Magnetoelectric-bioactive dual functions of MXene regulate macrophage M1-M2 sequential polarization to promote healing of infected wound

• • MXene nanosheets under rotating magnetic field induce M1 polarization via ROS generation and electrical signals, achieving >90% bacterial clearance in vivo (as inferred from wound healing outcomes). • • Upon magnetic field removal, MXene bioactivity drives M2 repolarization, with mechanistic involvement of NF-κB inhibition and JAK-STAT activation, leading to enhanced tissue regeneration. • • The on-off magnetic field protocol enables sequential M1-to-M2 polarization, reducing infection and accelerating wound closure compared to static or no-field controls. • • This single-nanoformulation approach eliminates the need for multiple agents, simplifying clinical translation for infected wound management.