SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4467-x
Conventional eye-movement interaction systems depend on video capture, infrared tracking, and image recognition, which impose inherent constraints on accuracy, response latency, and stability. This study introduces an eyelash-guided signal interaction system based on a triboelectric nanogenerator (PF-TENG) using PDMS-FDTS thin films. The system employs eyelash movements as interactive inputs, eliminating the need for complex optical acquisition devices. A CNN-LSTM hybrid neural network classifies distinct eyelash movement patterns with a classification accuracy exceeding 98.5%. The PF-TENG device exhibits ultra-flexibility and transparency, enabling seamless integration onto eyeglasses without obstructing the user's field of view. Experimental validation demonstrates real-time monitoring of ocular states for driving fatigue detection, accurately identifying fatigue signs and enhancing application potential in intelligent driving. The system offers a natural, comfortable input modality and significant advantages for human-machine interaction, with broad prospects in eye-movement control and intelligent transportation.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4245-4
The discrimination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at trace concentrations remains a critical challenge for environmental monitoring, industrial process control, and non-invasive disease diagnostics. Conventional electronic noses rely on sensor arrays comprising multiple chemically distinct receptors, which introduces fabrication complexity, calibration drift, and cross-sensitivity. Here, we demonstrate that a single-component Ti3C2Tx MXene (TM) sensor array, engineered through controlled surface chemistry and device architecture, generates independent and high-dimensional characteristics (IHC) sufficient for precise VOC pattern recognition. By exploiting the intrinsic heterogeneity of TM basal planes and edge sites, we achieve differential interaction motifs without expanding elemental composition. The array discriminates VOCs including acetone, ethanol, toluene, and hexane at concentrations down to 100 ppb with classification accuracy exceeding 95%. Principal component analysis reveals distinct clustering with cumulative variance of 92.3% captured by the first three principal components. The sensor exhibits a limit of detection of 50 ppb for acetone and response/recovery times of 12 s and 18 s, respectively. Long-term stability tests over 30 days show less than 5% signal degradation. This single-component strategy simplifies fabrication, reduces calibration overhead, and offers a scalable pathway for miniaturized, low-power VOC sensing platforms compatible with Internet of Things (IoT) deployment.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4432-9
Sodium vanadium phosphate (Na3V2(PO4)3, NVP) with NASICON structure is a promising cathode for sodium-ion batteries but suffers from low electronic conductivity and a high energy barrier for the V4+/V5+ redox couple, limiting practical energy density. A medium-entropy tuning strategy yields the multi-element substituted Na3.2V1.5Cr0.1Fe0.1Mn0.1Ni0.1Ti0.1(PO4)3 (ME-NVP). Entropy modulation tailors the microscopic electronic structure, enabling reversible V4+/V5+ redox at 4.0 V. Analyses reveal a synergistic diffusion mechanism that accelerates Na+ transport and enhances multiple-electron redox kinetics. Ex-situ X-ray diffraction confirms highly reversible structural evolution during cycling. The ME-NVP cathode delivers 116.8 mAh g-1 at 0.1C and retains 83.9% of initial capacity after 1000 cycles at 20C, with excellent performance from -12 to 50 °C. This work demonstrates that configurational entropy regulation unlocks high-energy polyanion cathodes for advanced sodium-ion batteries.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4395-x
Electrocatalysts in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries accelerate sulfur species redox reactions and restrict polysulfide shuttling, yet ideal electrocatalysts with remarkable bidirectional catalytic effects remain scarce. This work utilizes iron (Fe) to trigger bidirectional catalytic effects in a cobalt (Co) electrocatalyst, generating a metal alloy-based heterostructure of Co-Co7Fe3 dispersed homogeneously on carbon sheets (Co-Co7Fe3/CS). Electrochemical tests and in situ X-ray diffraction disclose significantly enhanced bilateral catalytic activity of Co-Co7Fe3 compared to bare Co, confirmed by self-discharge measurements. Post-cycling investigation validates protection of the Li metal anode from sulfur species corrosion. The Co-Co7Fe3/CS-modified coin cells deliver an exceptional rate capability of 603 mAh g–1 at 5.0 C and steady long-life cycling for 500 cycles at 1.0 and 2.0 C. Under high sulfur loadings and lean electrolyte conditions, an impressive areal capacity with stable cycling is realized. This work provides valuable insights for designing metal alloy-based heterostructures as advanced electrocatalysts in Li–S batteries.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4288-1
The high-temperature oxidation resistance of Cr2AlC MAX phase ceramics is severely compromised by rapid Al depletion and the formation of a brittle sub-surface Cr7C3 layer. This study elucidates how trace Y2O3 doping (0.25 and 0.5 wt.%) modulates the oxidation behavior of Cr2AlC at 1100 °C. The incorporation of 0.5 wt.% Y2O3 significantly suppresses the parabolic rate constant compared to undoped counterparts. This kinetic suppression is attributed to the Reactive Element Effect (REE), where Y3+ segregation at α-Al2O3 grain boundaries inhibits outward Al3+ diffusion, shifting the scale growth mechanism to inward oxygen diffusion control. Consequently, this retarded Al consumption prevents the decomposition of the Cr2AlC substrate into Cr7C3. While undoped specimens fail due to volume contraction and Kirkendall voiding associated with the Cr7C3 interlayer, specimens with the most effective doping content within the investigated range maintain a stable, atomically sharp α-Al2O3/Cr2AlC interface devoid of voids and decomposition products. The superior adhesion of this interface is attributed to three synergistic factors: the elimination of volumetric mismatch induced by phase transformation, the mechanical interlocking provided by Y-rich oxide pegs, and the intrinsically higher interfacial bonding strength of the α-Al2O3/Cr2AlC system as confirmed by DFT calculations. These findings provide a mechanistic framework for designing oxidation-resistant MAX phase ceramics via reactive element doping.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4309-8
Iridium-doped cobalt oxide nanosheets derived from a ZIF template were evaluated as oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). Residual carbon was removed via a post-synthetic treatment to isolate intrinsic catalytic behavior. The Ir0.23Co0.77Ox catalyst exhibited enhanced activity and durability relative to commercial IrO2 in a practical PEMWE device. Potential-dependent, stage-resolved characterization combined with theoretical calculations probed catalyst stability under different operating voltages, revealing degradation mechanisms tied to applied potential. Contact angle measurements showed that the Ir0.23Co0.77Ox membrane electrode assembly (MEA) had water and air contact angles of 126° and 143°, respectively, compared to 126° and 143° for an IrO2 MEA at identical Ir loading, indicating improved wettability and gas release behavior. The work provides a framework for understanding potential-dependent stability in acidic OER catalysts and demonstrates a viable route to reduce Ir loading while maintaining PEMWE performance.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4491-3
Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with multiferroic tunneling barriers offer a pathway to fully electrically controlled multi-state memory, addressing the high energy costs and scalability limits of magnetically controlled counterparts. In this work, we propose a theoretical design achieving four or ten distinct resistance states via electrical control, with a giant tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) ratio of 1.1×10^4% (11000%). This value surpasses all previously reported MTJs, including experimental systems such as CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB (TMR 65%, 4 states) and theoretical systems like Ga2O3/MgO/Ga2O3 (TMR 1120%, 2 states). The multiferroic barrier enables simultaneous control of ferroelectric and magnetic order parameters, allowing reversible switching between multiple resistance levels without external magnetic fields. Our first-principles calculations reveal that the high TMR arises from spin-dependent tunneling through the barrier, modulated by the ferroelectric polarization direction and magnetization configuration. The device operates with low write energy and exhibits non-volatile retention, making it suitable for high-density storage and in-memory computing. This work establishes a new benchmark for electrically controlled MTJs and provides a practical route to overcome the limitations of current spintronic memory technologies.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4114-5
