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🏛️ Indexed Academic JournalOriginal: 环境化学

Environmental Chemistry

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Total Research Papers: 189
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025012404• Jan 15, 2026

Contamination Status and Health Risk Assessment of Tetracycline and β-Lactam Antibiotics in Milk: A Global Review (2012–2024)

Authors: ZHANG Xinyu, ZHANG Yi, YU Hui, LI Ke

Antibiotics, widely used for disease prevention and growth promotion in livestock, are emerging contaminants with potential risks to human health via the food chain. This review systematically analyzed the sources and residual levels of tetracycline (TCs) and β-lactam antibiotics in raw, pasteurized, commercial, and ultra-high-temperature (UHT) sterilized milk from various countries between 2012 and 2024, based on quantitative detection methods such as LC-MS and HPLC. The highest concentrations of TCs were found in milk from Algeria and Iran, while β-lactam residues were most elevated in Algeria, Bangladesh, and Kenya. The predominant TCs were tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and oxytetracycline; β-lactams were mainly penicillin and amoxicillin. Health risk assessment using hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) revealed that all individual HQ values were below 1, indicating no significant non-carcinogenic risk from single antibiotics. However, the HI for multiple antibiotics in raw milk from Algeria exceeded 1, suggesting potential cumulative health risks. Furthermore, some studies reported residue concentrations surpassing maximum residue limits (MRLs), underscoring the need for continuous monitoring and control. This review highlights the global variability in antibiotic contamination and the importance of comprehensive risk assessment to safeguard public health.

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Contamination Status and Health Risk Assessment of Tetracycline and β-Lactam Antibiotics in Milk: A Global Review (2012–2024)
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025011501• Jan 15, 2026

Migration and Enrichment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and Their Protein Binding Behavior in Human Tissues and Organs: A Review

Authors: CHEN Qian, GU Cheng, WU Xinda

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of synthetic persistent organic pollutants that pose significant risks to human health. Owing to their high binding affinity for proteins, PFAS are ubiquitously detected in human populations worldwide. Following oral ingestion, PFAS bind to transport proteins such as human serum albumin and organic anion transporters, facilitating their distribution and accumulation in various tissues and organs, including the liver and kidneys, and enabling penetration across the blood-brain and placental barriers. This review systematically examines the migration and enrichment behaviors of PFAS in human tissues and organs mediated by multiple transport proteins, the molecular mechanisms underlying PFAS-protein interactions, and the key factors influencing these interactions. Additionally, we discuss the potential applications derived from PFAS-protein binding. By synthesizing current research findings, this review provides a theoretical foundation for future investigations into PFAS-protein interactions and outlines prospective research directions. The pervasive environmental contamination and documented health effects, including developmental retardation, endocrine disruption, obesity, and cancer, underscore the urgency of understanding PFAS toxicokinetics. Our analysis highlights the critical role of protein binding in the prolonged biological half-lives of PFAS and their tissue-specific accumulation, which are central to health risk assessment and the development of mitigation strategies.

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Migration and Enrichment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and Their Protein Binding Behavior in Human Tissues and Organs: A Review
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025012501• Jan 15, 2026

Toxicity Effects of Dibutyl Phthalate on Embryonic and Juvenile Stages of Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Authors: DONG Zhongdian, GAO Jiahao, ZHANG Guiming, CHEN Zuchun, LIAO Jian, GUO Yusong, WANG Zhongduo, ZHANG Ning

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant posing potential risks to aquatic ecosystems. This study assessed the developmental toxicity of DBP in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos. Embryos were exposed to gradient DBP concentrations (1, 5, 50, 500 μg·L−1, and 5 mg·L−1) for 15 days. Endpoints included embryonic heart rate, hatching time, survival rate, larval swimming behavior, and expression of genes related to cardiovascular, nervous, thyroid, antioxidant systems, and estrogenic effects. Results showed that 5 mg·L−1 DBP significantly reduced embryonic heart rate (P < 0.0001), leading to hatching failure and mortality. Exposure to 500 μg·L−1 DBP significantly reduced hatching rate (P < 0.01) and survival rate (P < 0.0001). DBP exposure caused developmental delay, cardiovascular hemorrhage, spinal curvature, yolk sac edema, and inhibited larval swimming behavior. At the molecular level, DBP significantly altered expression of atrap, dkk1, bnpa, fx, and dvl mRNA, affecting cardiovascular development; downregulated trha, mbp, and elavl3 mRNA, indicating endocrine disruption and neurotoxicity; upregulated cat, gpx2, and gsta mRNA, inducing oxidative stress; and upregulated vtg1, erβ1, and chgl mRNA, demonstrating estrogenic effects. This study demonstrates that DBP exposure adversely affects growth, development, hatching, survival, swimming behavior, and gene expression in Japanese medaka embryos, highlighting ecological risks of DBP pollution in aquatic environments.

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Toxicity Effects of Dibutyl Phthalate on Embryonic and Juvenile Stages of Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes)
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010608• Jan 15, 2026

Pollution Characteristics and Ecological Risks of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Qiantang River Basin (Fuchun River)

Authors: WANG Xinyu, YANG Chenglong, DING Hao, CHEN Feng, YE Yonggen, ZHANG Feng, SHI Yali, CAI Yaqi

This study investigated the occurrence and distribution of 27 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface water and sediment of the Fuchun River, a tributary of the Qiantang River Basin. Surface water samples were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Total PFAS concentrations (∑PFAS) in surface water ranged from 30.04 to 105.26 ng/L, with mean and median values of 59.64 ng/L and 51.43 ng/L, respectively. The dominant compounds were perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX), and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA). Concentrations generally decreased from upstream to downstream, consistent with previous studies. Notably, GenX levels were significantly elevated compared to earlier reports. In sediment, ∑PFAS concentrations ranged from not detected (ND) to 0.59 ng/g dry weight, with mean and median values of 0.14 ng/g and 0.11 ng/g, respectively. PFOA and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) were the primary sediment contaminants. Source apportionment indicated that industrial wastewater discharge and sewage treatment plant effluents were the main sources of PFAS in the river. Risk assessment using risk quotients suggested low ecological risks to aquatic organisms for most detected PFAS. However, the presence of short-chain and novel PFAS warrants further investigation due to potential unknown risks.

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Pollution Characteristics and Ecological Risks of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Qiantang River Basin (Fuchun River)
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010804• Jan 15, 2026

Research Progress on Heterogeneous Fenton Technology Based on Carbon/Iron-Based Catalysts and Physical Field-Assisted Systems

Authors: XIA Xiyuan, WANG Lan, CHENG Fei, WANG Bing, WANG Sen, WANG Chuanyi

Heterogeneous Fenton technology employs solid catalysts to activate H2O2, generating hydroxyl radicals (·OH) that oxidatively degrade organic pollutants. Among reported catalysts, iron-based materials are most prevalent but suffer from insufficient active sites and sluggish Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycling. Compositing iron with carbon materials increases active site density and accelerates Fe(II) regeneration, thereby enhancing catalytic efficiency. This review summarizes recent advances in carbon/iron-based heterogeneous Fenton catalysts, analyzing reaction mechanisms and characteristics for organic pollutant removal. It also discusses external energy field-assisted strategies (e.g., photo-, electro-, and ultrasound-assisted) that augment reaction kinetics. The paper concludes with perspectives on future development of carbon/iron-based Fenton-like materials, emphasizing the need for scalable synthesis and mechanistic elucidation. Key challenges include maintaining stability under continuous operation and achieving cost-effective production. The review highlights that carbon/iron composites with optimized interfacial properties can significantly improve H2O2 utilization and broaden pH applicability, addressing limitations of conventional Fenton processes. Future research directions include designing catalysts with tailored porosity and surface functionality, and integrating physical fields to synergistically enhance pollutant mineralization.

