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Published Research PapersFiltered: Year 2026 • 44 • 8

Showing 28 of 127 peer-reviewed papers with full Graphical Abstracts.

Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608007• Jan 15, 2026

Antibiotic Pollution Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment in the Tidal Reach of the Minjiang River During Low-Water Periods Under Policy Intervention

Authors: FU Junjie, MA Xiaodan, YE Zengjie, XIE Rongrong, CHEN Xi, YAN Zhenhua, ZHAO Xuan, LI Jiabing, HU Wei, JIANG Caiping, WANG Jiangfei, CHEN Wei, YUAN Yulan

The Minjiang River Basin, subjected to combined pollution from domestic, agricultural, and industrial sources, has become a typical sensitive area for studying the environmental behavior of emerging contaminants such as antibiotics. This study conducted a cross-year comparative analysis of the composition and concentrations of antibiotics in water samples from nine sampling sites during the dry season in November 2022 and 2024. The findings revealed: 1) After the implementation of the "National Action Plan for Reducing Antimicrobial Use in Livestock", the detection concentrations of tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) decreased (e.g., doxycycline concentrations dropped from 7.75 ng/L to undetectable levels), and the mixed risk quotient (MRQ) across the entire basin transitioned from medium to low risk. However, lincomycin (up to 4.6 ng/L), clarithromycin (1.3 ng/L), and florfenicol (0.6 ng/L) have emerged, indicating an increasing hidden ecological risk from substitution. 2) High-concentration antibiotic zones transferred from urban residential areas in 2022 to intensive aquaculture zones and upstream reservoir areas in 2024. The reduction in dry-season water flow intensified pollutant accumulation, synergistically enhancing the effects of tidal drag. Additionally, the conversion of agricultural land to aquaculture ponds led to increased use of alternative drugs (e.g., sulfamethazine), while policy interventions mitigated the exacerbation of urban antibiotic pollution by construction land. This study elucidates the migration patterns of antibiotic pollution under the synergistic effects of policy regulation and natural processes, emphasizing the need to address hidden risks of substitute drugs and the driving role of land-use changes, providing scientific basis for watershed-scale risk assessment and precise management of emerging pollutants.

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Antibiotic Pollution Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment in the Tidal Reach of the Minjiang River During Low-Water Periods Under Policy Intervention

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608009• Jan 15, 2026

Numerical Simulation and Application of Natural Draft Direct Air-Cooling Tower for Large Coal-Fired Power Units

Authors: YANG Qian, SUN Zhenguo, SUN Xinfeng, NING Wengang, ZHANG Xiaobing, WANG Haijun, GU Hongfang, XU Kuan, DENG Shuanghui, WANG Xuebin

To investigate the flow and heat transfer characteristics of natural draft direct air-cooling towers (NDC) for large coal-fired power generating units, a three-dimensional CFD numerical model covering major plant buildings, air-cooled radiators, and ambient wind fields was established based on the NDC systems of a 2×660 MW unit of a power plant. The influences of meteorological factors, including ambient wind speed, ambient temperature, and ambient wind direction, as well as regulation measures such as rolling shutters, louvers, and bypass windows on the heat dissipation performance of NDC towers were systematically analyzed. The results demonstrate that ambient wind speed acts as the dominant factor governing the performance of the NDC system. As wind speed rose, the uneven distribution of air intake volume and heat dissipation among each cooling delta increased remarkably, which elevated the unit back pressure, and the upstream tower suffered more severe impacts than the downstream one. Ambient temperature exerted a slight effect on circumferential flow distribution, yet substantially changed the overall back pressure of the system. In terms of regulation strategies, closing rolling shutters in the windward zone and reducing the opening of partial louvers can improve air flow redistribution to a certain extent, but will reduce the total air flow rate and total heat dissipation of the entire tower. By contrast, bottom bypass windows can effectively optimize the air intake on the leeward side and boost heat dissipation under high-wind operating conditions, whereas top bypass windows deliver only limited improvement effects. This research can provide fundamental data and technical references for the optimal design, operational regulation, and energy-saving retrofitting of large NDC units.

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Numerical Simulation and Application of Natural Draft Direct Air-Cooling Tower for Large Coal-Fired Power Units

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608003• Jan 15, 2026

Community Succession and Carbon Footprint Accounting of a Pilot-Scale Anaerobic Filter During Recovery After Long-Term Shutdown Under Low-Temperature Stress

Authors: ZHANG Shiyong, LIU Xiuhong, CHENG Rong, YANG Qing

The transition of municipal wastewater treatment from energy-intensive aerobic processes to energy-recovering anaerobic technologies is critical for achieving carbon neutrality. However, anaerobic treatment of low-strength wastewater faces operational challenges, especially after prolonged shutdowns and under low-temperature stress. This study investigated the recovery and performance of a pilot-scale anaerobic filter (AF) packed with volcanic rock media (effective volume 240 L) treating actual municipal wastewater. After a 234-day starvation period, the AF recovered within 63 days by extending hydraulic retention time from 8 to 12 hours, achieving total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) removal amounts of 58.6 mg/L and 21.5 mg/L, respectively. Following 100 days of low-temperature operation (influent temperature dropped to 11.7 °C), TCOD and SCOD removal amounts remained at 54.6 mg/L and 28.6 mg/L, respectively. Although methane production volume decreased, the specific methane yield was not significantly affected (0.276 L CH4/g TCODre during recovery vs. 0.244 L CH4/g TCODre under low temperature). Mechanistic analysis revealed that increased protein secretion in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was crucial for resistance to low-temperature stress, with protein content negatively correlated with temperature. Microbial community analysis showed that functional populations recovered in the order of hydrolytic acidogens, hydrogen-producing acetogens, and methanogens. Methanobacterium dominated after starvation, while Methanosaeta became dominant after low-temperature exposure due to its high affinity for acetate. Carbon footprint accounting indicated that recovering dissolved methane and coupling with nitrate-dependent methane oxidation is the optimal strategy for carbon reduction.