The precise and controllable synthesis of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) heterostructures, coupled with the manipulation of their atomic and electronic configurations, is of paramount significance. However, due to the synthetic challenges associated with graphyne (GY) materials, their integration into 1D/2D heterostructures remains considerably difficult. Herein, we demonstrate a post-synthetic intercalation strategy for tellurium onto Ag(111), enabling the controllable fabrication of 1D-GY-nanowire/2D-AgTe-monolayers heterostructures. Scanning-probe microscopies are employed to characterize morphological evolution during the intercalation process. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy results confirm that AgTe monolayer intercalation induces interfacial decoupling of the graphyne nanowires. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that work function-driven Fermi level modulation via interfacial charge engineering assigns the 1D-GY-nanowire/2D-AgTe-monolayers heterostructures as type-I heterostructures. Our work not only significantly advances the fundamental understanding of interfacial interactions in 1D/2D heterostructures but also presents a scalable strategy for designing heterostructures with tailored electronic functionalities, thereby opening new avenues for applications in advanced nanoelectronics and optoelectronic devices.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4197-4
Deep-blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) remain the most challenging primary-color emitters due to stringent exciton energy requirements. We strategically designed two innovative deep-blue emitters, SCZ-4AnCN and STPA-4AnCN, via systematic functionalization of an anthracene core with arylamino-decorated spirofluorene donors and cyano-substituted phenyl acceptors. Comprehensive theoretical and experimental analyses demonstrate that these spirofluorene-anthracene hybrids adopt precisely engineered distorted configurations, effectively suppressing detrimental intermolecular π–π stacking in condensed phases. The sp3-hybridized bridgehead carbons in spirofluorene units play a pivotal role by simultaneously restricting π-conjugation extension and fine-tuning donor–acceptor interactions, thereby stabilizing the lowest excited singlet (S1) state with dominant local excitation (LE) character. This molecular engineering yields exceptional deep-blue emission with remarkable efficiency. Notably, the materials exhibit unique high-lying reverse intersystem crossing (hRISC) behavior, enabling efficient triplet harvesting. Optimized doped devices incorporating SCZ-4AnCN achieve outstanding performance, including a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE_max) exceeding 10% and CIE coordinates (0.154, 0.052) approaching the BT.2020 blue standard. Nondoped devices maintain impressive performance with an EQE_max of 7.51% and superior operational stability, demonstrating less than 10% efficiency roll-off at 1000 cd m−2. This work validates anthracene-based molecular architectures for deep-blue electroluminescence and establishes a transformative design paradigm for next-generation OLED emitters.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3553-7
Gesture interaction has emerged as a highly effective interface for intelligent human-computer interaction, attributed to its intuitive interaction modality and multi-dimensional control capabilities. However, traditional gesture interaction devices often depend on predefined encoding rules, which substantially limit interaction efficiency and degrade user experience. This study introduces an innovative intelligent finger ring interaction system based on a triboelectric nanogenerator utilizing PDMS/SrTiO3 composite thin film (PS-TENG). The system maps freehand writing gestures directly to textual information input, thereby eliminating the need for complex gesture encoding schemes and offering a user-friendly, low-learning-curve input method. By integrating a deep learning model, the system achieves recognition accuracies of 98.21% for English letters, 96.87% for Arabic numerals, and 96.44% for Chinese characters. Furthermore, it supports secure and encrypted data transmission and enables wireless interaction for gaming control. These findings indicate that the intelligent finger ring interaction system possesses significant potential for practical applications in information input and wireless control.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3651-1
The pursuit of efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) has been significantly advanced by thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials, particularly those employing multiple-resonance (MR) effects. However, achieving small singlet–triplet energy gaps (ΔE_ST) in MR-TADF emitters remains a critical challenge. This work introduces a fundamental design principle based on multiple-excitation configurations to reduce ΔE_ST. In the single-excitation case, both S1 and T1 states are described by a simple HOMO→LUMO excitation, leading to a large exchange energy (2K_HL). In contrast, the multiple-excitation case incorporates electronic interaction between singlet configurations (1Φ_H→L and 1Φ_H→L+1), which lowers the S1 energy and reduces ΔE_ST. The authors propose an empirical expression ΔE_ST ≈ f(2K_HL, ΔE_LUMO–LUMO+1) and validate it using a test set of MR-type emitters. For the representative emitter IV-DABNA, excited-state energies and difference densities calculated at the STEOM-DLPNO-CCSD level reveal the contributions of excitation configurations to S1 and T1 states. This work provides a new avenue for molecular engineering of MR-TADF emitters, potentially stimulating renewed interest in excited-state design principles for future OLED technologies.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3575-4
Halide perovskite memristors, known for their ion mobility, have emerged as strong candidates for computational units in next-generation memory and neuromorphic computing systems. Nevertheless, most memristors are limited to operating in a single mode, either resistive switching or threshold switching. In this work, we overcome this limitation by developing dual-mode α-formamidinium lead triiodide (α-FAPbI3) perovskite memristors with switchable volatile/nonvolatile states, enabled by engineered SnO2 electron transport layers (ETLs). Through molecular interface optimization using 3-(N,N′-dimethylmyristylammonio) propanesulfonate (Z14) and 4,4′-(1,10-phenanthroline-3,8-diyl)bis(N,N′-bis(4-methoxyphen-yl)aniline) (PNL), we achieved exceptional device stability. Volatile devices exhibited >500 switching cycles, while nonvolatile devices surpassed 1000 cycles, both maintaining a high on/off ratio (~10^3). Beyond memory applications, these devices successfully emulated biological functionalities. The volatile mode replicated four key nociceptor characteristics (threshold, relaxation, sensitization, and no adaptation), while the nonvolatile mode demonstrated advanced synaptic plasticity, including paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) and spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). Capitalizing on this dual-mode synergy, we constructed a spiking neural network (SNN) for handwritten digit recognition, achieving a 93% accuracy rate—a significant milestone for perovskite-based neuromorphic systems. This study not only provides a material-level strategy for multifunctional memristor design but also bridges the gap between biological sensing and artificial intelligence, paving the way for adaptive neuromorphic hardware.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3630-2
This study demonstrates a dual-interface engineering approach for performance enhancement in perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells. By applying ethylenediamine dihydroiodide (EDAI2) to simultaneously modify both top and bottom interfaces of wide-bandgap perovskite layers, we achieve synergistic defect suppression and charge transport optimization. Time-resolved photoluminescence characterization reveals extended carrier lifetimes and improved spatial homogeneity in dual-modified perovskite films. The optimized single-junction wide-bandgap (>1.66 eV) perovskite solar cells attain a champion efficiency of 22.75% with enhanced operational stability. Implemented in perovskite-silicon tandem configuration, the devices achieve over 31% power conversion efficiency, validating the effectiveness of organic ligand-mediated dual-interface engineering in regulating carrier dynamics and advancing perovskite-based tandem photovoltaics.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3682-6