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Research Progress on Heterogeneous Fenton Technology Based on Carbon/Iron-Based Catalysts and Physical Field-Assisted Systems
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010307• Jan 15, 2026

Regulatory Role of the Clock Gene Nr1d1 in Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 9-Fluorenone Induced Tumorigenesis

Authors: MA Jiangsong, JIANG Zihao, GAO Rui

Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) are prevalent environmental contaminants with high toxicity and demonstrated tumor-promoting effects. Circadian clock genes are critical regulators of cellular homeostasis and tumorigenesis. This study investigated the role of clock genes in OPAH-induced tumor promotion using 9-fluorenone (FLO), a dominant OPAH. Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells were exposed to 0, 10, and 30 μmol·L−1 FLO. Cell proliferation was assessed via colony formation and EdU staining, and mRNA expression of core clock genes (Bmal1, Npas2, Nr1d1, Per2, Cry1, Dbp) was quantified by RT-qPCR. Results demonstrated that FLO exposure significantly enhanced cell proliferation and dose-dependently suppressed Nr1d1 expression. In synchronized cells, FLO dampened the amplitude of Nr1d1 mRNA oscillation. Pretreatment with SR9009, a selective Nr1d1 agonist, effectively inhibited FLO-induced proliferation. These findings indicate that Nr1d1 plays a pivotal role in the tumorigenic cascade initiated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives, providing mechanistic insights into OPAH health impacts and potential intervention strategies.

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Regulatory Role of the Clock Gene Nr1d1 in Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 9-Fluorenone Induced Tumorigenesis
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026020803• Jan 15, 2026

Exploration, Practice and Prospect of New Pollutants Governance in China

Authors: PAN Xun, WEI Yanjie, DONG Huiyu

The governance of new pollutants is a major strategic deployment made by China after fully building a moderately prosperous society and embarking on a new journey to comprehensively build a modern socialist country. Guided by the new development philosophy, it adheres to high-quality development, promotes economic structural transformation, and safeguards people's livelihood. This paper divides China's new pollutant governance process from the beginning of the 21st century to 2035 into four progressive stages: compliance-driven local exploration, systematic construction of strategic transformation, comprehensive implementation and in-depth layout, and long-term control and modernization improvement. It systematically reviews the development of management systems, technical standards, and basic research in each stage, clarifying the strategic position of new pollutant governance in coordinating development and security. At the critical transition between the 14th and 15th Five-Year Plans, the paper summarizes achievements and shortcomings based on the implementation of the Action Plan for the Governance of New Pollutants, proposing optimization paths for the 15th Five-Year Plan period. Key recommendations include establishing a national data sharing platform to integrate monitoring, toxicological, and governance data, implementing a diversified evaluation system to distinguish basic research from management support research, and guiding differentiated local implementation to avoid a one-size-fits-all approach. The paper emphasizes the need for international promotion to enhance China's discourse power in global environmental governance, and suggests building a multi-dimensional international communication system. These measures aim to improve the quality and efficiency of new pollutant governance, providing theoretical and practical guidance for building a Beautiful China.

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Exploration, Practice and Prospect of New Pollutants Governance in China
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025102501• Jan 15, 2026

Effects and Mechanisms of Non-Antibiotic Emerging Contaminants on Fish Gut Microbiota

Authors: SU Yongsheng, GUO Xueping, YIN Daqiang

Non-antibiotic emerging contaminants (ECs) pose a growing threat to aquatic organisms, particularly fish, yet their impact on gut microbiota remains inadequately characterized. This systematic review synthesizes current evidence on the effects and mechanisms of non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals, pesticides, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), nanomaterials, and microplastics on fish gut microbiota. Exposure to these ECs directly alters microbial composition and diversity, while indirectly disrupting host metabolism and immune function, leading to significant health impairments. Notably, EC exposure induces dysregulation of key factors such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), compromising intestinal barrier integrity. Concurrently, gut microbiota can metabolically transform certain ECs into derivatives, establishing a complex pollutant-microbiota-host interaction network. The gut microbiota mediates EC-induced neurotoxicity, immune dysfunction, and metabolic disorders through signaling pathways such as TLR/NF-κB and metabolic homeostasis regulation. Current research predominantly addresses short-term exposure effects, leaving long-term low-dose impacts and transgenerational mechanisms poorly understood. Future investigations should employ multi-generational exposure and microbiota transplantation to elucidate gut microbiota-mediated toxicity mechanisms under non-antibiotic EC stress. This review underscores the urgent need for comprehensive risk assessment and regulatory frameworks targeting non-antibiotic ECs in aquatic environments.

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Effects and Mechanisms of Non-Antibiotic Emerging Contaminants on Fish Gut Microbiota
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025101901• Jan 15, 2026

Formation and Emission of Hexachlorobutadiene during Chlorinated Chemical Production and Its Impact on the Surrounding Environment

Authors: XU Tianyi, TANG Junhao, ZHANG Haiyan, LI Gang, YANG Qiuting, GAO Ruoran, CHEN Siyao, ZHENG Minghui, LIU Guorui

Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) regulated under the Stockholm Convention. Chlorinated chemical production processes are major sources of unintentional HCBD emissions, posing potential threats to ecosystems and human health. This study systematically reviews the formation, emission, and environmental impact of HCBD from such processes. HCBD is widely generated as a by-product during chlorination stages of producing carbon tetrachloride, dichloroacetylene, tri-/tetrachloroethylene, and chlorobenzene, via free-radical mechanisms. It is released through waste gas, wastewater, and solid waste. In the environment, HCBD exhibits multimedia distribution, undergoing long-range atmospheric transport and adsorbing onto soil and sediments, thereby becoming secondary pollution sources. HCBD shows significant bioaccumulation and food-chain magnification; it is toxic to aquatic organisms and causes hepatic and renal damage with potential carcinogenicity in mammals. Effective pollution control requires combined process improvements and end-of-pipe treatments, supplemented by stringent emission standards and life-cycle management. Future research should focus on developing precise emission inventories, elucidating multi-media transport and transformation mechanisms, and assessing composite ecotoxicological effects, thereby providing scientific support for implementing international conventions and formulating effective prevention strategies.

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Formation and Emission of Hexachlorobutadiene during Chlorinated Chemical Production and Its Impact on the Surrounding Environment
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010306• Jan 15, 2026

Re-analysis of the Pros and Cons of Sulfur Autotrophic Denitrification Technology

Authors: WANG Fuqiang, JIANG Yanbo, TANG Shihui, FAN Mengying, YANG Haotian, MA Zhengyu, GUAN Yuntao, LI Ruihua

Sulfur autotrophic denitrification (SAD) has attracted increasing attention due to its low cost, no need for external carbon sources, and low sludge production. This review systematically examines the reaction principles and key material elements of various electron donors for SAD, including elemental sulfur, sulfide, thiosulfate, and iron sulfide. It discusses recent research progress on different SAD processes and the influence of environmental factors. A comparative analysis between heterotrophic denitrification and SAD highlights SAD's advantages in reaction rate, secondary pollution, and cost-effectiveness, underscoring its promising application prospects. Notably, iron sulfide-based autotrophic denitrification maintains stable pH and produces fewer by-products (e.g., sulfate, nitrous oxide). When developed into an aggregate sulfur concrete system, it can purify nitrogen and phosphorus from secondary effluent standards to Class IV surface water standards within a hydraulic retention time of only 0.5–2 hours, addressing the contradiction between SAD reaction rate and engineering demands. This enables efficient simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal, making it viable for groundwater remediation, advanced wastewater treatment, eutrophication control, and deep nitrogen removal. The national 'Dual Carbon Strategy' (carbon neutrality and peak) positions SAD as a promising method for wastewater treatment plants to meet increasingly stringent nitrogen and phosphorus discharge standards.