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Community Succession and Carbon Footprint Accounting of a Pilot-Scale Anaerobic Filter During Recovery After Long-Term Shutdown Under Low-Temperature Stress

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608008• Jan 15, 2026

Circular-Economy-Oriented Medium-Chain Fatty Acid Production from Organic Wastes via Chain Elongation: Artificial Regulation and Resource-Loop Pathways

Authors: WU Xuejiao, MA Haoyi, YANG Ying, ZHENG Ran, DONG Jian, CUI Han, ZHANG Yafei, ZHOU Dandan

Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), including caproate and caprylate, are promising biobased products with high energy density, hydrophobicity, and chemical conversion value, serving as key intermediates linking organic waste valorization to circular economy development. Compared to conventional anaerobic digestion for methane, chain elongation (CE) via reverse β-oxidation (RBO) converts short-chain intermediates (e.g., acetate, lactate, ethanol) into higher-value carboxylic acids, offering a novel route for resource recovery from sewage sludge, food waste, agricultural residues, livestock manure, and high-strength organic wastewater. However, natural mixed-culture CE systems face constraints from substrate composition fluctuations, electron donor competition, methanogenic carbon diversion, insufficient product selectivity, product toxicity, and high separation costs, hindering stable, efficient, and targeted MCFA production. This review systematically summarizes the metabolic mechanisms, artificial regulation strategies, and engineering bottlenecks in CE-based MCFA production, emphasizing directed recovery of carbon and electron resources from organic wastes. Future directions include stable continuous-flow operation, product separation and recovery, techno-economic assessment, and life cycle evaluation. The review aims to provide insights for high-value organic waste utilization and synergistic optimization of carbon and energy recovery.

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Circular-Economy-Oriented Medium-Chain Fatty Acid Production from Organic Wastes via Chain Elongation: Artificial Regulation and Resource-Loop Pathways

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608001• Jan 15, 2026

Resource Recovery Efficiency and Microbial Community Response in Anaerobic Chain Elongation of Discharging Wastewater from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Authors: HUA Feng, SUN Dezhi, XU Weichao, CAO Hongbin

The discharging wastewater from spent lithium-ion batteries is characterized by complex composition, high salinity, and substantial organic load, making its efficient treatment and resource recovery a critical challenge in the lithium battery recycling chain. This study investigated the feasibility of applying anaerobic chain elongation technology for resource recovery from such wastewater. The results showed that the reactor could tolerate up to 40% discharge wastewater in the feed, with caproate production reaching 6.38 g/L. However, when the wastewater proportion increased to 60%, system performance declined sharply, and the synthesis of butyrate and caproate ceased. Batch screening experiments ruled out the influence of high salinity (TDS ≈ 12 g/L) and metal ions such as Li+, Ni2+, Co2+, and Mn2+, identifying fluoride (F-) as the dominant inhibitory factor leading to functional failure. Concentration gradient experiments further quantified the inhibitory effect of F-. At concentrations below 600 mg/L, butyrate production remained largely unaffected; at 900 mg/L, substrate metabolism was severely inhibited, with only slight recovery observed at the final stage; and at 1200 mg/L, chain elongation metabolism was completely blocked. Microbial community analysis revealed that the chain elongation function was undertaken by different taxonomic groups at different stages. Initially, Clostridium kluyveri dominated, followed by a shift to Caproicibacterium and Thermocaproicibacter during the mid-phase. In the recovery phase, a synergistic consortium of Oscillibacter valericigenes and Caproicibacterium sp. emerged. Furthermore, after introducing actual discharging wastewater, microbial groups such as Brevundimonas diminuta and Clostridium ljungdahlii, which are likely involved in degrading complex organics, gradually became enriched, providing the substrate foundation for chain elongation. This study offers a feasible strategy and mechanistic insights for the high-value bioconversion of wastewater from lithium battery recycling.

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Resource Recovery Efficiency and Microbial Community Response in Anaerobic Chain Elongation of Discharging Wastewater from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608004• Jan 15, 2026

Design and Implementation of an Energy-Saving Onsite Thermal Treatment System for Hazardous Medical Organic Waste Liquid

Authors: XU Kepei, ZHUO Yuqun

This paper presents the design and implementation of an energy-saving onsite thermal treatment system for hazardous medical organic waste liquid. The system integrates automatic control with energy-efficient and eco-friendly operation, enabling immediate treatment at the source and reducing storage and transportation volumes by over 95%. It comprises four modules: waste liquid identification, graded thermal treatment, heat recovery, and tail gas purification. The graded thermal treatment technology effectively processes waste liquids with varying compositions and calorific values. On-site experiments were conducted on four typical medical organic waste liquids over one year. Results demonstrated effective treatment meeting safety and environmental requirements, with dioxin concentrations below 0.1 ng-TEQ/m³ and CO, NOx, and SOx emissions within permissible limits. The system offers economic benefits by eliminating long-distance transport and centralized treatment costs. This approach addresses the limitations of traditional long-chain, manual-intensive disposal methods, which pose significant safety and environmental risks.

