Selection of Water Supply Schemes for Groundwater Defluorination by Electroflocculation in Dispersed Residential Areas

• • S1 (centralized undifferentiated) exhibits the highest environmental impact, with indicators 1.4–6.7 times those of S2 or S3, driven by electrode consumption and electricity use for large water volumes. • • S3 (distributed differentiated) achieves a 62% cost reduction compared to S1, primarily by simplifying the pipe network and reducing construction and maintenance costs. • • S3 yields the lowest life cycle environmental impact, particularly in non-biological resource depletion, primary energy consumption, and global warming potential. • • Optimizing electroflocculation reactor design to reduce electrode and electricity consumption can further lower environmental and economic burdens, enhancing sustainability.