation strategy are reported. The resulting β-Ga2O3-based device demonstrates a high ON/OFF ratio exceeding 10^8, low SET/RESET voltages of 0.13 V/−0.11 V, low programming current of 10^-10 A, stable data retention beyond 4 × 10^4 s, and excellent subthreshold characteristics of ~0.47 mV/dec. Adjustable compliance current enables the coexistence of volatile and non-volatile switching modes. Additionally, the resistive switching versatility is predominantly governed by the migration of Ag ions, as supported by electrical characterizations and first-principles calculations. Furthermore, a β-Ga2O3 memristor-based circuit that functions as a reconfigurable and non-volatile exclusive OR (XOR) logic gate has been designed and simulated, enabling both image encryption/decryption and edge detection. This work not only demonstrates lattice-engineered, high-quality β-Ga2O3 membranes for fabricating advanced memristors but also extends their applicability to digital logic and reconfigurable image processing.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3842-8
The metal-support interactions (MSIs) play a significant role in regulating the electronic structure of metal species on oxide; however, they are often overlooked on carbon-based supports. In this work, hollow nitrogen-doped carbon (H-NC) supported Ru nanoparticles catalyst (Ru/H-NC) was prepared by a solvothermal method using H-NC as support and RuCl3 as precursor. Subsequently, Ru/H-NC was annealed at different temperatures (Ru/H-NC t °C) to adjust the effect of MSIs between H-NC support and Ru nanoparticles. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results showed that the MSIs between Ru species and H-NC support increased with the increase of temperature, and more electrons were transferred from Ru species to H-NC support, thus regulating the valence state of Ru. In hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the as-synthesized Ru/H-NC 300 °C merely requires overpotential of 35.45 mV to achieve 10 mA/cm2 at low Ru mass loading of 24.03 μg/cm2 on the glassy carbon electrode. The cyclic voltammetry test revealed that the electrochemically active surface area increased first and then decreased with the increasing MSIs. Moreover, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results showed that HER kinetics of Ru/H-NC t °C catalysts increased first and then decreased with the MSIs enhancement. The density functional theory calculations confirmed that the MSIs effectively optimize the adsorption strength of the key intermediates (H*, HO*) on Ru clusters, and thus greatly improve the catalytic performance of Ru/H-NC in HER.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3950-x
Photocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production via the two-electron pathway offers an environmentally friendly oxidant and a clean fuel. However, challenges exist in optimal oxygen (O2) adsorption capacities and maintaining O–O bond during O2 activation. Herein, we present a zinc single-atom catalyst (Zn/VN-CN) incorporating nitrogen vacancies (VN), designed to modulate the electronic structure of the photocatalyst, leading to optimized O2 adsorption energy and a remarkable enhancement in H2O2 yield. Benefiting from the synergistic effect between nitrogen vacancies and Zn single atoms, the optimized Zn/VN-CN catalyst exhibits a photocatalytic H2O2 production rate of 2.399 mmol g−1 h−1 under visible-light irradiation, representing a 12-fold enhancement compared to pristine g-C3N4 (CN), along with a high H2O2 selectivity of 87.4%. Combined experimental and theoretical studies indicate that the Zn-N3 sites act as highly active reaction centers, while nitrogen vacancies increase the charge density and downshift the d-band center of the Zn sites, thereby moderating O2 adsorption strength, lowering the activation energy barrier for the formation of *H2O2, and further converting it to H2O2. This work proposes an effective strategy for tuning O2 adsorption behavior to achieve highly selective and active photocatalytic H2O2 production.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3918-x
Electrochemical seawater electrolysis powered by renewable energy is a highly promising route toward sustainable hydrogen production, mitigating both energy shortages and carbon emissions. However, chloride-induced corrosion and competitive chlorine evolution reactions lead to metal site dissolution, severely impairing durability, especially at industrial-level current densities. Here, we report a nitrite-incorporated cobalt-iron layered double hydroxide (CoFe-NO2−-LDH) electrocatalyst that exhibits exceptional activity and stability for seawater splitting. The nitrite anion acts as an electronic pump: it accepts electrons to facilitate the formation of high-valence Fe species essential for initial OER activation, and donates electrons under high potential to suppress oxidative dissolution. Moreover, the negatively charged nitrite generates an electrostatic repulsion field that effectively repels chloride ions, protecting metal active sites from corrosion and segregation. The in situ characterization confirms that nitrite doping weakens the Fe–O covalency, which suppresses lattice oxygen participation and promotes a stable adsorbate-evolving mechanism, consequently leading to significantly enhanced operational stability. When used as an anode, the CoFe-NO2−-LDH catalyst achieves over 1000 h of stable operation at 1000 mA cm−2 in seawater electrolysis, demonstrating great potential for practical applications.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3915-8
