• • Under optimized conditions, various Fenton-like methods achieve tetracycline removal rates exceeding 90%, demonstrating their efficacy for treating high-strength pharmaceutical wastewater.
• • Heterogeneous Fenton methods significantly widen the applicable pH range and reduce iron sludge production, addressing two major bottlenecks of conventional Fenton processes and enhancing industrial feasibility.
• • Catalyst recyclability in heterogeneous systems enables repeated use, lowering operational costs and minimizing secondary pollution, which is critical for scale-up.
• • Integration of bio-electro-Fenton systems with carbon-modified Fe, Co dual-metal cathodes achieves simultaneous tetracycline degradation and bioelectricity generation, offering a sustainable hybrid approach.