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Re-analysis of the Pros and Cons of Sulfur Autotrophic Denitrification Technology
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010604• Jan 15, 2026

Quantitative Source Apportionment and Origin Analysis of Sulfide in the Middle and Lower Reaches Groundwater of Chaobai-Wenyu Alluvial-proluvial Fan, Beijing

Authors: CHEN Jiji, TAO Lei, SHEN Xiue, GUO Jing, XI Yue, XU Sushi, GUO Huaming, GAO Zhipeng, JING Hongwei

Groundwater is a vital component of Beijing's water supply, yet elevated sulfide concentrations restrict its utilization. This study employed principal component analysis (PCA) and absolute principal component-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) to apportion sulfide sources and quantify their contributions in the middle and lower reaches of the Chaobai-Wenyu alluvial-proluvial fan. Sulfur and oxygen isotopes (δ34S and δ18O) were used to identify sulfate sources and discern anthropogenic versus natural influences. Results showed that high-sulfide groundwater predominantly occurred in Na-type water, with sulfide accumulation from desulphidation widespread, particularly in Shunyi and within the first, second, and third aquifers, independent of wet/dry seasons. Isotopic analysis indicated sulfate mainly originated from evaporite dissolution, and sulfides from desulphidation were of geological background origin. PCA extracted four principal components: leaching-enrichment (F1), natural dissolution of iron-manganese oxides (F2), water desulphidation (F3), and CaF2 dissolution equilibrium (F4). F3 exhibited the highest factor loading for sulfide (0.418), while other components had small negative loadings. APCS-MLR revealed F3 contributed 21.32% of sulfide, while indigenous sources (e.g., acid-volatile sulfide dissolution, elemental sulfur disproportionation, geothermal activity, well casing materials) contributed 63.66%. Overall, sulfide in the study area is a geological background factor, with limited anthropogenic influence.

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Quantitative Source Apportionment and Origin Analysis of Sulfide in the Middle and Lower Reaches Groundwater of Chaobai-Wenyu Alluvial-proluvial Fan, Beijing
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010201• Jan 15, 2026

Contamination and Risk Assessment of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Surface Water in the Guanzhong Section of the Wei River Basin

Authors: ZHANG Lulei, ZHANG Siyao, ZHANG Qinming, ZHANG Chun, WU Weidong, ZHOU Guoqing, GAO Lumei, MENG Lingjie

The Guanzhong region, traversed by the Wei River Basin, is one of the most industrially, agriculturally, and medically advanced and densely populated areas in Northwest China, has seen increasing attention paid to the pollution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in its surface water environment. This study systematically investigated the pollution characteristics of PFASs in the surface water of this region and their ecological and health risks. By optimizing the online solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (Online SPE-LC/MS/MS), efficient detection of 19 PFASs was achieved, with the method detection limits ranging from 0.2 ng·L−1 to 0.3 ng·L−1, linear correlation coefficients all ≥ 0.990, and spiked recoveries between 75.2% and 130.0%. Monitoring data indicated that PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA and PFOS, short-chain perfluorinated compounds, were the main pollutants in this region, with high detection frequencies and concentrations, but the overall content was lower than that in most areas of China. The concentrations of PFASs in surface water showed significant seasonal variations, with the highest concentrations during the dry season (∑19PFASs:126.1 — 2584.3 ng·L−1), followed by the normal season (∑19PFASs:3.5—3567.6 ng·L−1), and the lowest during the wet season (∑19PFASs:26.3—294.6 ng·L−1). Ecological risk assessment showed that, except for PFDoDA in the dry season, the ecological risk quotient (RQ) of all other PFASs was < 1. Although the water of the Wei River is not used as direct drinking water, health risk assessment indicated that all PFASs posed low risks, with only PFOA and PFOS showing potential risks (HR > 0.1) to adults and children at some sites during dry/normal seasons. This study provides a scientific basis for PFASs pollution control in the Wei River Basin.

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Contamination and Risk Assessment of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Surface Water in the Guanzhong Section of the Wei River Basin
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025011302• Jan 15, 2026

Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil of Alisma orientale in Sichuan

Authors: YANG Kefang, ZHOU Jixin, LI Ruirong, JIN Mengzhen, WU Lingmei, GOU Lifang, ZHANG Yayu

Heavy metal contamination in soil severely compromises the quality and safety of Alisma orientale medicinal materials, and consumption of contaminated herbal preparations poses health risks. To characterize contamination and risks in Sichuan's genuine producing areas, 159 paired soil and plant samples were collected. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Ni were determined via ICP-OES. Soil pollution was assessed using the Single Pollution Index (Pi), Nemerow Comprehensive Index (Pn), and Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI). Human health risks from heavy metals in Alisma were evaluated via Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Hazard Index (HI). Mean soil concentrations were Cu 29.57, Zn 61.86, Pb 29.51, Cd 1.77, and Ni 28.08 mg·kg−1. Except for Cd, all elements were below agricultural soil screening values. Pi and Pn confirmed Cd contamination, with Cd posing slight to strong potential ecological risks. Cu, Cd, Pb, and Ni showed highly significant positive correlations, indicating common origins. Heavy metal concentrations in Alisma did not exceed pharmacopeial limits. The plant exhibited strong Zn enrichment but weak accumulation of Cu, Cd, and Pb, and negligible Ni enrichment. THQ and HI values indicated no potential health risks under current exposure. Quantitative assessment is critical for soil pollution control, safe cultivation, and medication safety.

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Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil of Alisma orientale in Sichuan
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025011101• Jan 15, 2026

Combining Surface Complexation and Linear Regression Models to Predict Cd, Ni, and Pb Adsorption on Guizhou Yellow Soils

Authors: TANG Zefei, HU Changgang, LI Mei, CHENG Pengfei, DU Yonghong, AN Ya, QIN Haoli

This study investigates the adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of Cd, Ni, and Pb on yellow soils collected from multiple sites in Guizhou Province, China. Soil physicochemical properties, potentiometric titration, adsorption edge experiments, and a 1-site/2-pKa surface complexation model (SCM) were integrated to derive acid-base parameters and metal adsorption constants. Linear regression models established quantitative relationships between SCM parameters and soil properties, enabling prediction of adsorption behavior for new soil samples. Results showed that adsorption capacities increased with pH and followed the order Pb > Ni > Cd, influenced by hydrated radius, hydrolysis constant, and electronegativity. Soils with higher surface site concentration (Hs) and lower point of zero charge (pHpzc) exhibited greater metal adsorption. The SCM fitted adsorption edges with R ≥ 0.94, confirming its validity. pH was the dominant factor controlling metal complexation constants (lgKSOMe), acid-base equilibrium constants, and surface site density (Ds), with influence order Pb > Ni > Cd. Free iron oxide correlated negatively with deprotonation constant (pKa2). Ds was also affected by cation exchange capacity and specific surface area. Validation using a separate set of soil samples yielded good agreement between predicted and measured adsorption (R² = 0.75–0.82, RMSE = 0.1–0.51). This combined modeling approach simplifies experimental procedures and offers a robust tool for assessing heavy metal environmental risks and remediation strategies.

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Combining Surface Complexation and Linear Regression Models to Predict Cd, Ni, and Pb Adsorption on Guizhou Yellow Soils
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025091801• Jan 15, 2026

Micro-nano Robots for Wastewater Treatment: Current Application Status and Prospects

Authors: LV Haolong, JIAN Yang, HUANG Hui, REN Hongqiang

Conventional wastewater treatment technologies face persistent challenges including incomplete removal of emerging contaminants, secondary pollution, and low energy efficiency. Micro-nano robots (MNRs), leveraging their self-propulsion, precise navigation, and high specific surface area, offer a transformative approach for targeted pollutant sequestration and degradation. This review systematically examines the operational mechanisms and propulsion strategies of MNRs in wastewater remediation. Through a data-driven bibliometric analysis, we identify chemical propulsion and photocatalytic degradation as the predominant research foci. We critically evaluate the performance of various MNR designs—including chemically driven, magnetically driven, and light-driven systems—for the removal of organic pollutants, heavy metals, microplastics, radioactive nuclides, and pathogenic microorganisms. Representative studies demonstrate removal efficiencies exceeding 90% for specific contaminants, such as uranium preconcentration via metal-organic framework-based microrobots and microplastic removal using self-driven magnetorobots. Despite these advances, MNRs face intrinsic trade-offs between propulsion efficiency and environmental compatibility, as well as challenges in coordinating actuation and control in complex aqueous matrices. We propose future directions emphasizing sustainable energy-harvesting systems and intelligent, reconfigurable multifunctional designs. This review provides a systematic framework and forward-looking perspective to accelerate the translation of MNR technology from laboratory innovation to practical wastewater treatment applications.