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-based antibiofilm therapy is limited by short ROS lifetime, restricted diffusion, and biofilm barriers. We designed a bacteria-targeted piezoelectric heterostructure (U-B/F) comprising boronic acid-functionalized UiO-66(Hf) (U-B) and carboxylated fullerene (C70-COOH). Boronic acid groups enable selective bacterial binding. Under ultrasound (US), the Z-scheme heterojunction enhances piezoelectric response and charge separation, amplifying sonocatalytic ROS generation. Fullerene acts as a peroxidase mimic, converting endogenous H2O2 into cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals (•OH). Additionally, favorable band alignment allows US-induced electron transfer from bacteria to U-B/F, disrupting bacterial electron transport and energy metabolism. Transcriptomic profiling confirmed bioenergetic collapse and oxidative stress. In vitro, U-B/F achieved 99.99% elimination of planktonic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 92.41% removal of mature biofilms. In MRSA-infected diabetic mice, U-B/F under US irradiation accelerated wound healing by eradicating infection, alleviating inflammation, and promoting tissue regeneration. This work provides a rational strategy for designing multifunctional nanomaterials integrating bacterial targeting, dual ROS catalysis, and electron transfer interference to combat biofilm-associated infections.
Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering•2026•DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202510071
Carbon source is a critical factor driving heterotrophic denitrification, yet the low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N) of livestock wastewater limits this process. This study developed novel composite carbon sources by combining corncob (CC) and polycaprolactone (PCL). Static carbon release and denitrification experiments were conducted to evaluate carbon release patterns and nitrogen removal performance. Results showed that the carbon release index (n) was below 0.45, indicating Fickian diffusion as the dominant release mechanism. The composite carbon source prepared at a CC:PCL mass ratio of 3:2 (denoted YP4) achieved a nitrate nitrogen removal efficiency of 94.76%, with effluent ammonia nitrogen meeting the discharge limits of GB 18596-2001. High-throughput sequencing revealed that YP4 increased the relative abundance of genera capable of denitrification and biopolymer degradation (e.g., Aeromonas, Novosphingobium, Bacteroides, and Clostridium sensu stricto), thereby enhancing heterotrophic denitrification and nitrogen removal. These findings provide a novel approach for selecting and preparing external carbon sources for biological heterotrophic denitrification of low C/N wastewater.
Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering•2026•DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202512066
This study addresses the removal of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from real coal chemical wastewater via electrochemical chlorine evolution. A nanorod-structured ruthenium dioxide catalyst (N-RuO2) was synthesized by modifying ruthenium trichloride precursor with ammonium chloride. Compared with unmodified RuO2, commercial DSA, and commercial RuO2 (Com-RuO2), N-RuO2 exhibited significantly enhanced electrochemical performance: Faradaic efficiency for chlorine evolution increased by 12.9%, 18.5%, and 25.6%, respectively; accelerated lifetime improved by 1.7, 1.9, and 2.9 times, respectively. In treating real coal chemical wastewater, N-RuO2 reduced NH4+-N to 86.4 mg·L−1 and COD to 72 mg·L−1, with degradation rate constants approximately 2.08 and 1.46 times higher than Com-RuO2, while energy consumption decreased by 17.7 Wh·g−1 and 1.5 Wh·g−1, respectively. Further studies showed that increasing chloride ion concentration enhanced removal rates and reduced energy consumption; higher current density accelerated removal but increased energy use; alkaline conditions favored NH4+-N removal, while neutral conditions favored COD removal. The excellent electrochemical performance of RuO2 nanorods indicates broad application prospects in practical water treatment.
Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology•2026•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60679-2
Olefin hydroformylation is a pivotal process for synthesizing high-value-added aldehydes, with applications extending from short-chain to long-chain olefins (C6+). Traditional homogeneous catalytic systems suffer from difficulties in separating and recovering precious rhodium (Rh), driving research toward heterogeneous catalytic systems. This review summarizes recent progress in supports for heterogeneous Rh-based catalysts, focusing on the influence of structural regulation strategies of inorganic oxide-supported, porous carbon-supported, organic porous polymer-based, zeolite-supported, and composite-supported catalysts on active site dispersion, regioselectivity, and cycle stability. Key findings include enhanced linear-to-branched (n/i) ratios and turnover frequencies (TOF) achieved through tailored support design. For instance, Rh1/CeO2 with morphology effects demonstrates molecular-level understanding of support effects, while Rh/activated carbon with surface oxygen groups improves catalytic performance in 1-hexene hydroformylation. Porous monophosphine polymers confine atomically dispersed Rh, achieving regioselective hydroformylation. Additionally, Rh-N4 single atoms and Rh clusters dual-active sites on supports yield ultra-high TOF. The review aims to provide insights for rational design of high-performance heterogeneous hydroformylation catalysts, addressing industrial challenges of catalyst recovery and stability.
Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology•2026•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60672-X
Dry reforming of methane (DRM) converts CH4 and CO2 into syngas, offering a route to mitigate greenhouse gases. Ni-based catalysts suffer from sintering and carbon deposition at high temperatures. This work employs MgO-MgAl2O4 composite supports to regulate Ni loading and introduces Ce, La, and Zr as promoters to investigate their effects on DRM activity, structural stability, and surface oxygen species. Optimal Ni loading of 12.5% yields highest CH4 and CO2 conversions. Promoter introduction slightly suppresses low-temperature activity but substantially modifies support local structure and metal-support interface, improving NiO dispersion and increasing surface oxygen vacancies and active oxygen species (Oβ). These changes enhance CO2 adsorption-activation and suppress carbon deposition. After 20 h DRM, Ce-promoted catalyst shows smallest Ni particle growth (6.23→8.07 nm) and lowest carbon deposition, demonstrating superior stability and anti-coking capability. The study elucidates how Ce, La, and Zr enhance sintering and coking resistance via interfacial electronic modulation and improved oxygen storage/release, guiding rational design of stable Ni-based DRM catalysts.
Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology•2026•DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608006
Organic waste is a potential phosphorus reservoir, and understanding the dynamics of available phosphorus (AP) during its resource utilization is critical for efficient phosphorus recovery. Composting, a key route for organic waste valorization, involves complex transformations of phosphorus alongside organic matter degradation and humification. However, the long duration and high cost of composting experiments, coupled with multifactorial influences, hinder efficient elucidation of AP dynamics via conventional methods. This study compiled data from 33 publications, constructing a dataset of 647 samples. Data preprocessing included iterative imputation, one-hot encoding, and standardization. A stacking ensemble learning model was developed to predict AP generation during composting. The optimal ensemble comprised XGBoost and SVR as base learners and ElasticNet as the meta-learner, achieving R² values of 0.954 and 0.928 on training and test sets, respectively, with low overall error. SHAP analysis revealed that key factors influencing AP content, in descending order of importance, were feedstock type, bulking agent type, turning interval, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and C/N ratio. Notably, livestock manure as feedstock and straw-based bulking agents contributed positively to AP predictions. Partial dependence plots indicated that lower pH and C/N ratios generally favored AP accumulation throughout composting. During the initial stage, higher moisture content and lower EC enhanced AP; in the thermophilic phase, higher temperatures corresponded to higher AP; and during cooling and maturation, maintaining moisture below 48% and C/N below 14, while extending composting beyond 43 days, promoted AP accumulation. This study demonstrates accurate AP prediction via stacking ensemble learning and identifies critical factors, offering support for optimizing phosphorus management in composting engineering.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4074-6