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Design and Implementation of an Energy-Saving Onsite Thermal Treatment System for Hazardous Medical Organic Waste Liquid

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608006• Jan 15, 2026

Prediction of Available Phosphorus Formation and Analysis of Key Influencing Factors during Organic Waste Composting Using Stacking Ensemble Learning

Authors: DAI Xu, YANG Xiaofan, QU Jing, ZHANG Meng, GAO Xiaozhong, CHENG Xiang, YANG Tianxue, SUN Dezhi

Organic waste is a potential phosphorus reservoir, and understanding the dynamics of available phosphorus (AP) during its resource utilization is critical for efficient phosphorus recovery. Composting, a key route for organic waste valorization, involves complex transformations of phosphorus alongside organic matter degradation and humification. However, the long duration and high cost of composting experiments, coupled with multifactorial influences, hinder efficient elucidation of AP dynamics via conventional methods. This study compiled data from 33 publications, constructing a dataset of 647 samples. Data preprocessing included iterative imputation, one-hot encoding, and standardization. A stacking ensemble learning model was developed to predict AP generation during composting. The optimal ensemble comprised XGBoost and SVR as base learners and ElasticNet as the meta-learner, achieving R² values of 0.954 and 0.928 on training and test sets, respectively, with low overall error. SHAP analysis revealed that key factors influencing AP content, in descending order of importance, were feedstock type, bulking agent type, turning interval, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and C/N ratio. Notably, livestock manure as feedstock and straw-based bulking agents contributed positively to AP predictions. Partial dependence plots indicated that lower pH and C/N ratios generally favored AP accumulation throughout composting. During the initial stage, higher moisture content and lower EC enhanced AP; in the thermophilic phase, higher temperatures corresponded to higher AP; and during cooling and maturation, maintaining moisture below 48% and C/N below 14, while extending composting beyond 43 days, promoted AP accumulation. This study demonstrates accurate AP prediction via stacking ensemble learning and identifies critical factors, offering support for optimizing phosphorus management in composting engineering.

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Prediction of Available Phosphorus Formation and Analysis of Key Influencing Factors during Organic Waste Composting Using Stacking Ensemble Learning

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608002• Jan 15, 2026

Integration of Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage with Molten Salt Thermal Energy Storage and Microalgal Carbon Fixation for Circular Development in the Thermal Power Sector

Authors: GU Xuedian, DENG Jiakang, CHANG Haixing, Shih-Hsin HO, REN Nanqi

Under the synergistic policy framework of carbon peaking, carbon neutrality, and the circular economy, existing carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) projects in coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) face significant challenges, including high regeneration energy demand, reliance on turbine steam extraction, limited carbon utilization pathways, poor economic viability, and difficulties in by-product management. This study proposes an integrated low-carbon retrofitting strategy that couples molten salt thermal energy storage (TES) and microalgal carbon fixation systems with existing CCUS facilities under minimal plant modification. A closed-loop carbon and energy utilization framework is established, integrating waste heat recovery, primary CO2 capture, secondary biological carbon fixation, and biomass fuel recycling. The system operates through a gradient synergistic mechanism: (i) recovered waste heat is stored in a molten-salt TES unit to provide regeneration energy, replacing conventional steam extraction; (ii) CO2 is initially captured by the CCUS process; (iii) residual CO2 is further utilized by microalgae for deep carbon fixation; and (iv) harvested algal sludge is converted into biomass fuel for co-firing within the power plant, completing the carbon recycling loop. The technical architecture, coupling mechanisms, scenario-specific implementation pathways, and operational risk control strategies are systematically evaluated. Results indicate that the integrated system can reduce energy consumption by approximately 30%–40% per unit of CO2 captured, increase overall carbon fixation efficiency by 15%–20%, and shorten the investment payback period to less than five years. The framework enables transformation of conventional coal-fired power plants from single-purpose energy producers into multifunctional circular systems integrating energy generation, carbon cycling, and resource recovery. Owing to technological maturity, adaptability to different plant capacities and geographical conditions, and a clear deployment roadmap, this solution provides a practical, replicable, and scalable pathway for low-carbon and circular transition.

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Integration of Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage with Molten Salt Thermal Energy Storage and Microalgal Carbon Fixation for Circular Development in the Thermal Power Sector

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608005• Jan 15, 2026

Recovery of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer via Superheated Steam Pyrolysis: Mechanisms, Properties, and Prospects

Authors: GUO Xiang, ZHANG Meng, LI Tian, XU Guodong, LI Yang, CHEN Da

The escalating volume of end-of-life carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and the high energy consumption and emissions of virgin fiber production necessitate low-carbon recycling technologies. Superheated steam pyrolysis, an emerging method, is systematically reviewed. At 450–500 °C, the synergistic 'hydrothermal-weak oxidation' mechanism enables controlled resin cracking and simultaneous char removal. Key parameters—temperature, oxygen concentration, residence time, and CO2/steam two-step coupling—affect the mechanical, surface, and electrical properties of recycled carbon fiber (rCF). A 'low-temperature, short-duration, micro-oxygen' process retains over 90% tensile strength. Comparison of laboratory, pilot, and industrial setups highlights challenges in exhaust gas treatment, multi-component waste adaptability, and energy integration. Life cycle assessment (LCA) confirms this route reduces energy consumption by ~25% and carbon emissions by ~30% versus landfilling/incineration, offering environmental and economic advantages. Future research should focus on product databases, distributed recycling networks, and unified LCA frameworks to support CFRP closed-loop recycling.

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Recovery of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer via Superheated Steam Pyrolysis: Mechanisms, Properties, and Prospects

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608010• Jan 15, 2026

Construction and Adsorption Performance of Coal Fly Ash-Based Hierarchical Porous Zeolite A

Authors: REN Xiaoyu, LI Mengya, MA Faxue, JIANG Aiyun

Under the synergistic advancement of the Dual Carbon Strategy and circular economy, high-value utilization of coal fly ash and multiscale pollutant remediation are critical. Direct synthesis of hierarchical porous zeolite A from coal fly ash, integrating microporous framework and mesoporous channels, faces challenges due to complex impurities and difficulty in controlling crystal growth and pore architecture. To overcome bottlenecks of conventional microporous zeolite A—narrow pores, mass-transfer limitations, and inefficiency in removing larger pollutants—this study used acid-treated coal fly ash as silica-alumina source and a soft-template-assisted alkali fusion-hydrothermal method to synthesize hierarchical porous zeolite A with three-dimensionally interconnected mesoporous network. Effects of template type and dosage on crystalline phase, morphology, and pore structure were systematically investigated. With 3% dimethyloctadecyl[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ammonium chloride (TPOAC) as template, the zeolite exhibited step-like rough cubic morphology formed by self-assembly of nanocrystals. Its specific surface area and total pore volume reached 57.0 m²/g and 0.1351 cm³/g, respectively, approximately three- and four-fold increases over conventional microporous zeolite A. Using aqueous ammonia nitrogen and gaseous acetone as probe pollutants, differential responses were revealed: for ammonia nitrogen (ion-exchange mechanism), hierarchical pores mainly improved mass transfer, yielding adsorption capacity comparable to microporous zeolite A; for acetone (molecular sieving effect), hierarchical zeolite leveraged developed mesoporosity to overcome steric hindrance and induce capillary condensation, increasing adsorption capacity from 12 mg/g (microporous) to 59 mg/g—a 3.9-fold enhancement. This study elucidates structure-activity relationships and provides theoretical and technical support for large-scale fly ash utilization and design of materials for complex pollutant remediation.