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Micro-nano Robots for Wastewater Treatment: Current Application Status and Prospects
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025110501• Jan 15, 2026

Compensatory Release of Ultrashort-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances at the Water-Soil Interface Following Post-Drought Rehydration in Paddy Soil

Authors: HUANG Xinlin, LI Lingxuan, ZHAO Wenhui, TU Wenqing, WU Jianyi

Ultrashort-chain perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exhibit high hydrophilicity, mobility, and root concentration factors, facilitating their transport and accumulation in soil-crop systems and posing phytotoxicity risks. Post-drought rehydration (PDR) is a critical water management strategy to mitigate drought effects in paddy fields. This study investigated the regulation and mechanisms of PDR on ultrashort-chain PFAS transport in paddy soils through sterilized and non-sterilized experiments, employing three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and amplicon sequencing. Results showed that PDR increased the bioavailable fraction of ultrashort-chain PFAS in soil solution while delaying their release into overlying water. Sterilization experiments confirmed that PDR-induced compensatory migration was primarily driven by microbial activity. Geochemical analyses revealed that PDR reduced hydrophilic functional groups (e.g., hydroxyl) on soil particle surfaces and increased cation bridging sites. Microbiological sequencing indicated that PDR activated secondary metabolic pathways, enhancing microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production, which provided binding sites for ultrashort-chain PFAS. Consequently, EPS competed with soil particles for cation bridging, altering PFAS interfacial partitioning and increasing bioavailable and cation-complexed fractions in soil solution, thereby exacerbating rhizosphere exposure risk to rice. This study elucidates the coupled geochemical and microbiological mechanisms governing ultrashort-chain PFAS mobility under PDR, informing risk assessment and management in paddy agroecosystems.

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Compensatory Release of Ultrashort-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances at the Water-Soil Interface Following Post-Drought Rehydration in Paddy Soil
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025012901• Jan 15, 2026

Strong Impact of Support Morphology on Catalytic Decomposition of N2O over Rh/CeO2 Catalysts

Authors: WANG Haoran, BAO Shidong, ZHENG Shourong

N2O is a potent greenhouse gas, and its catalytic decomposition is of significant environmental importance. In this study, three CeO2 supports with different morphologies—nanorods (NR), nanocubes (NC), and nanooctahedra (NO)—were prepared via a hydrothermal method. Rh catalysts supported on these CeO2 materials were synthesized using a deposition-precipitation method, and their catalytic performance for N2O decomposition was evaluated. Results demonstrate that Rh/CeO2-NR exhibits superior catalytic activity compared to Rh/CeO2-NC and Rh/CeO2-NO under identical reaction conditions, including in the presence of O2 and H2O. Characterization reveals that Rh/CeO2-NR possesses abundant oxygen vacancies and a relatively high number of intrinsic defect sites, which facilitate the transfer of O intermediates. Additionally, Rh/CeO2-NR exhibits an appropriate Rh0/Rhn+ ratio, promoting the redox cycle between Rh species and reactants, thereby enhancing catalytic activity. The study underscores the critical role of CeO2 support morphology in optimizing Rh-based catalysts for N2O decomposition, offering a strategy to improve catalytic efficiency and stability for industrial applications.

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Strong Impact of Support Morphology on Catalytic Decomposition of N2O over Rh/CeO2 Catalysts
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025102002• Jan 15, 2026

Influence of UV Intensity on Escherichia coli Inactivation Efficiency in the UV/Cl2 Process

Authors: ZHANG Huaicheng, QIN Yiwen, ZHOU Hao, ZUO Jinhu, LIU Haolin, ZUO Yanting, HUANG Shouqiang, CHENG Shi, LI Wentao

The ultraviolet/chlorine (UV/Cl2) advanced oxidation process generates multiple radical species, enabling synergistic disinfection. However, the systematic influence of UV intensity on process performance remains inadequately characterized. This study investigated UV intensities from 0.25 to 2.0 mW·cm−2, assessing chlorine photolysis kinetics, bacterial inactivation, and disinfection by-product (DBP) formation. Results demonstrate that inactivation efficiency is not solely governed by total UV energy but is co-regulated by reaction kinetics and mass transfer. Increasing UV intensity accelerated chlorine photolysis by 33.7%–277.8%, elevating steady-state concentrations of hydroxyl radicals and chlorine radicals by factors of 1.6–3.8 and 1.3–3.2, respectively, thereby enhancing initial inactivation rates. However, higher intensities reduced cumulative chlorine exposure (CT value) to 14.3%–55.7% of baseline, causing overall inactivation to first increase then decrease. At a fixed UV dose of 150 mJ·cm−2, an intensity of 1.0 mW·cm−2 achieved optimal 6.5-log inactivation of Escherichia coli and the lowest bacterial reactivation rate (0.07%). Common water constituents (HCO3−, Cl−, natural organic matter) inhibited disinfection, with natural organic matter exerting the strongest suppression (2.7-log reduction). Notably, 1.0 mW·cm−2 exhibited the greatest resistance to interference. Elevated intensity reduced total organic halogen formation from 33.7 μg·L−1 to 19.0 μg·L−1. Balancing disinfection efficacy and DBP risk, 1.0 mW·cm−2 is identified as the optimal UV intensity for the UV/Cl2 process in sand-filtered water treatment.

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Influence of UV Intensity on Escherichia coli Inactivation Efficiency in the UV/Cl2 Process
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010701• Jan 15, 2026

Long-term Effects of Biochar Application on Physicochemical Properties and Microplastic Accumulation in Aeolian Sandy Soils

Authors: ZHANG Yi, SUN Xia, YAN Han, KOU Tianle, YANG Zailei, TANG Guangmu, XU Wanli, JIA Hongtao

This study investigated the long-term effects of biochar application on physicochemical properties and microplastic accumulation in aeolian sandy soils, based on a field experiment established in 2014. After seven years of mulched cultivation, soil samples were collected from 0–30 cm and 30–60 cm depths. Biochar application significantly increased soil porosity and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents, while reducing bulk density. At a biochar rate of 126.00 t·hm−2, soil water content was significantly reduced. Microplastic abundance averaged 3459.57 pieces·kg−1 in the 0–30 cm layer, with the highest abundance at 126.00 t·hm−2; in the 30–60 cm layer, average abundance was 3163.50 pieces·kg−1, with the highest at 63.00 t·hm−2. Microplastics were predominantly transparent, film-shaped, and 0–0.5 mm in size. The results indicate that biochar application significantly increased microplastic abundance in aeolian sandy soils, providing insights into microplastic adsorption and enrichment in agricultural ecosystems. Further research is needed to elucidate underlying mechanisms.

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Long-term Effects of Biochar Application on Physicochemical Properties and Microplastic Accumulation in Aeolian Sandy Soils
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025012302• Jan 15, 2026

Effects of Different Novel Fertilizer Applications on Phosphorus Loss from Surface and Seepage Water in Paddy Fields in the Chaohu Lake Watershed

Authors: LIU Shiheng, LIU Shengrui, LI Yalan, MU Guangshun, CHEN Xiaohui, XIONG Qizhong, SHU Weizheng, CHEN Yong, XU Gang, ZHANG Weifeng, YE Xinxin

Phosphorus (P) loss from paddy fields contributes to eutrophication in Chaohu Lake. This study evaluated the effects of novel fertilizers and P reduction on P loss and rice yield. Seven treatments were established: no P (CK), rice-specific fertilizer (ZYF), slow-release blended fertilizer (SRF), Xinjutian compound fertilizer (XJT), enhanced loss-controlled fertilizer (CRF), CRF with 10% P reduction (CRF-10P%), and CRF with 30% P reduction (CRF-30P%). Results showed that novel fertilizers and P reduction significantly reduced concentrations of total phosphorus (TP), dissolved phosphorus (DP), and particulate phosphorus (PP) in surface water and leachate. The first 5 days after basal fertilization and heavy rainfall were high-risk periods for P loss. Rainfall increased TP concentrations by 417.74%–432.86% and 94.85%–351.35% in surface water and leachate, respectively; DP increased by 120.80%–322.44%, and PP by 280.66%–501.77% and 80.23%–297.55%. Compared with ZYF, SRF, XJT, and CRF reduced TP loss by 15.43%–33.95%, with SRF showing the lowest loss. Under P reduction, CRF-10P% and CRF-30P% reduced TP loss by 31.48% and 37.04%, respectively, with CRF-30P% achieving the lowest loss. Notably, CRF-10P% increased rice yield by 22.37% relative to ZYF, indicating that moderate P reduction with enhanced loss-controlled fertilizer can maintain or increase yield while reducing environmental risk. The study concludes that CRF-10P% offers a promising strategy for sustainable rice production in the Chaohu Lake watershed.