Achieving carbon neutralization relies heavily on green hydrogen and electrochemical carbon-nitrogen cycles. However, the complexity of these systems and the cost of traditional Edisonian trial-and-error methods hinder rapid progress. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative tool, enabling high-throughput data processing and dynamic adaptation. This review surveys the landscape of AI-driven electrochemistry, bridging the gap from atomic-scale design to industrial-scale implementation. Specifically, we focus on three areas: atomic structure-function decoding, fully automated “self-driving” laboratories, and macro-scale simulations for device durability. Furthermore, we elucidate the critical challenges in integrating AI with materials science. By mapping current trends and future directions, this work aims to unlock the full transformative potential of AI in next-generation energy storage and conversion.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4149-1
Large optical anisotropy is paramount for efficient light manipulation in optoelectronic devices. Van der Waals layered materials, exhibiting large structural contrast between in-plane and out-of-plane directions, are inherently anisotropic in 3D space. However, measurements of their optical constants have been limited to 2D planes. Here, we directly measure reflectance spectra from the edge and basal surfaces of layered MoS2, NbOCl2, and WTe2 crystals to compare out-of-plane and in-plane optical constants in the 500–1000 nm range. Results show that out-of-plane refractive indices are smaller than in-plane values. Out-of-plane extinction coefficients are zero for MoS2 and NbOCl2 but nonzero for WTe2, confirmed by transient reflection spectroscopy. The nonzero extinction in WTe2 arises from symmetry of transition dipole moments and density of states dictated by crystal structure. Out-of-plane optical constants of MoS2 and NbOCl2 exhibit less dispersion than in-plane, whereas WTe2 shows enhanced out-of-plane dispersion around 2.14 eV, attributed to increased optical transition probability from larger density of states. These parameters indicate giant birefringence (>1.8 for MoS2, >0.6 for NbOCl2, >0.5 for WTe2) and linear dichroism (up to 100% for MoS2 and NbOCl2, 40.7% for WTe2) on edge surfaces. Results enable prediction of optical response at arbitrary incidence angles, aiding polarization-related optoelectronic devices.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4150-2
Bacterial infection and irregular wound morphology are major challenges in clinical wound management. Injectable hydrogels can conform to irregular wound geometries but often lack antimicrobial activity. Here, we report an injectable hydrogel (HPAu gel) formed by sequentially mixing phenylboronic acid-modified hyaluronic acid (HA-PBA) and chloroauric acid under alkaline conditions. The gel's internal multiple crosslinks enable uniform encapsulation of in situ-generated gold nanoparticles. Hydrogen bonds and phenylboronic acid ester bonds confer self-healing, injectability, and adhesion, allowing effective sealing of irregular cavities. In vitro, the hydrogel exhibits long-lasting photothermal stability and eliminates multiple bacterial strains. In a mouse dorsal full-thickness infected wound model, HPAu gel under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation eradicated Staphylococcus aureus, reduced inflammation (TNF-α fluorescence area significantly lower; IL-10 area 12.88‰ vs <2‰ in Blank), promoted vascular regeneration (CD31 and α-SMA expression increased), and accelerated wound healing. This work presents a promising strategy for treating irregular infected wounds.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3643-8
Inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) suffer from defect-mediated nonradiative recombination and inefficient charge extraction, particularly at the buried interface and grain boundaries (GBs), which limit power conversion efficiency (PCE) and operational stability. This study introduces a multifunctional phosphonic acid molecule, (2-(3,6-bis(trifluoromethoxy)-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (M28), as an additive in the perovskite precursor solution. M28 spontaneously segregates toward the buried interface and GBs, fulfilling three roles: (1) slowing crystallization to enlarge grains and improve film quality, (2) passivating defects to suppress charge recombination, and (3) inducing p-type doping to create an extra electric field that promotes hole transport. Devices incorporating M28 achieve a champion PCE of 25.96% and retain 80% of initial efficiency after 1500 h of maximum power point tracking. This work demonstrates the efficacy of multifunctional phosphonic acid additives in addressing buried-interface and GB defects, offering a viable route to high-performance, stable inverted PSCs.