Bioinspired multi-scale heterogeneous layered structure enhances strength and ductility of copper matrix composites

• • The MHLC composite achieves an optimal strength-ductility balance by alternating Cu-Ti layers (with plate-like β-Cu4Ti) and GNPs/Cu layers (with graphene nanoplatelets), enabling synergistic reinforcement at multiple scales. • • Finite element simulation reveals that at an applied strain of 7.96%, high-strain regions increase, leading to fracture and deformation of reinforcements; at 23.98%, voids appear and develop into cracks, indicating progressive damage evolution. • • The zigzag fracture pattern at the interface, consistent with experimental observations, confirms high interfacial bonding strength that withstands stress without separation, crucial for structural integrity. • • The bending deformation of β-Cu4Ti observed at the fracture surface indicates that it possesses not only high hardness and strength but also excellent toughness, contributing to the composite's ductility.