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Construction and Adsorption Performance of Coal Fly Ash-Based Hierarchical Porous Zeolite A

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608025• Jan 15, 2026

Source Apportionment and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Hongjiannao Lake Based on the APCS-MLR Model

Authors: ZHANG Yaning, PENG Yan, WU Xijun, DONG Ying, HE Xinlin, LIU Jing, LI Bingbing

To evaluate heavy metal contamination and human health risks in desert lakes, this study analyzed concentrations of seven heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, As) in Hongjiannao Lake, Northern Shaanxi, from 2013 to 2024. The absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) model quantitatively apportioned pollution sources, and a health risk assessment model evaluated non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. Results showed average concentrations of the seven metals did not exceed background values, but 28.57% of sampling points exceeded background for As, with a maximum exceedance factor of 1.92. Total average concentration decreased from 112.51 μg/L (2013–2016) to 58.80 μg/L (2017–2024), attributed to the 2016 closure of small coal mines and ecological restoration around the 4A scenic area. Source apportionment identified four sources: industrial (35.44%), agricultural (24.67%), natural (23.65%), and traffic (16.23%), indicating industrial dominance. Non-carcinogenic risks were negligible, but carcinogenic risks exceeded the alert value (1×10⁻⁴), with adults at higher risk than children. Oral ingestion was the primary exposure pathway. As and Cd were key control elements, with exceedance rates of 100% and 16.67%, respectively. These findings provide a theoretical basis for health risk prevention and environmental management.

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Source Apportionment and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Hongjiannao Lake Based on the APCS-MLR Model

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608017• Jan 15, 2026

CO Emission Factors from High-Carbon Ferrochrome Production in Submerged Arc Furnaces: A Field Study in Inner Mongolia, China

Authors: LÜ Chen, LIU Ying, LU Yong, CAI Bofeng

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a significant gaseous pollutant emitted during high-carbon ferrochrome (HCFeCr) production, yet measured emission factors for different furnace types remain scarce, hindering accurate emission inventories and pollution control assessments. This study addresses this gap by investigating four typical HCFeCr production facilities in Ulanqab, Inner Mongolia, China, comprising two semi-closed submerged arc furnaces (SAFs) and two closed SAFs. A hybrid methodology combining manual stack sampling and continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS) data was employed. A characteristic CO-to-NOx concentration ratio was established from manual measurements, which was then applied to continuous NOx data to estimate CO emissions and product-based emission factors. Results revealed substantial process-dependent variability: semi-closed SAFs (Facilities A and B) exhibited CO emission factors of 7.06 kg/t and 3.66 kg/t, respectively, whereas closed SAFs (Facilities C and D) with associated pelletizing processes showed notably lower factors of 1.41 kg/t and 0.51 kg/t. On average, semi-closed furnaces emitted approximately six times more CO per tonne of product than closed furnaces. Furnace sealing degree and raw material ratios were identified as key determinants. These findings underscore the inadequacy of using a single average emission factor for HCFeCr production and advocate for furnace-type-specific factors to improve emission accounting accuracy. This study provides essential measured data for developing refined CO emission inventories and supporting pollution reduction policies in the ferroalloy industry.

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CO Emission Factors from High-Carbon Ferrochrome Production in Submerged Arc Furnaces: A Field Study in Inner Mongolia, China

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608015• Jan 15, 2026

Water Quality Assessment of Inter-basin Water Transfer in Water Supply Areas Based on Coupled EFDC-SWAT Model

Authors: LI Haixiang, XU Yueping, JIANG Yanming, WANG Xiuling, YANG Le, KONG Linlin, QIU Jiong, JIA Xiaofang

Inter-basin water diversion projects can profoundly alter the water quality dynamics of receiving basins. Taking the Qincun Reservoir and its downstream reaches in the Huangze River Basin as a case study, this research quantitatively evaluates water-quality responses under multiple coordinated management measures. An integrated Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code-Soil and Water Assessment Tool (EFDC-SWAT) modeling framework was established, coupling a two-dimensional hydrodynamic-water-quality model for the reservoir with a hydrology-water-quality model for the downstream reaches. Seven management scenarios were designed to reflect various combinations of point- and non-point-source pollution control strategies. Simulations focused on spatiotemporal variations in key indicators—total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and permanganate index (CODMn)—and assessed pollution-load reduction effectiveness. Comparative analysis using the comprehensive water quality identification index (CWQII) revealed that under Scenario 3 (highest pollution-control standards with lowest diversion volume), TN and TP concentrations in the reservoir decreased by 80% and 50%, respectively, achieving Class II water-quality standards. Downstream TN and TP levels declined by 36% and 33%, and the CWQII improved from 4.211 to 3.410. Land consolidation contributed 77% and 45% to TN and TP load reductions in the reservoir, respectively, while a 20% reduction in diversion volume was most effective in improving downstream TN (>50%). These results demonstrate that the coupled EFDC-SWAT model effectively elucidates mechanisms through which inter-basin water diversion influences water quality in supply areas. Moreover, synergistic point- and non-point-source controls exhibit a nonlinear enhancement effect on overall water-quality improvement.