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Effects of Different Novel Fertilizer Applications on Phosphorus Loss from Surface and Seepage Water in Paddy Fields in the Chaohu Lake Watershed
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026031703• Jan 15, 2026

Research Progress of Heterogeneous Electro-Fenton Process for Water Treatment: Key Factors and Optimization Strategies

Authors: WANG Yaoye, WANG Ying

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are ubiquitously detected in aquatic environments, and conventional treatment methods fail to achieve efficient degradation due to their structural stability and resistance to biological transformation. Heterogeneous electro-Fenton (HEF) technology, which generates H2O2 in situ via the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e−ORR) and activates it to hydroxyl radicals (·OH) on solid catalysts, has emerged as a promising advanced oxidation process. HEF eliminates the need for external reagents, offers adjustable potential, and operates effectively across a broader pH range than classical Fenton, mitigating iron sludge production and secondary pollution. However, catalytic efficiency is significantly influenced by catalyst properties, solution pH, current density, and electrolyte type. Current research focuses on two main strategies: (1) developing high-performance bifunctional catalysts that simultaneously enhance 2e−ORR selectivity and H2O2-to-·OH conversion efficiency, and (2) constructing dual-cathode systems that spatially separate H2O2 generation and activation, thereby improving reaction synergy, reducing metal leaching, and enhancing electron utilization. Additionally, HEF can be coupled with electro-oxidation, persulfate activation, and UV irradiation to exploit synergistic effects, enhancing mineralization efficiency and reducing energy consumption. This paper systematically reviews the reaction mechanisms, key influencing factors, and optimization strategies of HEF, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and technical reference for its engineering application.

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Research Progress of Heterogeneous Electro-Fenton Process for Water Treatment: Key Factors and Optimization Strategies
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025092802• Jan 15, 2026

Effect of Activated Carbon Replacement Ratio in Drinking Water Treatment Plant Activated Carbon Filters on the Removal of Disinfection By-Product Precursors and Pesticide-Related Emerging Contaminants

Authors: QIU Fuguo, DU Yanlong, JI Wenxiang, JIA Tingfang, WANG Zhenyu, JIANG Ling, LIANG Hong, JIANG Caifang, DONG Huiyu

Activated carbon (AC) filters in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) experience significant adsorption performance decline over extended operation, yet complete media replacement is a major cost. To evaluate cost-effective strategies, pilot-scale column experiments with five AC replacement ratios (0%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100%) were conducted to assess removal of disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors and pesticide-related emerging contaminants. For dissolved organic matter (DOM), all fractions except low molecular weight compounds (LMWC) achieved >85% of the removal obtained with full replacement when 70% new AC was used, with UV254 removal reaching 70%. LMWC, due to small molecular size and low adsorption energy, required higher replacement ratios or full replacement for substantial removal. For DBPs, removal of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) was insensitive to replacement ratio, while haloacetaldehydes (HALs) removal improved markedly with increasing ratio, indicating structural selectivity. For pesticide-related contaminants, all except triazoles achieved >95% removal at 70% replacement; triazoles, due to high water solubility, high polarity, and low octanol-water partition coefficient, achieved only ~60% removal. Overall, replacing 70% of AC restored treatment performance to >80% of that with full replacement, ensuring effluent quality while saving ~30% of new carbon cost. Molecular structure, polarity, and pore size matching are key determinants of removal efficiency; optimizing replacement ratio balances water quality and economic benefits.

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Effect of Activated Carbon Replacement Ratio in Drinking Water Treatment Plant Activated Carbon Filters on the Removal of Disinfection By-Product Precursors and Pesticide-Related Emerging Contaminants
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010803• Jan 15, 2026

Accumulation, Trophic Transfer, and Health Risk Assessment of Mercury under Typical Ecological Mariculture Models

Authors: ZHANG Wei, YANG Zheng, LI Songjing, GAI Pengxue, CAO Fei, MENG Mei

Global aquaculture is expanding rapidly, with China leading in production and being the only country where aquaculture output exceeds wild catch. This growth raises concerns about environmental contamination, particularly mercury (Hg), and the safety of aquaculture products. This study investigated Hg accumulation and trophic transfer in a typical ecological mariculture area in Tangshan, Hebei Province, by measuring species-specific Hg concentrations in sediments and various aquatic organisms. Sediment total mercury (THg) levels were extremely low, averaging 4.0 ± 1.3 ng·g−1 dry weight (n=56), attributed to sandy/silty sediments with low adsorption capacity and minimal external/internal Hg inputs. In aquaculture fish, muscle THg and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were 59.7 ± 30.0 and 53.8 ± 29.2 ng·g−1 wet weight (n=7), respectively, comparable to wild fish from the same area. This is due to efficient trophic transfer and biomagnification of Hg, especially MeHg, along the food chain, influenced by food chain structure, primary consumer accumulation, and metabolic rates. At three seafood consumption levels (41.6–255.6 g·d−1), estimated daily intakes (EDI) of MeHg for Chinese adults ranged from 0.01 to 0.40 μg·kg−1·d−1, with target hazard quotients (THQ) from 0.13 to 3.98. Except for Penaeus monodon and Metapenaeus ensis, all other aquaculture products at high consumption levels exceeded the USEPA safety threshold for MeHg EDI and had THQ > 1, indicating potential health risks.

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Accumulation, Trophic Transfer, and Health Risk Assessment of Mercury under Typical Ecological Mariculture Models
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010902• Jan 15, 2026

Physiological and biochemical characteristics and ecological risk assessment of Microcystis aeruginosa under Malathion stress

Authors: LI Sisi, DAO Guohua, PAN Xuejun

The extensive agricultural application of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) has established them, alongside nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients, as core pollutants in agricultural non-point source contamination, necessitating urgent clarification of their composite ecological effects on aquatic ecosystems. This study systematically investigated the concentration gradient effects and ecological risk mechanisms of malathion, a heavily utilized OPP, on the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Results demonstrated a pronounced concentration-dependent biphasic effect: high concentrations (100 mg·L−1) suppressed algal growth, reducing cell density to 8% of the control group, whereas low concentrations (0.01 mg·L−1) markedly stimulated algal proliferation (47% cell density increase) through photosynthetic system activation (51% chlorophyll-a elevation), metabolic enhancement (98% ATP content increase), and mild oxidative stress induction. Regarding microcystin regulation, low-concentration exposure upregulated microcystin synthesis genes (mcyA, mcyB), elevating intracellular microcystin production to 1.6-fold of controls. Conversely, high concentrations triggered microcystin release via severe membrane integrity disruption (>80% membrane damage). Risk assessment demonstrated that environmentally relevant malathion levels (0.01 mg·L−1) pose dual threats: exacerbating ecological risks by promoting algal blooms and amplifying health hazards through intensified microcystin synthesis and release. These findings provide critical theoretical insights for evaluating OPP ecotoxicity and formulating cyanobacterial bloom control strategies in agricultural non-point source pollution management.

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Physiological and biochemical characteristics and ecological risk assessment of Microcystis aeruginosa under Malathion stress
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025011303• Jan 15, 2026

Pollution Characteristics of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Coastal Seawater of Dalian

Authors: WANG Jufang, CAO Rong, QU Jian, GAO Yuan, ZHU Xiuhua, ZHANG Haijun, CHEN Jiping

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic pollutants with environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity, posing significant threats to marine ecosystems and human health. This study developed an analytical method using anhydrous sodium sulfate-alumina composite column chromatography coupled with gas chromatography-orbitrap mass spectrometry to quantify mono- to deca-BDEs in coastal seawater of Dalian, China. The total PBDE concentrations (∑PBDEs) ranged from not detected to 511.96 pg·L−1, with a mean of 163.96 pg·L−1. BDE-209 was the dominant congener, contributing 24.1% to ∑PBDEs. Spatial distribution exhibited distinct heterogeneity, with higher abundances of highly brominated PBDEs near sewage discharge outlets. Partial least squares discriminant analysis indicated that anthropogenic activities, particularly sewage discharge, were the primary sources. Ecological risk assessment revealed extremely low risk, with the highest risk quotient of 0.013 for BDE-17. These findings provide baseline data for PBDE contamination in Dalian coastal waters and underscore the need for continued monitoring of emerging contaminants.

