• • Optimal TPOAC template dosage is 3% (mass fraction), yielding hierarchical zeolite A with BET surface area of 57.0 m²/g and total pore volume of 0.1351 cm³/g—approximately 3× and 4× higher than conventional microporous zeolite A, directly addressing mass-transfer bottlenecks in industrial adsorption processes.
• • Hierarchical porous zeolite A achieves acetone adsorption capacity of 59 mg/g, a 3.9-fold increase over microporous zeolite's 12 mg/g, attributed to capillary condensation in developed mesopores; this enables efficient removal of larger VOCs in real flue gas streams.
• • For ammonia nitrogen (ion-exchange mechanism), hierarchical pores primarily improve mass transfer without sacrificing capacity, as adsorption capacity remains comparable to microporous zeolite A; this indicates that mesoporosity does not compromise ion-exchange sites, ensuring dual-functionality for mixed contaminants.
• • The synthesis uses acid-treated coal fly ash as silica-alumina source, demonstrating a scalable route for high-value utilization of industrial solid waste, aligning with circular economy and Dual Carbon goals; the method yields well-crystallized, regular morphology zeolite with high crystallinity, as confirmed by structural characterization.