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Water Quality Assessment of Inter-basin Water Transfer in Water Supply Areas Based on Coupled EFDC-SWAT Model

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608016• Jan 15, 2026

Migration Mechanisms and Pump-and-Treat Remediation Simulation for Benzene and Halogenated Hydrocarbons in Groundwater at a Pesticide-Contaminated Site

Authors: WANG Hongquan

Legacy contaminated sites from relocated chemical plants pose severe risks to groundwater and human health. This study investigated a pesticide-contaminated site using the Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) to construct three-dimensional geological, flow, and solute transport models, simulating migration of benzene, chloroform, and vinyl chloride and evaluating pump-and-treat remediation. Results showed initial uniform spread within 100 days, evolving to elliptical diffusion along southeast-northwest flow by 500–2000 days. Maximum migration distances reached 154.5 m (benzene), 130.5 m (chloroform), and 165.2 m (vinyl chloride), with diffusion areas of 18117.4, 13928.5, and 25043.2 m², respectively. Peak concentrations decreased over time: benzene from 53.3 to 13.0 mg/L (75.6% reduction), chloroform from 112.0 to 20.0 mg/L (82.1%), and vinyl chloride from 128.0 to 24.0 mg/L (81.3%). Dynamic pumping simulations reduced plume areas by 85.8%, 78.0%, and 85.9% at 400 days, with peak concentration reductions of 90.2%, 82.1%, and 93.8%. Within 500 days, all concentrations fell below targets, with total pumping volumes of 94500, 60000, and 72000 m³. Fenton reagent (3% dosage) effectively treated extracted groundwater. Numerical simulation optimizes contamination delineation and pumping strategies, offering a cost-efficient pathway for similar sites.

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Migration Mechanisms and Pump-and-Treat Remediation Simulation for Benzene and Halogenated Hydrocarbons in Groundwater at a Pesticide-Contaminated Site

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608012• Jan 15, 2026

Research Progress on Side-Stream Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Process for Achieving Efficient Phosphorus Removal

Authors: LI Yan, PI Yongrui, ZHANG Congcong

The challenge of limited phosphorus removal efficiency in low-carbon municipal wastewater is addressed by the innovative side-stream enhanced biological phosphorus removal (S2EBPR) process, which has garnered significant attention. Recent research highlights the core mechanism rooted in the metabolic traits of phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs), pivotal for effective phosphorus removal. However, conventional enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) processes face constraints under low C/P conditions, where the scarcity of carbon source weakens PAOs’ competitive edge, directly impeding phosphorus removal efficiency. Consequently, S2EBPR establishes a side-stream sludge fermentation unit, through which anaerobic fermentation conditions are precisely regulated and PAOs’ dominant position in carbon source competition is strengthened, thereby enhancing the enrichment of PAOs and the optimization of their metabolism. This breakthrough not only overcomes the low C/P limitation but also underscores the fundamental advantage of S2EBPR. Furthermore, the discussion delves into the critical operational and environmental parameters influencing its efficacy, offering a foundation for precise process management. Looking ahead, the synergistic development of S2EBPR alongside emerging water treatment technologies holds promise for simultaneously efficient nitrogen and phosphorus removal in wastewater treatment, thereby furnishing technical insights for fostering sustainable resource recycling practices.

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Research Progress on Side-Stream Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Process for Achieving Efficient Phosphorus Removal

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608019• Jan 15, 2026

Numerical Simulation of a Circulating Fluidized Bed Desulfurization Reactor with Bypass

Authors: ZHU Shengjun, LIANG Baorui, SU Wei

The semi-dry desulfurization process in circulating fluidized beds (CFB) is sensitive to reactor flow field, which directly impacts desulfurization efficiency. To accommodate variable flue gas loads while maintaining constant Venturi tube velocity, a bypass structure crossing the Venturi section was introduced between the reactor inlet and diffusion section. Numerical simulations using ANSYS Fluent were conducted to evaluate the effects of bypass valve opening and number of bypass pipes on flow field uniformity and pressure loss. Results indicate that for flue gas load variations, bypass valve openings must exceed 50% and at least two bypass pipes are required to ensure uniform flow distribution. At 100% flue gas load, the empty reactor pressure loss was 911 Pa, decreasing to approximately 500 Pa at lower loads. The optimized bypass configuration enables stable and uniform flow fields with reduced pressure loss across a wide load range of 50%–100%, offering an effective solution for enhancing desulfurization efficiency and operational adaptability in industrial applications.

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Numerical Simulation of a Circulating Fluidized Bed Desulfurization Reactor with Bypass

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608022• Jan 15, 2026

Energy Balance and Economic Analysis of Multi-Source Sewage Sludge Drying and Incineration

Authors: XU Peng, LU Yicheng

Since the first domestic sludge incineration project was commissioned at Shanghai's Shidongkou Wastewater Treatment Plant in 2004, sludge mono-incineration has been progressively adopted in economically developed Chinese cities. However, decentralized planning of wastewater treatment facilities and variable sludge characteristics complicate the centralized design and operation of incineration plants. This study, based on the planning and engineering design of a sludge incineration plant in Qingdao, analyzes sludge from major municipal wastewater treatment plants, which differ significantly in moisture and organic content due to varying influent characteristics and treatment processes. An energy balance model was constructed using data on sludge moisture and organic content, leading to a sludge allocation scheme and a simplified cost calculation method for heterogeneous sludge. This supports differentiated pricing and rational distribution in drying and incineration projects. Additionally, comparing conventional dewatering (to 76% moisture) and deep dewatering (to 65% moisture) from a "wastewater treatment plant + incineration" perspective, the study evaluates full-process costs and carbon emissions. Results show that deep dewatering increases dewatering costs and emissions but reduces transport and incineration costs and emissions, yielding lower total costs and emissions. The findings provide a basis for optimizing municipal sludge treatment planning and process selection.