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Pollution Characteristics of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Coastal Seawater of Dalian
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025020901• Jan 15, 2026

Research Progress of Piezoelectric Coupled Photo-Electrocatalysis in Energy and Environmental Applications

Authors: YANG Haodi, YANG Xunwu, TANG Yigui, LI Kai, BAO Shuangyou, NING Ping

The intensification of environmental pollution necessitates the development of efficient and sustainable remediation technologies. Piezoelectric-coupled photoelectrocatalysis and piezoelectric-coupled electrocatalysis, which convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and integrate with photoelectrocatalytic or electrocatalytic processes, have demonstrated significant potential for environmental remediation. By combining the piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric materials with photocatalysis or electrocatalysis, these technologies markedly improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated or electrogenerated electron-hole pairs, thereby enhancing pollutant degradation. This review explores the working principles of piezoelectric-coupled photoelectrocatalysis and electrocatalysis, highlighting their latest advancements in environmental remediation, including the degradation of organic pollutants and value-added conversions. It also addresses the challenges currently faced in applying these technologies, such as limitations in light transmittance, restricted light absorption ranges, rapid carrier recombination, and the short lifespan of electrodes in electrochemical systems. Finally, potential future research directions are discussed, emphasizing the need for improved material stability, scalable synthesis methods, and a deeper mechanistic understanding to bridge the gap between laboratory research and practical applications.

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Research Progress of Piezoelectric Coupled Photo-Electrocatalysis in Energy and Environmental Applications
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025091205• Jan 15, 2026

Temporal Variation Characteristics of Air Pollutants in the Kui-Du-Wu Region of Xinjiang from 2018 to 2024

Authors: LIN Weiyan, YANG Haoran, LUO Liang, LUO Dan, NIU Ting, ZHU Jie, TIAN Shili

This study analyzes the spatiotemporal variation characteristics and driving mechanisms of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, O3, and CO in the Kuytun-Dushanzi-Wusu (Kui-Du-Wu) region of Xinjiang, based on monitoring data from 2018 to 2024. Results indicate that urban sites (e.g., Kuytun Laoganju Station) are influenced by traffic emissions, leading to elevated PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations. Dushanzi District, with petrochemical industry emissions, exhibits notable SO2 and O3 pollution. Agricultural areas (e.g., Kuytun Huaxin Tomato Company) show significant PM10 and CO levels affected by dust and diesel machinery. Over the study period, PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and CO concentrations generally declined at annual rates of 1.5–4.0 μg·m−3·a−1, reflecting the effectiveness of coal substitution, industrial upgrades, and vehicle emission controls. Conversely, O3 concentrations increased consistently at rates of 1.3–3.2 μg·m−3·a−1, highlighting shortcomings in volatile organic compound (VOCs) control. Seasonal patterns show PM and CO peaking in winter due to heating combustion and temperature inversions, and reaching minima in summer due to enhanced diffusion and precipitation. O3 peaks in summer driven by photochemical reactions, contrasting with NO2 winter highs from heating and industrial activities. The findings underscore the need for coordinated control of VOCs and NOx, optimized dust management, and differentiated emission controls for industrial, traffic, and agricultural sources.

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Temporal Variation Characteristics of Air Pollutants in the Kui-Du-Wu Region of Xinjiang from 2018 to 2024
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010607• Jan 15, 2026

Multi-media Distribution, Source Apportionment, and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Forest-Grassland Transition Zone of Inner Mongolia

Authors: WANG Mao, ZHANG Yufei, LI Baicheng, LI Junwen, WANG Yiqun, XU Xuehui

This study investigated the occurrence, sources, and ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil, litter, and bark samples collected from the forest-grassland transition zone of Inner Mongolia. A total of 12 PAHs were detected in soil, with concentrations ranging from 34.9 to 465.3 ng·g⁻¹ (mean 168.8 ng·g⁻¹), predominantly 3–5 ring compounds. Litter contained 14 PAHs at concentrations between 106.4 and 2262.5 ng·g⁻¹ (mean 465.1 ng·g⁻¹), dominated by 3- and 4-ring PAHs. Both living and dead bark exhibited 14 PAHs, with concentration ranges of 119.2–240.0 ng·g⁻¹ and 123.3–241.6 ng·g⁻¹, respectively, mainly composed of 4-ring PAHs. Spearman correlation analysis revealed no significant correlations among PAH concentrations across the three media (P > 0.05). Source apportionment using diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis indicated that soil PAHs primarily originated from biomass, coal, and gasoline combustion; litter PAHs from petroleum volatilization and coal/natural gas combustion; and bark PAHs from petroleum volatilization and fossil fuel combustion, with high-molecular-weight PAHs dominating. Ecological risk assessment using the risk quotient (RQ) method showed that soil PAHs posed low overall ecological risk, though certain individual PAHs exhibited higher risk. The toxic equivalent (TEQ) method indicated that dead bark was the primary accumulation medium with high carcinogenic contribution, posing elevated ecological risk. Although litter and living bark had lower PAH concentrations, their long-term accumulation effects warrant attention. These findings provide crucial scientific evidence for understanding the environmental behavior and potential risks of PAHs in cold, high-latitude regions of northern China.

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Multi-media Distribution, Source Apportionment, and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Forest-Grassland Transition Zone of Inner Mongolia
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025012101• Jan 15, 2026

Pollution Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Qinhuangdao City during Autumn and Winter

Authors: TIAN Yuting, SHI Runshuang, WANG Shuo, SHI Lijie, KANG Jinyu, SUO Na, ZHU Hao, FAN Jingsen, YUE Liang, NIU Hongya

Continuous monitoring of 114 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was conducted in the urban atmosphere of Haigang District, Qinhuangdao City, from September 2022 to February 2023. The volume concentrations of total VOCs were 42.72×10⁻⁹ in autumn and 25.15×10⁻⁹ in winter. The predominant species were isopentane, ethane, and ethylene. Ozone formation potential (OFP) analysis indicated that alkanes and alkenes dominated the atmospheric pollution during autumn and winter, with isopentane and ethylene being the largest contributors. Aromatic hydrocarbons contributed up to 85.00% of the secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP), with benzene as the primary species. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) identified four major sources: technological processes and oil/gas volatilization (35.57%), combustion and petrochemical emissions, motor vehicle emissions, and regional background sources. The results underscore the need for targeted control of VOCs from industrial and vehicular sources to mitigate secondary pollution in coastal cities.

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Pollution Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Qinhuangdao City during Autumn and Winter
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025020603• Jan 15, 2026

Screening and Identification of High Cellulase-Producing Strain Bacillus cereus and Optimization of Enzyme Production Conditions

Authors: JIA Hexue, LIU Rui, ZHANG Chao, GUO Zhumei, WANG Qian, WANG Qingqing

The high cellulase-producing strains were screened and the enzyme production conditions were optimized, providing strain resources for the effective utilization of agricultural solid waste. A promising cellulolytic strain S3 was isolated from the soil of Hengshui Lake Wetland Park. The isolation process employed Congo red plate staining method for primary screening, followed by secondary screening through cellulase activity determination and straw degradation experiments. Through morphological observation and molecular biology identification, the strain S3 was identified to be Bacillus cereus. The ratio of transparent circle to colony diameter of strain S3 was 4.01±0.17. The filter paper enzyme activity of strain S3 was 42.09 U·mL−1, and the degradation rate of corn stover reached 19.29% after 10 days of fermentation. It was found that the optimum carbon source of strain S3 was the mixture of microcrystalline cellulose and wheat bran with the addition amount of 4%, and the optimum nitrogen source was soybean powder with the addition amount of 2%. Single factor experiment and response surface methodology were used to optimize the enzyme production conditions of the strain S3. The optimal conditions were fermentation time of 76 h, fermentation temperature of 36℃, initial pH of 6, and inoculation volume of 4%. Under these conditions, the filter paper enzyme activity reached 60.13 U·mL−1, which was 1.43 times higher than that before optimization. The strain S3 showed the high cellulase-producing capability, demonstrating its potential as an efficient microbial candidate for the degradation and utilization of agricultural solid waste.