Metal single-atoms with optimized coordination structure on highly accessible substrate can maximize the metal utilization efficiency along with enhancing catalytic activities. Herein, axial nitrogen-coordinated Fe-N5 sites on N-doped carbon (denoted as FeN5@N-C) hollow microplates are fabricated via a unique Fe3+-chelated polydopamine assisted hollowing strategy using ZIF-L microplates as multifunctional templates. Due to the powerful chelating and adhesive ability of polydopamine, this hollow-carbon strategy can be extended to fabricate single-atom Fe-N-C hollow structures with different shapes and encapsulate other transition-metal single atoms (Ni, Co, Mn, and Cu) into the N-doped carbon hollow microplates. The FeN5@N-C hollow microplates exhibit outstanding oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) capability with an impressive half-wave potential of 0.93 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode and high stability, which can serve as air-cathode catalysts for high-performance Zn-air batteries with high peak power density of 225.3 mW cm−2 and stable cyclability of up to 400 h. Comprehensive analysis and theoretical calculations elucidate that axial nitrogen coordination in Fe-N5 catalytic sites, unlike the planar Fe-N4 configuration, can compete well with the bonding of OH* through additional 3d-2p orbital hybridization, thereby giving moderate bonding strength to enhance the ORR activity.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3759-7
The inherent strength-ductility trade-off in materials science poses a significant challenge for structural applications. In composites, rational regulation of reinforcement structure and distribution can enhance both strength and ductility. Typical structures such as network, layered, and columnar have proven effective, yet issues like narrow size ranges, uneven distribution, and weak interfacial bonding limit performance. Here, we present a bioinspired multi-scale heterogeneous layered composite (MHLC) that achieves an optimal balance between strength and ductility. This heterogeneous layered structure comprises alternately stacked Cu-Ti layers and GNPs/Cu layers. The Cu-Ti layer contains uniformly distributed plate-like β-Cu4Ti intermetallic compounds, while the GNPs/Cu layer contains layered graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). The size, distribution, and shape of reinforcements can be adjusted through heat treatment and cold rolling, enabling a balance between strength and ductility. Molecular dynamics simulation and finite element simulation were conducted to investigate the structural evolution of β-Cu4Ti and the influence of reinforcements on tensile properties, respectively. Results show that under tensile deformation, high-strain regions in the Cu-Ti layer are more numerous than in the GNPs/Cu layer. At an applied strain of 7.96%, fracture and deformation of reinforcements occur; at 23.98%, voids appear and develop into cracks. Cracks propagate along high-strain paths, forming a zigzag fracture pattern at the interface, indicating high interfacial bonding strength. The bending deformation of β-Cu4Ti suggests it possesses high hardness, strength, and excellent toughness. Our results provide important references for exploring multi-scale heterogeneous layered structures in enhancing strength and ductility of composites.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3860-0
Drug detection is critical for public health and security, yet reversible and highly sensitive sensing materials remain scarce. This study presents a novel ionogel sensor material, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA)/1-butyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate, for reproducible detection of N-methylphenylethylamine (MPEA), a structural analogue of methamphetamine. The ionogel is fabricated by immobilizing a flowable ionic liquid within a PEGDA network via UV curing, preserving ionic mobility for efficient conduction. Integrated on a flexible poly(ethylene naphthalate) substrate, the sensor exhibits over 72.6% transmittance in the visible spectrum, enabling concealed attachment. Utilizing non-covalent interactions, the sensor achieves reproducible MPEA detection at sub-ppb levels at room temperature, with a theoretical detection limit of 317 ppt. It demonstrates high selectivity and consistency. Ionic conductivity was confirmed via current-voltage tests and impedance spectroscopy, and the sensing mechanism was clarified. The device maintains reliable performance under bending, indicating suitability for dynamic environments. With Bluetooth integration for wireless data transmission, the sensor shows strong potential for practical, discreet drug monitoring in real-world applications.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3581-2
Radiotherapy (RT) is a standard cancer treatment that directly kills tumor cells and promotes systemic immune responses. However, RT can exacerbate tumor hypoxia, which suppresses dendritic cell (DC) antigen presentation and weakens systemic anti-tumor immunity. Here, we report oxygen-loaded in situ gels carrying bacterial outer membrane (MOGel) that slowly degrade to release oxygen and bacterial outer membrane (OM). Oxygen release alleviates tumor hypoxia, while OM continuously activates DCs, enhancing their antigen-presenting capability. In vitro, MOGel combined with RT induced the strongest tumor cell apoptosis. In an orthotopic colon cancer model, MOGel+RT achieved an 80% tumor suppression rate. Notably, MOGel+RT elicited an enhanced abscopal effect, with hypoxia relief and enhanced DC activation contributing to systemic immune responses. These findings suggest that OM-based oxygen gels offer a novel strategy to enhance systemic immune responses to RT.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3912-0
This erratum corrects an error in the Chinese name of co-first author Tianxiao Xiao (肖天孝) as originally published in the article 'A multi-modal smart chest patch for real-time cardiopulmonary monitoring and anomaly detection' (Sci China Mater, 2025, 68(12): 4413–4422). The corrected Chinese name is 肖天笑. The correction applies solely to the author's name and does not affect the scientific content, experimental data, or conclusions of the original paper. The authors and publisher apologize for any inconvenience caused.
Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology•2026•DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604006
High-strength sulfamethoxazole (SMX) wastewater severely inhibits anaerobic microorganisms, reducing organic degradation and methane yield. This study investigated the effects of short-chain (C6-HSL) and long-chain (C12-HSL) N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) signaling molecules, individually and in combination, on the construction, performance, and antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) profiles of anaerobic electroactive biofilms within a microbial electrolysis cell coupled anaerobic digestion (MEC-AD) system. Compared to the control (no AHLs), SMX removal efficiency increased by 9.26%, 7.44%, and 10.67% for C6-HSL (T1), C12-HSL (T2), and combined (T3) treatments, respectively. Methane production rates rose by 20.4%, 16.9%, and 23.1% for T1, T2, and T3, respectively. AHLs promoted extracellular polymeric substance secretion, enhancing electroactive microbe attachment to the anode. Microbial community analysis revealed increased diversity and modulated key functional genera. Notably, Georgenia abundance increased by 16.77% (T1) and 36.47% (T3) but decreased by 15.99% (T2). ARG analysis showed that single AHLs elevated intI1, sul1, and sul2 abundances, whereas combined AHLs (T3) exhibited a milder response, with sul2 abundance reduced by 4.92% relative to control. This suggests synergistic AHLs suppress ARG host proliferation. This study first demonstrates that combined short- and long-chain AHLs enhance electroactive biofilm formation, maintain microbial community stability, and modulate ARG dissemination risk, offering a quorum sensing-based strategy for antibiotic wastewater treatment and risk management.
Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology•2026•DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604022
The resource utilization of food waste contributes to reducing environmental pollution, driving nutrient cycling and biomass energy development, and promoting the resource recycling industry, achieving a win-win outcome for environment and economy. This study evaluated the resource recovery performance and environmental impacts of producing carbon sources for wastewater treatment through hydrolysis and acidification of food waste, comparing with two conventional alternatives: anaerobic fermentation and incineration. Results showed that among the three technologies, hydrolysis for carbon source production ranked middle in resource recycling efficiency, but its environmental benefits were superior to incineration and anaerobic fermentation. The hydrolysis process did not produce additional wastewater requiring treatment, and its greenhouse gas emissions and solid waste generation intensity were relatively low, at -40.7 kg CO2-eq/t and 9.3%, respectively. Carbon sources derived from food waste can replace commercial alternatives, reducing wastewater treatment costs and promoting synergies between pollution reduction and carbon mitigation. Sensitivity analysis revealed that water content in food waste significantly influences solid impurity generation and energy recovery efficiency of hydrolysis technology. In regions with high food waste generation and carbon source demand, hydrolysis technology is recommended to facilitate large-scale synergistic treatment of wastewater and food waste.
Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology•2026•DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604028
Accurate accounting of county-level carbon budgets and their spatio-temporal evolution is essential for formulating low-carbon development strategies tailored to each division and achieving carbon peak and neutrality goals. This study constructed a comprehensive, accurate, and unified model to measure terrestrial ecosystem carbon absorption, anthropogenic carbon emissions, and net carbon budget from 2010 to 2020 across the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps and its divisions. Results indicate: (1) Terrestrial ecosystems consistently acted as net carbon sinks, but total carbon absorption declined slowly, with carbon sequestration capacity persistently decreasing. Cultivated land, the sole carbon source, expanded rapidly into forests and grasslands. Anthropogenic carbon emissions rose steadily, with growth rates sharply decelerating after 2015, exhibiting a spatial pattern of "high in the north and east, low in the south and west." (2) Total carbon emissions/absorptions increased rapidly from 2010 to 2015, then slowed from 2015 to 2020. Energy consumption dominated, contributing over 95% of emissions in each division and 99% regionally. High-emission zones expanded eastward from the 8th Division in the Junggar Basin; by 2020, the 8th, 13th, and 6th Divisions, occupying 26.52% of the land area, carried 78.16% of net carbon emissions, marking them as high-density emission zones. (3) Carbon balance zoning in 2020 identified one carbon sink functional zone, nine low-carbon maintenance zones, and three high-carbon optimization zones, the latter concentrated in a strip in the central-eastern region covering 26.52% of the area.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3646-1
Repairing cartilage defects requires biomaterials with mechanical properties similar to native cartilage. However, balancing these properties with biodegradability remains a major challenge. In this study, a degradable antibacterial hydrogel with promising mechanical characteristics was developed for personalized cartilage defect repair. The hydrogel was synthesized using chitosan and gelatin via microcrystallization and gelation, combined with chemical crosslinking facilitated by epichlorohydrin. This method significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of the material, with compressive modulus of the optimal group reaching 0.2 MPa and tensile strength reaching 2.2 MPa, which are comparable to those of human cartilage. The hydrogel maintained its integrity after 50000 compression cycles. With excellent flowability prior to crosslinking, it can adapt to complex cartilage defects. The inclusion of gentamicin provides antibacterial properties, while nano-hydroxyapatite promotes osteogenesis. This hydrogel, with its multiple crosslinking mechanisms, balances mechanical strength, biodegradability, and adaptability, offering a promising solution for repairing infected cartilage defects.
Environmental Chemistry•2026•DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025012302
Phosphorus (P) loss from paddy fields contributes to eutrophication in Chaohu Lake. This study evaluated the effects of novel fertilizers and P reduction on P loss and rice yield. Seven treatments were established: no P (CK), rice-specific fertilizer (ZYF), slow-release blended fertilizer (SRF), Xinjutian compound fertilizer (XJT), enhanced loss-controlled fertilizer (CRF), CRF with 10% P reduction (CRF-10P%), and CRF with 30% P reduction (CRF-30P%). Results showed that novel fertilizers and P reduction significantly reduced concentrations of total phosphorus (TP), dissolved phosphorus (DP), and particulate phosphorus (PP) in surface water and leachate. The first 5 days after basal fertilization and heavy rainfall were high-risk periods for P loss. Rainfall increased TP concentrations by 417.74%–432.86% and 94.85%–351.35% in surface water and leachate, respectively; DP increased by 120.80%–322.44%, and PP by 280.66%–501.77% and 80.23%–297.55%. Compared with ZYF, SRF, XJT, and CRF reduced TP loss by 15.43%–33.95%, with SRF showing the lowest loss. Under P reduction, CRF-10P% and CRF-30P% reduced TP loss by 31.48% and 37.04%, respectively, with CRF-30P% achieving the lowest loss. Notably, CRF-10P% increased rice yield by 22.37% relative to ZYF, indicating that moderate P reduction with enhanced loss-controlled fertilizer can maintain or increase yield while reducing environmental risk. The study concludes that CRF-10P% offers a promising strategy for sustainable rice production in the Chaohu Lake watershed.
Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology•2026•DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605023
Identifying the characteristics of carbon emissions and driving forces of the railway sector is essential for formulating effective measures to develop a green and low-carbon railway industry. This study systematically evaluated the direct and indirect carbon emissions from 2016 to 2021 generated by the railway sector of China, and analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamic changes of the carbon emissions. On this basis, by adopting the LMDI model, the key factors affecting the carbon emissions of railway sector were discerned. Moreover, the variations in the dominant factors of the carbon emissions over time, and the spatial heterogeneities in the dominant factors of the carbon emissions of the 18 railway bureaus, were analyzed. The results show that: 1) During the periods from 2016 to 2021, the carbon emissions of China's railway sector showed an overall upward trend, increasing from 57.7486 million tons to 64.2084 million tons, by 11.2%. The Shanghai Bureau, Beijing Bureau, Zhengzhou Bureau, Chengdu Bureau and Guangzhou Bureau substantially contributed to the increases of railway carbon emissions. In spatial, the carbon emissions of the 18 railway bureaus were characterized by lower emissions in the west and higher emissions in the east, mainly due to the regional differences in the socio-economic development, industrial structure and population density; 2) During 2016 to 2021, the decline in energy consumption intensity reduced the carbon emissions of the railway sector by 18.8654 million tons, while the changes in carbon emission intensity, economic benefits of per unit passenger and freight turnover, and operating capacity led to an increase of a sum of 25.3252 million tons of carbon emissions. When decomposing the contributions of each factor by sub-periods, it can be found that the impacts of these factors on the carbon emissions changed over time. Only the factor of carbon emission intensity showed a promoting effect in all sub-periods, the other three factors, as energy consumption intensity, economic benefits of per unit passenger and freight turnover, and operating capacity, had a conversion between promoting and inhibiting effects. 3) The dominant factors of carbon emissions across the 18 railway bureaus exhibited spatial heterogeneity. For instance, operating capacity was the main promoting factor for bureaus like Taiyuan, Beijing, Lanzhou, Nanning, Hohhot, Urumqi, and Qinghai-Tibet, while energy consumption intensity was the main inhibiting factor. For Shanghai, Kunming, Wuhan, Chengdu, Xi'an, Zhengzhou, Jinan, Shenyang, Nanchang, and Guangzhou, economic benefits per unit turnover was the main promoting factor, with energy consumption intensity as the main inhibiting factor. For Harbin, energy consumption intensity was the main promoting factor, while economic benefits per unit turnover was the main inhibiting factor. 4) The railway sector can reduce carbon emissions by optimizing transport organization to reduce empty car rates, optimizing energy structure, and retrofitting infrastructure for energy efficiency, while implementing differentiated emission reduction strategies tailored to each bureau's characteristics.
Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering•2026•DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202509026
Rocky desertification poses a severe threat to ecosystem function in karst regions of southern China. This study, conducted in Jianghua Yao Autonomous County, Hunan Province, investigated the adaptive responses of Paulownia fortunei to rocky desertification habitats and its subsequent effects on soil properties. Leaf structural and physiological parameters were measured, alongside soil physicochemical properties. Results demonstrated that P. fortunei enhanced its adaptability through increased leaf thickness (upper epidermis +50%, total +27.38%), palisade tissue thickness (+22.45%), elevated chlorophyll a (+3.55 mg·g−1) and chlorophyll b (+1.39 mg·g−1) contents, and upregulated activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase. Planting P. fortunei significantly improved soil structure and fertility: soil bulk density decreased by 0.57 g·cm−3, total porosity increased by 2.41% (0–5 cm) and 3.35% (5–10 cm), field water capacity rose by 18.63% and 18.87%, capillary porosity increased by 11.45% and 14.19%, and soil organic matter content improved from Grade IV to Grade II. These findings indicate a synergistic 'plant adaptation–soil improvement' feedback mechanism, highlighting the potential of P. fortunei for ecological restoration of rocky desertification areas.
Environmental Chemistry•2026•DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025092801
Urban river water quality is critically influenced by outfall discharges, yet the seasonal dynamics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its linkage to water quality remain poorly constrained. This study collected outfall water samples seasonally during 2023–2024 along the Nanfei River and Banqiao River in Hefei, Anhui Province. Parallel factor analysis of excitation-emission matrices identified three fluorescent components: fulvic acid-like C1, tryptophan-like (protein-like) C2, and terrestrial humic-like C3. Seasonal variations were pronounced: protein-like C2 dominated in winter and spring, whereas summer and autumn showed lower C2 proportions due to rainwater dilution and urban nonpoint source runoff inputs. Water quality indices decreased in summer and autumn, primarily attributed to dilution by rainfall runoff. Fluorescence index (FI > 1.9) and biological index (BIX > 1.0) indicated predominantly autochthonous DOM sources. During summer and autumn, humification index (HIX) and specific UV absorbance (SUVA) increased, while spectral slope ratio (SR) decreased, suggesting enhanced terrestrial and urban runoff influence. Significant positive correlations were observed between protein-like C2 and terrestrial humic-like C3 with water quality parameters, indicating their utility as precise indicators of pollution sources and seasonal water quality variations. These findings provide a scientific basis for integrated management of urban outfalls.
Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology•2026•DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202606008
Resin-enhanced electrosorption for water treatment significantly improves ion adsorption efficiency and selectivity through synergistic effects, making it a research hotspot in the water treatment field. This technology provides an innovative solution to the bottlenecks of kinetic lag and insufficient selectivity by modulating electrode-solution interface behavior in multiple dimensions. Current technological advances include the following: a simple integration method enables desalination efficiency to exceed 92.3%; resin-coated composite electrodes eliminate the co-ion effect and achieve a 42% increase in total salt adsorption capacity; resin-derived porous carbon electrodes with tunable pore structures possess three to five times the adsorption capacity of commercially available activated carbon; and by enhancing solution convection and electrophoretic convection, the resin-filling strategy achieves a high desalination rate of (670 ± 20) mg/(L·h). Studies have demonstrated that different material combinations can achieve targeted optimization of adsorption performance based on specific water quality characteristics. Future research directions may focus on: developing intelligent resin materials with electromagnetic responsiveness; constructing a multi-scale structural design theory for resin-electrode systems; and establishing a cross-scale model integrating electrochemistry, fluid dynamics, and interface science for comprehensive analysis. In particular, in-depth studies are needed on the dynamic behavior of resin-based flow electrodes under electric/magnetic field regulation, as well as the precise construction of catalytic sites on the resin surface. This review aims to promote the widespread application and efficient practice of this technology in water treatment, providing a theoretical foundation and scientific basis for the future development of high-efficiency, selective, and stable electrosorption technologies.
Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology•2026•DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202606010
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a critical factor controlling endogenous phosphorus (P) migration in eutrophic waters. Existing oxygenation technologies suffer from high energy consumption and sediment disturbance, necessitating low-disturbance, pH-stable strategies that avoid additional nitrogen and P loads. This study evaluated an oxygen-loaded porous material (OLPM) for inhibiting sediment P release using laboratory microcosms with natural eutrophic water samples. DO microprofiles across the sediment-water interface (SWI) were measured with microelectrodes; diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) resolved Fe, S, and P distributions; and sequential extraction quantified sediment P fractions. Results showed that OLPM coverage increased surface sediment DO concentration by 6.58-fold and DO penetration depth by 1.33-fold (16.8 mm). Overlying water total phosphorus (TP) decreased by 93.79%, and sediment interstitial phosphate (PO4-P) decreased by up to 45.75%. The SWI TP exchange flux reversed from +0.0068 mg/(m2·d) to -0.014 mg/(m2·d), shifting the system from a P source to a P sink. Sediment P fractionation revealed a 5.22% increase in stable Res-P and a 4.48% decrease in labile NaHCO3-P. Mechanistically, OLPM enhanced iron oxidation (Fe2+ reduced by 59.62%) and suppressed sulfate reduction (S2- homogenized at low levels), promoting P immobilization via Fe-S coupling. The material effectively inhibits endogenous P release through interfacial DO regulation without altering pH, offering a promising approach for eutrophication management.
Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology•2026•DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202606004
To identify optimal watershed remediation pathways under environmental and economic dimensions, an integrated environmental-economic impact assessment framework combining life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) based on openLCA was established, using 1 m³ of treated wastewater as the functional unit. This framework comprehensively evaluated the environmental impacts and economic costs of three ecological buffer measures—constructed wetlands, ecological intercepting ditches, and vegetation restoration projects—in non-point source pollution control. The results indicated that constructed wetlands offer the optimal environmental-economic profile, featuring the lowest comprehensive cost (¥1.01 yuan/m³) and the lowest load across most environmental impact categories, with only slightly higher land resource consumption intensity. Ecological intercepting ditches exhibited higher impacts in areas such as metal resource consumption due to the use of rebars and base fertilizer inputs, resulting in a moderate comprehensive cost (¥1.57 yuan/m³). Vegetation restoration projects incurred the highest comprehensive cost (¥61.14 yuan/m³) and produced the most significant environmental impacts, with elevated indicators such as human carcinogenic toxicity. This primarily stemmed from the extensive use of concrete grass pavers and base fertilizer in rural river sections. These findings provide quantitative references for environmental-economic integrated evaluation and decision-making regarding ecological buffer zone engineering schemes in similar watersheds.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3810-y
Amorphous metal-organic frameworks (aMOFs), with abundant defects and unsaturated coordination sites, are ideal precursors for investigating electrocatalytic reconstruction mechanisms. However, systematic understanding of how different modulation strategies affect reconstruction pathways and final active species remains lacking. Here, an amorphous MOF constructed from 3,4,9,10-pyrene-tetracarboxylic acid (PTA) serves as a controllable precursor to compare doping and alloying effects on structural reconstruction and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance. Doping promotes preferential reconstruction into Fe-rich (oxy)hydroxides with more exposed active sites, whereas alloying yields Fe-Co mixed (oxy)hydroxides with limited site exposure. The doped system FeCo0.05-PTA exhibits outstanding OER activity in alkaline conditions, with overpotentials of 208 and 248 mV at 50 and 100 mA cm−2, respectively, and a low Tafel slope of 36.2 mV dec−1. In situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) captures the OOH* intermediate, confirming the adsorbate evolution mechanism. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show the doped system has the lowest free-energy barrier (ΔG = 0.59 eV) at the rate-determining step. This study underscores the decisive role of precursor design, elucidates distinct effects of doping and alloying on reconstruction pathways and final properties of amorphous MOF-derived (oxy)hydroxides, and provides insights for designing related electrocatalysts.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3889-6
Photocatalytic hydrogen production is fundamentally limited by inefficient charge separation and asynchronous supply of electrons and protons to active sites. Here, we designed a ZnIn2S4/ZnCo2S4 (ZIS/ZCS) heterojunction with an atomically coherent interface achieved via an ultralow lattice mismatch of 0.05%. This unique structure promotes rapid electron transfer through a built-in electric field and facilitates continuous proton migration via a hydrogen spillover effect, thereby synchronizing electron and proton delivery at the catalytic interface. This dual regulation of electrons and protons synergistically promotes proton-coupled electron transfer, resulting in a high hydrogen evolution rate of 70.3 mmol g−1 h−1 and selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to aldehyde (39.3 mmol g−1 h−1) with 93.6% selectivity. This work demonstrates the critical importance of lattice match and dual charge-proton management in designing efficient photocatalysts for complex redox reactions.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3914-7
Incorporating fluorinated side-chains into M-series acceptors enhances the fill factor (FF) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the impact of fluorinated side-chain positions on charge mobility and photovoltaic performance remains unexplored. Here, we synthesize a partially fluorinated alkyl chain, 7-butyl-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoro-octyl, and attach it to either the oxygen or nitrogen atoms of the M-series acceptor backbone, yielding two new acceptors, O5F and N5F. Compared to O5F, N5F exhibits closer π-π stacking and higher charge mobility. Consequently, PM6:N5F-based devices achieve a PCE of 18.8% with an FF of 80.7%, surpassing PM6:O5F counterparts (PCE 17.8%, FF 79.2%). The 18.8% PCE is among the highest reported for A-D-A-type small-molecule acceptors. Notably, PM6:N5F devices show significantly improved operational stability, with a T80 lifetime of 1084 hours under one-sun illumination, versus 123 hours for PM6:O5F. This work demonstrates that positioning partially fluorinated side-chains on nitrogen atoms optimizes intermolecular packing and carrier transport, enhancing both efficiency and stability. It underscores the potential of partially fluorinated side-chains in designing high-performance NFAs.
Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering•2026•DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511047
Ultra-high voltage (UHV) transmission lines are critical infrastructure for China's energy strategy. Compared with conventional voltage lines, UHV lines exhibit nonlinear growth in resource and capital consumption, complex supply chains, and strong spatiotemporal heterogeneity in carbon emission factors, resulting in substantial and uncertain construction-phase emissions. Accurate accounting is essential for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals in the power sector. To address issues of ambiguous system boundaries, weak characterization of input parameter uncertainty, and poor cross-year applicability of input-output carbon intensities, this study defines the accounting boundary using budget quotas and develops a hybrid life cycle assessment (HLCA) model. For easily traceable emission sources, process-based LCA (PLCA) is applied, with uncertainty analysis via distribution fitting and Monte Carlo simulation. For difficult-to-trace sources, input-output LCA (IO-LCA) is used with carbon intensity correction. A case study of a ±800 kV transmission line yields a construction-phase carbon emission intensity of 1,858.91 t·km⁻¹ (CO₂ equivalent), with a 95% confidence interval of [1,379.73, 2,486.45] t·km⁻¹. Sobol global sensitivity analysis identifies key emission reduction pathways. The method's validity is confirmed by comparison with existing studies, providing quantitative support for low-carbon design, construction optimization, and carbon auditing of UHV projects.
Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology•2026•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60678-0
Improper disposal of plastic waste represents both the loss of valuable resources and significant environmental threat. This study investigates the thermal liquefaction of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) using low-pressure superheated methanol. It systematically evaluates the effects of reaction temperature and the ratio of reactant to methanol on liquefaction efficiency and product characteristics. Results indicate that complete conversion of HDPE can be achieved in low-pressure superheated methanol (<0.5 MPa) at a minimum external heating temperature of 260 °C. Under this condition, oil yield reached 77.1% with alkanes comprising 62.3% of the product alongside minor oxygenated compounds. As temperature increased, the average carbon number of hydrocarbons gradually decreased. Below 260 °C, HDPE conversion decreased significantly, and products were primarily waxy. At 290 °C, the proportion of gasoline-like fractions (C6–C12) increased markedly from 16.6% to 80.9%. Furthermore, reactant ratio plays a critical regulatory role; extremes in ratio—either too high or too low—diminish heat transfer efficiency and reduce conversion. Mechanistically, liquefaction primarily involved cleavage of secondary C−C bonds, where resulting oligomers further cracked into free radicals to form diverse hydrocarbons through secondary reactions. This work demonstrates that low-pressure superheated methanol liquefaction is a mild, efficient, and pretreatment-free method to upcycle polyethylene into valuable fuels. Optimizing these process parameters can pave the way for industrial application, aiding in both plastic pollution management and sustainable resource recovery.
Environmental Chemistry•2026•DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026030202
High nitrogen (N) inputs, low N use efficiency, and substantial greenhouse gas emissions constrain sustainable double-cropping rice production in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. To evaluate whether humic acid urea (HAU) can reconcile yield stability with N reduction and carbon mitigation, a field experiment was conducted in a double-cropping rice system. Five treatments were established: conventional urea at the recommended N rate (U), HAU at the recommended N rate (HAU), conventional urea with a 20% reduction in N input (U-20), HAU with a 20% reduction in N input (HAU-20), and a no-N control (CK). Rice yield, N uptake and utilization, and the full life-cycle carbon footprint were quantified. Results showed that HAU significantly increased double-cropping rice yield by 6.46% (early rice) and 8.76% (late rice) compared to U (P < 0.05). HAU-20 maintained yield equivalent to U, while U-20 significantly reduced yield. HAU-20 significantly improved nitrogen fertilizer apparent utilization rate, agronomic efficiency, and partial factor productivity. Specifically, apparent utilization rate increased by 9.24 percentage points (early rice) and 7.80 percentage points (late rice); agronomic efficiency increased by 18.51% and 26.69%, and partial factor productivity by 22.79% and 25.58% for early and late rice, respectively (P < 0.05). Life-cycle carbon footprint was significantly reduced by 26.25% (early rice) and 40.38% (late rice) under HAU-20 compared to U, with per-unit product carbon footprint reduced by 0.22 t CO2-eq·t−1 and 0.86 t CO2-eq·t−1, respectively. The reduction was primarily attributed to decreased CH4 and N2O emissions: early rice CH4 and N2O cumulative emissions decreased by 28.92% and 44.34%, and late rice by 44.46% and 63.85% (P < 0.05). In conclusion, HAU with 20% N reduction sustains yield, enhances N use efficiency, and significantly lowers carbon footprint, offering a viable path for green and low-carbon double-cropping rice production.
Environmental Chemistry•2026•DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025051307
This study investigates the ionic concentration characteristics and sources of atmospheric precipitation in Changsha, China, based on samples collected from December 2019 to November 2021. The total dissolved solids (TDS) in precipitation ranged from 51.71 to 813.40 μeq·L−1, with a volume-weighted mean (VWM) concentration of 245.58 μeq·L−1. The VWM ionic concentrations followed the order: Ca2+ > SO4^2− > NO3^− > HCO3^− > K+ > Na+ > Cl− > Mg2+. Ca2+ and SO4^2− together accounted for 55.76% of the total ionic mass. Seasonal variation of total ionic concentration was highest in winter and lowest in spring, following the order winter > autumn > summer > spring. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations between SO4^2− and NO3^− (r = 0.78) and between Ca2+ and Mg2+ (r = 0.70), suggesting common sources. Principal component analysis and enrichment factor (EF) analysis indicated that SO4^2− and NO3^− predominantly originated from anthropogenic activities, with contribution rates of 99.5% and 95.4%, respectively, likely from coal combustion and industrial emissions. Ca2+ and K+ were mainly terrestrial, with contribution rates of 99.2% and 98.3%, respectively, from soil and biomass burning. Mg2+ had dual sources: 68.8% terrestrial and 31.2% marine. Cl− exhibited an EFmarine of 0.74 and EFsoil of 50.20, indicating a dominant marine source contributing 98% of its input. These findings provide a scientific basis for understanding regional atmospheric pollution and supporting environmental management strategies.
Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology•2026•DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607018
To address the dual challenges of phosphorus resource scarcity and eutrophication control, this study proposed a sustainable waste-treats-waste strategy by preparing red-mud-modified sludge-based biochar (RMSBC) via co-pyrolysis of red mud and sewage sludge. The optimal material (RMSBC800), produced at 800 °C with a red mud-to-sludge mass ratio of 3:1, achieved a maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity of 28.57 mg/g, a 350% enhancement over unmodified biochar (SBC). Characterization (SEM, XRD, EDS, FT-IR, XPS) revealed that red mud modification increased the average pore size from 7.91 nm to 20.33 nm, reduced electronegativity, and raised the pH at point of zero charge (pHpzc) from 2.01 to 3.37. Adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model, and isotherms fitted the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer chemisorption. The Freundlich parameter 1/n was 0.34, suggesting favorable adsorption. Mechanistic studies identified electrostatic attraction and surface precipitation as dominant, with molecular dynamics simulations confirming the critical role of Fe3O4 over Fe2O3 in adsorbing HPO4^2- due to stronger electrostatic interactions. The material retained 61% of its initial capacity after five regeneration cycles and achieved 83% phosphorus removal from real wastewater. This work demonstrates synergistic valorization of industrial wastes, offering an economically viable solution for phosphorus pollution control and resource recovery.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4006-4
Hydrogels, despite their potential in flexible electronics and wearable sensors, often suffer from inadequate mechanical robustness under sustained loading. This study aims to overcome this limitation by developing a novel nanocomposite hydrogel system through the integration of calcium-polyoxometalate sub-nanometer wires (Ca-POM SNWs) into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix. Utilizing a H2O/ethylene glycol (EG) binary solvent, the hydrogel achieves uniform dispersion of Ca-POM SNWs, which enhances mechanical properties through dual reinforcement mechanisms: stress dissipation via polymer-mimetic flexibility and crystallinity improvement via hydrophobic ligand-induced chain alignment. The resulting PVA/Ca-POM hydrogel exhibits exceptional performance, including a 2.4-fold increase in fracture stress (0.85 MPa), 3.8-fold toughness enhancement (2.76 MJ m−3), and high ionic conductivity (3.6 S m−1). As a strain sensor, it achieves a gauge factor of 2.56 with rapid response, enabling precise detection of both large joint movements and subtle physiological vibrations. A prototype Morse code communication system further demonstrates its potential in assistive healthcare technologies, facilitating barrier-free, real-time communication between disabled patients and clinicians. This work highlights a breakthrough in inorganic-organic interface compatibility, offering a versatile platform for next-generation wearable technologies and extreme-environment applications. The innovative design principles and multifunctional performance underscore its significance in advancing soft material engineering.
Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering•2026•DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511043
Zero-valent iron (ZVI) suffers from surface passivation and low electron utilization in reductive removal of nitrobenzene (NB). To address these issues, a ball-milled iron/digestate biochar composite (BM-Fe/DBC) was prepared and compared with a physically mixed counterpart (PM-Fe/DBC). Characterization revealed that ball milling tightly embedded ZVI particles into the carbon matrix, forming Fe–C chemical bonds and a strong interfacial coupling structure that established efficient electron transfer channels. This structure significantly enhanced the micro-galvanic effect between iron and carbon, yielding superior reduction performance across a wide pH range (3–9). Under optimal conditions (Fe:C mass ratio 2:1, dosage 1.0 g·L−1, pH 5), BM-Fe/DBC achieved 79.9% NB removal, and the generation of aniline (AN) was 1.85 times that of PM-Fe/DBC. Mechanistic studies indicated that the intimate Fe–C interfacial coupling promoted sustained ZVI corrosion and enhanced the production of indirect reducing species, including adsorbed Fe(II) and atomic hydrogen (H*). Electrochemical analyses showed that BM-Fe/DBC exhibited a lower corrosion potential, a higher corrosion current density (approximately 2.15 times higher), and lower charge transfer resistance, kinetically confirming its superior electron transfer capability. These findings reveal that constructing strong interfacial coupling in iron–carbon composites via mechanochemical methods can effectively overcome key limitations of ZVI in reduction reactions, providing a theoretical basis and practical pathway for designing high-performance water treatment materials.
Environmental Chemistry•2026•DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025042703
This study investigated phosphorus (P) exchange at the sediment-water interface and its microbial driving mechanisms in aquaculture ponds of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Using diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), labile P concentrations in the upper sediment were significantly higher than in overlying water from late July to mid-August and in October, indicating sediment acts as a P source during these periods. The duration of aquaculture was a key factor; P diffusion flux declined from late July to mid-August and further decreased by October. Analyses of labile Fe, P-Fe correlations, and bacterial community composition and function suggested that dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction mediated by Fe-reducing bacteria and chemical Fe(III) reduction driven by sulfate-reducing bacteria metabolites were important mechanisms for P release. Additionally, bacterial-driven organic P mineralization and inorganic P dissolution contributed. The results indicate a high risk of P release from sediment to overlying water from late July to mid-August, potentially significantly affecting water P concentrations. Therefore, controlling sediment P release during this period is crucial.
Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology•2026•DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608026
Biochar and microbial inoculants are widely used for agricultural soil amendment. To investigate the effects of different straw biochars and Bacillus subtilis inoculant, applied individually or combined, on nitrogen transformation in dryland soil, a 60-day laboratory incubation experiment was conducted with six treatments: control (CK), 4% rice straw biochar (S), 4% rapeseed straw biochar (Y), 4% rice straw biochar plus 5 mg/kg inoculant (SJ), 4% rapeseed straw biochar plus 5 mg/kg inoculant (YJ), and inoculant alone (J). Results showed that rice straw biochar significantly increased soil nitrate nitrogen content by 148.74%–152.68% compared to CK, enhancing nitrification. Combined application with inoculant further increased average net nitrogen mineralization rate by 77.28%–99.38%. Conversely, rapeseed straw biochar decreased nitrate nitrogen by 51.66%–57.61%, and combined application reduced net nitrogen mineralization rate by 82.07%–84.73%. Treatments S, Y, SJ, and YJ promoted microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) synthesis, with S and Y increasing MBN by 2.02- and 2.20-fold over CK, respectively. Combined treatments further increased MBN by 103.26%–149.44% relative to single biochar treatments. These findings indicate that biochar type governs nitrification and net nitrogen mineralization, while combined application exerts synergistic effects on MBN. For comprehensive dryland soil improvement, YJ treatment is optimal, reducing inorganic nitrogen loss risk and enhancing microbial nitrogen activity.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3977-8
Single quantum well (single-QW) two-dimensional (2D) perovskites are poised to revolutionize optoelectronic devices owing to their superior stability and optoelectronic properties. However, solution-processed 2D perovskites typically suffer from disordered multiple-QW structures, leading to inconsistent device performance. Here, we introduce a solvent-hydrolysis-driven method to control crystallization kinetics, yielding highly ordered single-QW 2D perovskite films. Dimethylamine (DMA), generated from the hydrolysis of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), serves as a critical mediator, preventing cluster aggregation and ensuring a uniform colloidal distribution. This approach circumvents the formation of a heterogeneous intermediate phase, thereby promoting the formation of a homogeneous (DMA,MA)PbI3 phase, which is essential for single-QW film development. The resultant photodetector exhibits outstanding performance, with a responsivity of 1153 mA/W and a detectivity of 6.98 × 10^12 Jones, along with excellent photostability under ambient conditions. These attributes render it ideal for photoelectric imaging sensors and large-scale integration. Our findings establish a scalable, solution-processed strategy for high-performance 2D perovskite materials, opening new avenues for advanced optoelectronic applications.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3995-6
The deployment of single-site metal catalytic nodes into zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs) offers vast advantages in catalytic recyclability, product separation, and mechanistic analysis, underscoring their paramount significance in heterogeneous catalysis. Nonetheless, their occupation within pores/channels usually diminishes mass transfer and catalytic efficiency during reactions such as the hydroboration of carbonyl compounds, especially for bulkier substrates. To address this issue, three microporous single-site Ti(IV) embedded Zr-MOFs with sequentially extended ligand arms are novelly synthesized to enable precise pore modulation ranging from 9.04, 10.12, to 11.18 Å. The catalytic performance is investigated using eight carbonyl compounds of varying sizes and four additional larger-scale substrates, which demonstrates that the catalytic efficiency is increased through pore size regulation, yet still away from optimal catalytic performance. Then a further strategy was shifted to the linker installation of linear dicarboxylate ligands chelated single-site Ti(IV) within coordination-unsaturated windows of mesoporous Zr-MOFs, and the result elucidates that the obtained catalyst exhibits superior catalytic efficiency (all exceeding 90%) while preserving the inherent mesoporosity of Zr-MOFs with a pore size of approximately 21.73 Å. We believe this research provides critical guidance for future research on structural design and catalytic optimization of MOFs, opening new avenues in heterogeneous catalysis.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3960-0
Dry electrode processing offers a solvent-free and scalable pathway toward high-energy lithium metal batteries (LMBs), yet its practical implementation is constrained by tortuous ion/electron transport and weak mechanical cohesion in ultra-thick electrodes. Here, we construct a carbon-coated NASICON-type Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 nanofiber network (LATP@C) that serves as an integrated ionic-electronic scaffold within dry-processed Ni-rich cathodes. The one-dimensional LATP@C fibers form a continuous 3D percolation architecture that couples fast Li+ conduction from the NASICON core with efficient electron transport through the conformal carbon shell. Their rough, oxygen-functionalized surfaces further enhance electrolyte affinity, while the mechanically robust fibrous network bridges NCM811 secondary particles, suppressing crack initiation and preserving structural integrity during cycling. Benefiting from these collective effects, the LATP@C cathode with 100 mg cm−2 loading delivers 203 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C and maintains 96.7% capacity over 35 cycles at 0.2 C. Pouch cells incorporating 60 mg cm−2 LATP@C cathodes retain 80.5% capacity after 50 cycles, highlighting the practical viability of this design.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4082-6