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Energy Balance and Economic Analysis of Multi-Source Sewage Sludge Drying and Incineration

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608011• Jan 15, 2026

Progress and Prospects in Fenton-like Methods for Tetracycline-Containing Wastewater Treatment

Authors: BAN Fuchen, ZHAO Jianghao

Tetracycline, a poorly biodegradable organic pollutant, poses a serious threat to aquatic environments. Fenton-like methods have attracted attention for their high efficiency in treating tetracycline-containing wastewater by generating hydroxyl radicals (·OH) via H2O2 activation, thereby improving wastewater biodegradability. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in improved Fenton methods (electro-, photo-, and sono-Fenton) and heterogeneous Fenton systems, detailing reaction mechanisms, treatment efficiencies, and technical features. Under optimized conditions, tetracycline removal rates exceed 90% for various methods. Heterogeneous Fenton methods demonstrate superior applicability over a wider pH range, reduced iron sludge production, and excellent catalyst recyclability, representing the most promising strategy for practical implementation. Future perspectives emphasize developing novel catalysts, optimizing reactor design, controlling toxic by-products, and integrating hybrid technologies to facilitate practical application.

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Progress and Prospects in Fenton-like Methods for Tetracycline-Containing Wastewater Treatment

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608018• Jan 15, 2026

Research progress on Ru-based catalysts for catalytic oxidation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds

Authors: ZHU Xinbao, YANG Wenhao, ZHAO Dongyue, SONG Haitao

Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) are volatile, difficult to degrade, and highly toxic, posing serious threats to the atmospheric environment and human health. Catalytic oxidation is currently one of the mainstream methods for CVOCs abatement, owing to its high efficiency, safety, and economic feasibility, and its key aspect lies in the design and development of high-performance catalysts. In the catalytic oxidation of CVOCs, the poisoning effect of chlorine species on catalysts severely restricts catalytic performance. Ru-based catalysts, which exhibit excellent catalytic oxidation activity toward CVOCs and favorable chlorine-resistant performance, have been widely studied in recent years. This paper reviews the latest research progress on Ru-based catalysts for the catalytic oxidation of CVOCs. The mechanism of catalytic oxidation of CVOCs by Ru-based catalysts is elucidated through a systematic analysis of the relevant literature. Furthermore, the strategies for the design and structural regulation of Ru-based catalysts are outlined from the perspectives of active components, supports, and surface modification. Finally, novel preparation methods for Ru-based catalysts and the influence of reaction components on catalytic performance are summarized. Future research directions in this field are also prospected, aiming to provide a reference for the subsequent design and development of high-performance Ru-based catalysts suitable for complex operating conditions.

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Research progress on Ru-based catalysts for catalytic oxidation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608013• Jan 15, 2026

Combined Application of Compound Algicide and Submerged Plants for Algal Bloom Control and Eutrophic Water Remediation

Authors: LI Xiaozhen, LI Wei, HUO Bintang, SHENG Weijing, DAI Taotao, ZHONG Jiayou, DAI Guofei, CHEN Yuwei

Eutrophication and cyanobacterial blooms threaten aquatic ecosystems and drinking water safety globally. This study evaluated the efficacy of a compound algicide (PQGA-126, PAC, and red soil) combined with submerged plants (Vallisneria natans and Hydrilla verticillata) for suppressing blooms and restoring eutrophic water. Indoor static experiments used algae-laden water from Nanhu Lake, Gongqingcheng, Jiangxi. Six treatments were established: control, V. natans alone, H. verticillata alone, algicide alone, algicide + V. natans, and algicide + H. verticillata. Results demonstrated that combined treatments significantly reduced total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and turbidity, markedly lowering eutrophication within a short period. The combined approach outperformed single-plant treatments, with algicide + V. natans achieving the greatest reduction in the comprehensive trophic state index. Additionally, the algicide significantly enhanced V. natans growth rate and H. verticillata catalase (CAT) activity, indicating species-specific physiological responses. These findings suggest that integrating compound algicide with submerged plants, particularly V. natans, offers a promising strategy for rapid and effective eutrophic water remediation.

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Combined Application of Compound Algicide and Submerged Plants for Algal Bloom Control and Eutrophic Water Remediation

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608020• Jan 15, 2026

Progress, Challenges, and Policy Insights for Collaborative Innovation Pilots on Pollution and Carbon Emission Reduction

Authors: WANG Min, YANG Qianxun, LI Liping, YANG Rupu, PEI Lizhen

This paper systematically reviews the progress and achievements of China's collaborative innovation pilots for pollution and carbon emission reduction, identifies existing problems, and proposes targeted recommendations. As of the first batch, 64 pilot units (21 cities and 43 industrial parks) have issued implementation plans, with overall smooth progress and notable phased outcomes. Most pilots have actively promoted institutional and mechanism innovations, achieving substantial advancements in key sectors and critical areas, and yielding replicable practices. However, challenges persist, including fragmented interdepartmental collaboration, insufficient alignment of management systems, funding shortages for synergistic projects, and inadequate technological support. Recommendations include intensifying awareness campaigns, establishing coordinated promotion mechanisms, accelerating management system implementation, advancing core technology R&D, conducting progress evaluations, and amplifying publicity. For the second batch, suggestions focus on expansion strategies, pilot types, and selection methods, emphasizing incremental tasks, diverse pilot subjects (from provincial to enterprise levels), and clear articulation of expected outcomes and demonstration targets. The paper underscores the need to transform local experiences into institutionalized frameworks, fostering a four-dimensional synergy of carbon reduction, pollution control, green expansion, and economic growth, thereby contributing to China's ecological civilization and global climate governance.