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Screening and Identification of High Cellulase-Producing Strain Bacillus cereus and Optimization of Enzyme Production Conditions
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025012401• Jan 15, 2026

Optimizing the Efficiency of Water Pollution Tracing Based on Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Spectra Extracted from Characteristic Excitation Wavelengths

Authors: ZHAO Yuan, TANG Qi, KUANG Litao, JIN Meng, LAN Yaqiong, XU Cancan, LIU Rui

Traditional excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy suffers from prolonged scanning times, data redundancy, high instrument cost, and bulkiness, hindering rapid on-site water pollution source tracing. This study proposes a novel classification method combining fixed characteristic excitation wavelength scanning with support vector machine (SVM) to enhance efficiency. A total of 180 EEM samples were collected from six pollution source categories: chemical fiber dyeing and finishing, wool textile dyeing and finishing, leather processing, metal surface processing, papermaking, and domestic sewage. Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) identified characteristic fluorescent components and excitation wavelengths. Correlation analysis and feature importance analysis further reduced these to seven characteristic excitation wavelengths. SVM and random forest (RF) models were constructed using both the reduced and original EEM datasets. Results demonstrated that models based on the seven characteristic excitation wavelengths maintained high recognition accuracy while significantly improving efficiency. The SVM model achieved the best performance, with runtime reduced from 243.05 s to 34.56 s (an 86% decrease) and recognition accuracy reaching 94.4%. Precision, recall, and F1-score metrics confirmed the robust performance of SVM with characteristic wavelengths, particularly for metal surface processing wastewater. This study provides an efficient and reliable method for rapid water pollution tracing by simplifying EEM scanning and integrating SVM, offering high application value. Future work will optimize feature selection strategies and explore additional sample categories and model combinations to broaden applicability.

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Optimizing the Efficiency of Water Pollution Tracing Based on Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Spectra Extracted from Characteristic Excitation Wavelengths
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025011804• Jan 15, 2026

Single-Molecule Electrochemical Analysis of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Carboxylic Acid Isomers

Authors: TANG Wen, LI Hongshuang, ZHAO Xian, CHENG Mengyuan, LI Pufeng, XIE Xueying, ZUO Jiaqi, QIU Kaipei

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are persistent organic pollutants whose isomers exhibit distinct environmental behaviors, bioaccumulation potentials, and toxic effects due to structural variations. Accurate identification of PFCA isomers is critical for risk assessment and pollution control, yet existing detection methods predominantly rely on standard references, posing challenges for precise analysis of isomers with subtle structural differences. Single-molecule electrochemical sensing via nanopores offers a standard-free approach by correlating molecular volume with current blockade, but its capability to distinguish PFCA isomers remained unverified. This study targeted three sets of PFCA isomers: 4,5,5-trifluoropent-4-enoic acid vs. 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid; 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-methylpropanoic acid vs. 4,4,4-trifluorobutanoic acid; and 2-(trifluoromethoxy)acetic acid, 3,3,3-trifluorolactic acid, and (2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxypropanoic acid. By engineering nanopore interfaces (WT, R220N, R220Q Aerolysin) and extracting multi-dimensional characteristic parameters, the method achieved near 100% accuracy in identifying all seven isomers. Feature selection further enabled high classification accuracy with low data volumes, laying the foundation for rapid single-molecule detection of PFAS and other emerging contaminants.

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Single-Molecule Electrochemical Analysis of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Carboxylic Acid Isomers
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025083003• Jan 15, 2026

Solar Interfacial Evaporation and Desalination Performance of Carbon Spheres-Corn Stalk Double-Layer Evaporator

Authors: SU Mengshi, MA Yujuan, LI Jing, YAN Liangguo

To obtain freshwater from saline water and seawater, a double-layer evaporator consisting of carbon spheres and corn stalks was fabricated (abbreviated as CC). Corn stalks served as the evaporator substrate, and a mixed hydrogel of carbon spheres and polyvinyl alcohol functioned as the photothermal conversion layer. The solar-driven interfacial evaporation and desalination performance of the CC evaporator was investigated. The glucose-derived carbon spheres exhibited a uniform morphology and achieved 95% light absorption across 200–2500 nm. Under 1 sun (1 kW·m−2) irradiation, the CC with 3 cm height (CC-3) reached an exceptional evaporation rate of 3.55 kg·m−2·h−1 with a remarkable energy efficiency of 97.53%. When different wind speeds (1.5, 2, and 2.5 m·s−1) were applied, the evaporation rates further increased to 7.17, 8.92, and 10.41 kg·m−2·h−1, respectively. The evaporation rate of CC-3 for 3.5% saline was 3.46 kg·m−2·h−1. A 5-day long-time experiment exhibited stable desalination and excellent salt tolerance. Under a wind speed of 2.5 m·s−1, the evaporation rate reached 9.56 kg·m−2·h−1. In an outdoor natural light within a closed system and 2.5 m·s−1 of wind speed, the maximum evaporation rate and cumulative evaporation amount for seawater were 9.59 kg·m−2·h−1 and 66.0 kg·m−2, with no salt crystallization observed on the CC surface. These results demonstrate the potential practical application of the CC evaporator in seawater desalination.

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Solar Interfacial Evaporation and Desalination Performance of Carbon Spheres-Corn Stalk Double-Layer Evaporator
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025020501• Jan 15, 2026

Differences in Hexabromocyclododecane Isomers and Microbial Remediation: A Review

Authors: ZHANG Bidan, WANG Yingying

Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), a brominated flame retardant widely used in building insulation, plastics, and textiles, has been banned but persists in the environment and accumulates in biota. Its three main diastereomers (α-, β-, γ-HBCD) exhibit distinct physicochemical properties, leading to differences in half-life, toxicity, environmental distribution, and bioaccumulation. Microbial remediation offers advantages over chemical and physical methods, including fewer residues, cost-effectiveness, and shorter remediation cycles due to rapid microbial growth. Microorganisms degrade HBCD via debromination, hydroxylation, dehydrobromination, and combined pathways, with isomer transformation observed in environmental microbial communities. This review synthesizes current knowledge on HBCD isomer differences and microbial degradation mechanisms, emphasizing the importance of understanding these processes to mitigate environmental pollution and human health risks. Key findings include the predominance of γ-HBCD in technical mixtures, the higher bioaccumulation potential of α-HBCD, and the isolation of specific degrading strains such as Pseudomonas sp. and Citrobacter sp. Y3, which can mineralize HBCD under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The paper also discusses the influence of environmental factors on degradation efficiency and the potential for bioremediation strategies in contaminated soils and sediments.

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Differences in Hexabromocyclododecane Isomers and Microbial Remediation: A Review
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025012002• Jan 15, 2026

Comparative Study on Oxidative Removal of Acid Orange 7 from Water by Iron-Modified Corn Straw Biochar Activated Urea-Hydrogen Peroxide and Its Mechanisms

Authors: YANG Ke, ZHAO Baowei, GUO Qi, LIU Hui, PAN Jianglong

Acid orange 7 (AO7), a recalcitrant azo dye, poses significant threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health. This study investigates the activation of urea-hydrogen peroxide (UHP) by iron-modified corn straw biochars (Fe-CSBs) for AO7 degradation. Fe-CSBs were synthesized via impregnation-pyrolysis at 300, 500, and 700 °C using ferrous sulfate as modifier. The oxidative removal efficiencies of AO7 by Fe-CSB-activated UHP were compared, and the effects of Fe-CSB dosage, UHP dosage, initial AO7 concentration, initial pH, and coexisting anions (CO3^2−, HCO3^−, Cl^−) were systematically examined. Quenching experiments identified reactive oxygen species, and LC-MS analysis determined degradation intermediates. Results showed that all Fe-CSBs effectively activated UHP, achieving degradation rates of 98.54%, 97.38%, and 98.54% for Fe-CSB300, Fe-CSB500, and Fe-CSB700, respectively, under optimal conditions (0.2 g·L−1 UHP, 0.2 g·L−1 Fe-CSB, 20 mg·L−1 AO7, pH 3, 60 min). CO3^2− and HCO3^− inhibited degradation, while Cl^− had negligible effect. The primary reactive species were hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and singlet oxygen (^1O2). Degradation proceeded via cleavage of the azo bond, forming benzene-containing intermediates, which underwent deamination, desulfurization, and oxidation to smaller organics, ultimately mineralizing to CO2 and H2O. This work provides insights into UHP-based advanced oxidation processes for dye wastewater treatment.