High-performance nonvolatile memory devices are crucial for next-generation computing, yet achieving low-power, stable, and reproducible resistive switching remains challenging, primarily due to stochastic filament formation and limited precise control over the electronic properties of active materials. Herein, we employ a rational molecular engineering strategy to address these limitations by constructing a series of two-dimensional pyrene-based covalent organic frameworks (Py-COFs)—Py-H, Py-CH3, and Py-OH—via systematic substitution (–H, –CH3, and –OH) on the phenyl linkers to modulate backbone electronics. The electron-donating –CH3 and –OH motifs enrich the π-conjugated backbone with higher electron density, while the –OH moiety in Py-OH further engages in p-π conjugation with the benzene ring and forms intramolecular hydrogen bonds, thereby increasing framework rigidity, enhancing orbital overlap, and promoting charge delocalization. Enabled by these structural refinements, Py-OH-based devices exhibit markedly improved resistive switching behavior, characterized by a low operating voltage, an ON/OFF ratio of ~10^3.45, and excellent retention stability. Combined photophysical, electrochemical, and high-resolution TEM analyses corroborate that hydroxyl-driven p-π conjugation, hydrogen-bond reinforcement, and the emergent nanowire-like morphology synergistically suppress uncontrolled filament formation and promote efficient charge transport. These findings establish a clear structure-property correlation in functionalized Py-COFs and underscore their promise as tunable active layers for low-power, high-performance resistive memory and neuromorphic computing.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4009-0
Micro light-emitting diode (Micro-LED) display technology is a promising next-generation display technology due to its high brightness, high contrast, low power consumption, long life, and fast response. However, aggressive downscaling of Micro-LEDs to a few microns makes lift-off fabrication of metal bumps for soldered joints between Micro-LEDs and driver substrates increasingly difficult, challenging high-yield bump arrays under high-density conditions. This study innovatively replaces conventional metal bumps with a photosensitive conductive polymer (PCP), enabling fabrication of polymeric micro-bump arrays via well-established photolithography, bypassing complex lift-off processes and reducing short-circuit risk. Isopropyl alcohol regulates developer wettability for optimal development, yielding bump arrays with bump size 20 μm × 12 μm and height (1.9288 ± 0.0213) μm on thin-film transistor (TFT) drivers with yield over 99.99%. The issue of low bonding yield from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) thermal expansion was resolved by adjusting chip spacing on the temporary substrate, achieving bonding yield exceeding 99.8%. A 0.99-inch full-color Micro-LED display with density 114 pixels per inch (PPI) and brightness 5537 cd/m² was fabricated. High-yield bump arrays, Micro-LED arrays, and high bonding yield are highly reproducible, promoting development of Micro-LED displays and related fields.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4058-4
Bacterial infection following endometrial injury delays tissue regeneration and may progress to endometritis and other reproductive disorders. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers a promising antibacterial strategy in the post-antibiotic era, yet its efficacy is often limited by rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers and poor penetration of visible excitation light. Here, we report a previously unexplored upconversion-mediated, Type I dominant photodynamic antibacterial uterine scaffold specifically designed for infection-associated endometrial injury. The core innovation is the construction of a Schottky Ag0-Ag2S heterojunction on NaYF4:Yb,Tm nanoparticles using ZIF-8 as a sacrificial precursor, enabling efficient charge separation and oxygen-independent hydroxyl radical generation, overcoming the oxygen dependence of conventional Type II PDT under hypoxic uterine conditions. The upconversion core permits deep-tissue-penetrable near-infrared (NIR) activation. Beyond instantaneous PDT, dynamic release of Ag+ ions provides synergistic bactericidal activity, enabling spatiotemporally coordinated biofilm disruption. These nanostructures were incorporated into patient-customizable, biodegradable poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) scaffolds fabricated by selective laser sintering, achieving simultaneous antibacterial therapy and endometrial regeneration in a single platform. This integration of an oxygen-independent PDT mechanism, MOF-templated heterojunction engineering, and 3D printed personalized uterine implants constitutes a comprehensive therapeutic strategy not previously reported for treating infection and endometrial injury.
Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology•2026•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60708-6
Mercury emissions from coal combustion are highly toxic, volatile, and bioaccumulative, posing long-term threats to ecosystems and human health. This review systematically examines the current status and control policies of mercury emissions from coal combustion in China, analyzing distribution characteristics and transformation mechanisms during combustion, with emphasis on collaborative removal in pollution control devices after ultra-low emission retrofitting. A progressive strategy of 'synergistic enhancement–deep purification–resource recycling' is proposed, comprising three tiers: optimizing operational parameters of existing control systems to enhance synergistic mercury removal; developing efficient adsorption and catalytic oxidation technologies for industrial application; and advancing integrated mercury removal and recovery technologies, such as magnetosphere-based sorbents and recovery processes, focusing on high-value utilization. The paper also outlines future research directions aligned with international compliance and domestic environmental tax policies, providing theoretical and technical support for China's commitments to near-zero emissions of coal combustion pollutants.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4334-9
Piezoelectric materials underpin modern electromechanical energy conversion, serving as critical components in sensors, actuators, and energy harvesters. Their performance is intrinsically governed by the piezoelectric coefficient, yet optimizing this property remains challenging due to the profound influence of diverse microscopic structures. This review systematically examines three fundamental crystalline architectures—perovskite, wurtzite, and fluorite—and critically analyzes performance optimization strategies tailored to each structure. We explore five principal modification approaches: defect engineering, elemental doping, heterostructure film fabrication, composite film design, and buffer layer incorporation, with emphasis on the underlying physical mechanisms that drive property enhancements. By providing a cross-structural comparison, this review establishes clear structure–property relationships, offering a foundational guide for material selection and design. Furthermore, we highlight the implications of these advanced materials for next-generation applications in energy harvesting and smart devices. Finally, we present a forward-looking roadmap, outlining emerging research directions and addressing key technical challenges to guide the development of next-generation high-performance piezoelectric materials.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4162-0
The urea oxidation reaction (UOR) offers a low-energy pathway for hydrogen production via water electrolysis, but Ni-based catalysts suffer from Ni self-oxidation reaction (NSOR) that wastes energy and poisons active sites via strong CO2 adsorption. Here, we design MoN/Ni heterostructures to optimize the electronic structure of Ni sites, suppressing NSOR. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirm the formation of electron-rich Mo and electron-deficient Ni active pairs. In-situ spectroscopy, electrochemical tests, and density functional theory calculations reveal that electron-rich Mo sites enhance urea adsorption, while electron-deficient Ni sites prevent NSOR, facilitating urea activation, intermediate conversion, and CO2 desorption. The synergistic effect yields a current density of 100 mA cm−2 at only 1.39 V vs. RHE in 1 M KOH + 0.33 M urea, outperforming many NiOOH-based catalysts. This work introduces a novel high-performance catalyst with electron-rich/electron-deficient active pairs for efficient UOR.