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Progress, Challenges, and Policy Insights for Collaborative Innovation Pilots on Pollution and Carbon Emission Reduction

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608023• Jan 15, 2026

Water Leaching Dechlorination of Zinc-Containing Steel Dust Sludge

Authors: LIAO Shushu, ZHAO Hongyuan, WANG Jing, YOU Yanyan, PENG Cheng, LIU Changzheng, XUE Kai, SHU Jiancheng, CHEN Mengjun

Zinc-containing steel dust sludge, a by-product of steelmaking, contains high levels of chlorine (Cl) along with valuable metals such as Fe, Zn, K, and Na. When recycled into the steel production process, Cl accumulates, causing sintering instability and severe corrosion of blast furnace linings. This study investigated water leaching for Cl removal from zinc-containing steel dust sludge. Under optimal conditions (liquid-to-solid ratio 5 mL/g, temperature 70 °C, time 60 min, rotation speed 160 r/min), the Cl leaching rate reached 87%. Furthermore, a three-stage countercurrent water washing process at a liquid-to-solid ratio of 6 mL/g and room temperature for 45 min achieved a Cl leaching rate exceeding 90%. The water washing also reduced the leaching toxicity of metals in the sludge to a certain extent. Characterization via XRD, SEM, FT-IR, and XPS revealed that water washing primarily dissolved soluble chlorides (NaCl, KCl, etc.), increasing the specific surface area from 2.71 to 10.11 m²/g and average pore size from 12.83 to 16.29 nm. These findings provide theoretical and technical support for efficient Cl removal from zinc-containing steel dust sludge, facilitating its safe resource utilization.

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Water Leaching Dechlorination of Zinc-Containing Steel Dust Sludge

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608014• Jan 15, 2026

Selection of Water Supply Schemes for Groundwater Defluorination by Electroflocculation in Dispersed Residential Areas

Authors: FENG Jianheng, CHEN Mingru, GUO Xu, YU Zhancheng, ZHOU Binlong, ZHOU Lü

Fluoride pollution poses a serious threat to public health worldwide, particularly in dispersed residential areas where high-fluoride groundwater is the primary drinking water source. Electroflocculation-based defluorination is a preferable treatment option, but its environmental and economic impacts vary with the water supply scheme. This study established three schemes: centralized undifferentiated (S1), centralized differentiated (S2), and distributed differentiated (S3). Life cycle environmental impact and life cycle cost assessments were conducted. Results show that S1 has the largest negative environmental impact, with indicators ranging from 1.4 to 6.7 times those of S2 or S3, primarily due to electrode consumption and electricity usage. S3 exhibits the lowest water supply cost, achieving a 62% cost reduction compared to S1. The distributed differentiated scheme (S3) offers both lower life cycle environmental impact and the lowest life cycle cost, making it the most advantageous option for dispersed residential areas. This study provides a systematic basis for selecting optimal water supply schemes, promoting the practical application of electroflocculation defluorination in such regions.

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Selection of Water Supply Schemes for Groundwater Defluorination by Electroflocculation in Dispersed Residential Areas

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608021• Jan 15, 2026

Evaluation on Impact of Spring Festival Fireworks and Firecrackers Setting-off on Yancheng City Based on a Bayesian-Optimized XGBoost Model

Authors: YI Zhaojun, WANG Shuai, WANG Yuehua, ZHAO Youzheng, XIAN Yue, WEI Ting, ZHU Wenda

To address the significant increase in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its chemical component concentrations caused by the concentrated setting-off of fireworks and firecrackers during the Spring Festival in Yancheng City, this study introduced the Bayesian-optimized XGBoost model (BO-XGBoost) based on PM2.5, particulate component, and meteorological observation data. The model simulated non-setting-off baseline concentrations using meteorological factors as independent variables, enabling quantitative assessment of setting-off contributions. Results showed that the concentrated setting-off exerted significantly differentiated effects on various pollutants. Among water-soluble ions, K+ and Mg2+ were core characteristic tracers, with concentrations reaching 15.89 and 20.08 times baseline levels on Lunar New Year's Eve, directly reflecting high-intensity emissions. Secondary conversion ions such as SO4^2- and NO3^- showed sustained high contributions on both Lunar New Year's Eve and the fifth day of the first lunar month, reflecting cumulative effects of atmospheric chemical transformation. Among inorganic elements, K, Ba, and Sr were core characteristic tracers, with concentrations showing explosive growth on Lunar New Year's Eve, serving as direct fingerprints of fireworks. Elements such as Pb and Mn were also significantly affected, reflecting direct heavy metal emissions. Temporal comparisons indicated that emission intensity on Lunar New Year's Eve was significantly higher than on the fifth day, with increased proportional contribution of secondary conversion processes on the fifth day. The study achieved accurate quantification of setting-off contributions through a data-driven model, clarifying pollution fingerprint characteristics and temporal differentiation patterns, providing scientific basis for air quality management and policy optimization during the Spring Festival.

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Evaluation on Impact of Spring Festival Fireworks and Firecrackers Setting-off on Yancheng City Based on a Bayesian-Optimized XGBoost Model

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608024• Jan 15, 2026

Microbial Remediation Technology for Chromium Pollution in Groundwater: Research Hotspots, Mechanisms, and Environmental Factor Analysis

Authors: YANG Yanmei, HE Wanzhuang, LIU Quanli, DANG Qiuling, SU Jing, LIU Yue

Microbial remediation is a widely used technology for treating chromium pollution in groundwater. This study conducted a bibliometric analysis of 441 papers from the Web of Science Core Collection (2010–2024) using CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Pajek. The publication trend increased over the period, with three developmental stages identified: early (2010–2016) focusing on basic treatment methods, intermediate (2017–2019) on intrinsic mechanisms, and recent (2020–2024) on process optimization. Biological adsorption and reduction were identified as the primary mechanisms. Correlation and principal component analyses of environmental factors (temperature, pH, initial Cr concentration, reaction time) revealed temperature as the key factor affecting remediation efficiency. The removal efficiencies and mechanisms of various dominant bacterial strains were summarized to guide strain selection. Future research should focus on microbial community synergy, nanomaterial integration, and environmental optimization to enhance remediation efficiency.

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Microbial Remediation Technology for Chromium Pollution in Groundwater: Research Hotspots, Mechanisms, and Environmental Factor Analysis

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608027• Jan 15, 2026

Source-Sink Spatial Mismatch Characteristics and Health Risks of Soil BTEX in a Decommissioned Industrial Site on a Coastal Plain

Authors: WANG Lei, XIE Li, SUN Rui, TAN Xuejun, ZHANG Xiang, JIANG Wenchen

The relocation of numerous industrial enterprises in China has left behind soil contamination, particularly by volatile organic compounds such as BTEX, whose migration and health risks are of great concern. Coastal plains, characterized by high groundwater tables and interbedded sedimentary strata, exhibit contaminant distribution and migration patterns distinct from inland regions. This study investigated a decommissioned resin plant site in the Yangtze River Delta coastal plain, systematically analyzing the spatial distribution, migration, and health risks of soil BTEX. Seven BTEX compounds were detected with detection rates ranging from 24.3% to 47.1%. Maximum concentrations of benzene, ethylbenzene, and m/p-xylene exceeded China's Class I construction land screening values. The contaminant plume was predominantly located in the southern product warehouse area, while the potential source was traced to the upstream wastewater treatment unit, indicating a 'source-sink' spatial mismatch. Vertically, contaminants exhibited a 'shallow-layer volatilization, middle-layer enrichment, and deep-layer retardation' pattern, with significant enrichment in silty clay at 3–6 m depth and sharp concentration declines in mucky clay. Membrane Interface Probe (MIP) multi-parameter detection revealed that benzene and toluene migrated as a whole, whereas chlorobenzene lagged due to strong adsorption. Benzene posed the most significant health risk, with carcinogenic risk up to 7.42×10⁻⁴ and non-carcinogenic hazard quotient up to 38.24, both exceeding acceptable levels. Inhalation of indoor air contaminated by vapor intrusion from underlying soil contributed over 87% of benzene's total risk, dominating the exposure pathway. This study elucidates the unique migration and risk formation mechanisms under high water table and interbedded strata, providing a scientific basis for precise investigation, risk assessment, and remediation of similar contaminated sites.

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Source-Sink Spatial Mismatch Characteristics and Health Risks of Soil BTEX in a Decommissioned Industrial Site on a Coastal Plain

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608026• Jan 15, 2026

Nitrogen Mineralization Effects of Bacillus subtilis Combined with Straw Biochar in Dryland Soil

Authors: ZHENG Tao, CHEN Yuqing, HUANG Xianhuai, YU Xiongsheng, ZHOU Xiaoyu, LIU Yingchao, ZHUANG Xingmei, FANG Zijun, QIAN Jing

Biochar and microbial inoculants are widely used for agricultural soil amendment. To investigate the effects of different straw biochars and Bacillus subtilis inoculant, applied individually or combined, on nitrogen transformation in dryland soil, a 60-day laboratory incubation experiment was conducted with six treatments: control (CK), 4% rice straw biochar (S), 4% rapeseed straw biochar (Y), 4% rice straw biochar plus 5 mg/kg inoculant (SJ), 4% rapeseed straw biochar plus 5 mg/kg inoculant (YJ), and inoculant alone (J). Results showed that rice straw biochar significantly increased soil nitrate nitrogen content by 148.74%–152.68% compared to CK, enhancing nitrification. Combined application with inoculant further increased average net nitrogen mineralization rate by 77.28%–99.38%. Conversely, rapeseed straw biochar decreased nitrate nitrogen by 51.66%–57.61%, and combined application reduced net nitrogen mineralization rate by 82.07%–84.73%. Treatments S, Y, SJ, and YJ promoted microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) synthesis, with S and Y increasing MBN by 2.02- and 2.20-fold over CK, respectively. Combined treatments further increased MBN by 103.26%–149.44% relative to single biochar treatments. These findings indicate that biochar type governs nitrification and net nitrogen mineralization, while combined application exerts synergistic effects on MBN. For comprehensive dryland soil improvement, YJ treatment is optimal, reducing inorganic nitrogen loss risk and enhancing microbial nitrogen activity.

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Nitrogen Mineralization Effects of Bacillus subtilis Combined with Straw Biochar in Dryland Soil

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Original ResearchVol. 44, Issue 8 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608028• Jan 15, 2026

Adsorption of VOCs by Molecular Sieves in Shipboard Operations: Water Competition Effect and Pore Size Matching Mechanism

Authors: SHOU Youping, QIAO Jianzhe, ZHAO Junjie, YI Zhongxian, WANG Jian

Ship loading operations emit multi-component volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with complex composition, including methanol, dichloromethane, trichloroethylene, p-xylene, acrylonitrile, benzene, and acetonitrile. Under high-humidity marine conditions, treatment is challenging. This study systematically screened three molecular sieves with distinct pore sizes—ZSM-5, β-type, and HY—for selective adsorption of these seven VOCs at moisture contents of 0%, 2.5%, and 5%. Competitive adsorption in acrylonitrile/p-xylene mixtures was examined on ZSM-5-all-silica and HY-100. Results showed: (1) saturated adsorption capacity decreased with increasing moisture content, confirming water-VOC competition; higher Si/Al ratios enhanced hydrophobicity, with all-silica ZSM-5 exhibiting superior water resistance. (2) Selective adsorption followed pore size matching: ZSM-5 (0.54–0.56 nm) suited C1–C3 small molecules (10–50 mg/g); β-type (1.1–1.2 nm) showed best universality for C3–C6; HY (2.16–2.76 nm) favored C8 molecules like p-xylene (100–120 mg/g). (3) Optimizing molecular sieve proportion and layered arrangement balanced adsorption capacities across components, significantly prolonging breakthrough time. The optimal configuration placed ZSM-5 in the upper layer and HY in the lower layer. Molecular sieves also exhibited good thermal stability and regenerability. This study provides technical support for efficient treatment of multi-component VOCs from ship loading operations.

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Adsorption of VOCs by Molecular Sieves in Shipboard Operations: Water Competition Effect and Pore Size Matching Mechanism

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