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Comparative Study on Oxidative Removal of Acid Orange 7 from Water by Iron-Modified Corn Straw Biochar Activated Urea-Hydrogen Peroxide and Its Mechanisms
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024042404• Jan 15, 2026

CaO-Doped Rh/Al2O3 as a Highly Effective Catalyst for Catalytic N2O Decomposition

Authors: AN Haomin, BAO Shidong, ZHOU Liusong, LI Haitao, ZHENG Shourong

The direct catalytic decomposition of the greenhouse gas N2O into nitrogen and oxygen holds significant environmental importance. In this study, CaO-modified Rh-based catalysts were prepared via a stepwise impregnation method. The catalyst structures were characterized, and their catalytic performances for N2O decomposition were investigated. The characterization results demonstrate that CaO doping significantly enhances catalytic activity and water resistance. Specifically, the 0.5Rh/Al2O3 catalyst exhibited a N2O conversion below 5% at 300 °C, whereas the 0.5Rh-4Ca/Al2O3 catalyst achieved 50% conversion under identical conditions, indicating markedly improved low-temperature activity. Compared to the undoped catalyst (0.5Rh/Al2O3), CaO doping (0.5Rh-xCa/Al2O3) strengthens metal-support interactions, improves Rh dispersion on the support surface, and modulates the electron density around Rh, thereby substantially boosting N2O decomposition capability. The catalyst also demonstrated excellent stability, maintaining essentially constant conversion over 40 h of reaction. These findings underscore the potential of alkaline earth metal oxide doping as an effective strategy for designing high-performance noble metal catalysts for N2O abatement.

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CaO-Doped Rh/Al2O3 as a Highly Effective Catalyst for Catalytic N2O Decomposition
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010802• Jan 15, 2026

Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds in High-Altitude Counties of the Guanzhong Plain in Summer: Implications for Ozone Pollution Prevention and Control

Authors: MO Xinyu, LI Dan, SHEN Zhenxing, ZHENG Honghao, YE Xinpeng, SUN Jian, ZHANG Bin, YANG Liu, XU Hongmei

Ozone (O3) pollution is a prominent issue in the Guanzhong Plain, necessitating effective control of its precursors, particularly volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, studies on VOC pollution characteristics at the county level are scarce. To investigate the summer VOC pollution characteristics and sources in high-altitude towns of the Guanzhong Plain, continuous monitoring of 53 typical VOC species was conducted at two sites in Changwu County, Xianyang City (elevation 1200 m). The spatiotemporal variations of ambient VOCs and their ozone formation potential (OFP) were analyzed, and source apportionment was performed using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model. Results showed that average total VOC (TVOCs) concentrations at the Changwu Government and Changwu Middle School sites were 60.04×10⁻⁹ and 83.28×10⁻⁹, respectively. Oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) dominated, accounting for 55.14% and 62.91% of TVOCs, followed by alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and halogenated hydrocarbons. Industrial sources contributed the most (43.2%) to VOC emissions in Changwu County, but site-specific differences were observed: the Government site was primarily influenced by solvent use (30.7%) and motor vehicles (19.1%), while the Middle School site was dominated by domestic sources (27.6%) and motor vehicles (20.0%). The average OFP values at the Government and Middle School sites were 258.84×10⁻⁹ and 378.04×10⁻⁹, respectively, with alkenes and OVOCs as the main contributors, originating from industrial emissions, solvent use, and biogenic sources. EKMA curves indicated that Changwu County was in a VOC-limited regime during the observation period, confirming the effectiveness of VOC control for ozone mitigation. These findings provide scientific guidance for local ozone management and offer a paradigm for precise ozone pollution control in county-level regions of the Guanzhong Plain.

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Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds in High-Altitude Counties of the Guanzhong Plain in Summer: Implications for Ozone Pollution Prevention and Control
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025111302• Jan 15, 2026

Fabrication of Porous Metallic Bismuth-Based Blocks via 3D Printing and Their Performance in Chloride Removal

Authors: LV Hongying, ZHOU Xiaoyu, LIU Qijia, LI Xin, GE Dongdong, HUANG Shouqiang

High-concentration chloride ions (Cl−) in industrial wastewater cause severe corrosion and environmental hazards. Conventional removal methods suffer from low efficiency, high cost, and difficulty in product recovery. This study fabricated porous metallic bismuth-based blocks (Bi-PM) via 3D printing, combining chemical precipitation with additive manufacturing. Systematic evaluation of Cl− removal under varying pH and light irradiation revealed that at pH 0.1 and 0.5, dark-condition efficiencies were 53.6% and 31.0%, respectively, increasing to 69.3% and 38.1% under light. Radical trapping identified photogenerated holes as the primary active species, oxidizing metallic Bi to release Bi3+ and enhance precipitation. At pH 0.5, Bi-PM exhibited balanced efficiency and structural stability; over five cycles, average removal efficiency was 25% in darkness versus 41.2% under light, with superior stability under illumination. XRD and SEM confirmed abundant BiOCl formation on the surface under light, mitigating Bi loss. This approach ensures high chloride removal while minimizing material degradation, offering a novel pathway for industrial wastewater treatment.

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Fabrication of Porous Metallic Bismuth-Based Blocks via 3D Printing and Their Performance in Chloride Removal
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025011503• Jan 15, 2026

Characteristics and Impact Assessment of Odor Pollution in an Ink Manufacturing Enterprise

Authors: SHANG Xibin, ZHANG Yan, NING Xiaoyu, CUI Huanwen, WANG Gen, MENG Jie

This study investigated odor emissions from a large-scale ink manufacturing enterprise through comprehensive analyses of odor concentration, substance concentration, and characteristic odor compounds across all exhaust stacks. The aim was to assess odor dispersion patterns and identify critical odor-generating processes to inform strategic upgrades of air pollution control systems. The results showed that acrolein, hydrogen sulfide, isobutyraldehyde, m-xylene, p-xylene, and ethanol were screened as typical odor substances, with acrolein being ubiquitously present across all emission processes. The odor dispersion radius extended 1.4–2.6 km beyond the facility boundary. Vertical odor impact at a sensitive point 1 km from the plant boundary revealed a parabolic profile: concentrations initially increased with height, peaked at 30 m (equivalent to a 10-story building), then decreased at higher heights. The exhaust stack of the sewage treatment station accounted for 53.26% of total odor emissions, establishing this system as the priority control node for implementing enhanced air purification technologies in industrial air quality management.

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Characteristics and Impact Assessment of Odor Pollution in an Ink Manufacturing Enterprise
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025012001• Jan 15, 2026

Research Progress on the Application of Metal Nanozymes in Water Treatment

Authors: ZHANG Kaiting, XIE Yuwei, FENG Mingbao

Nanozymes, nanomaterials capable of mimicking natural enzyme catalytic activity, exhibit exceptional stability, high catalytic activity, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness, demonstrating immense potential in water treatment. This review article delves into the applications of metal nanozymes in water treatment, focusing on the pivotal roles of peroxidase-like, oxidase-like, and multi-enzyme active nanozymes. In this article, the central role of metals of nanozymes in the catalytic activity was analyzed, enhancing catalytic activity and the oxidation efficiency of pollutants. It is emphasized that the synergistic effect of bimetals further enhances catalytic activity and the oxidation efficiency of contaminants. This article offers profound insights into the catalytic mechanisms of nanozymes, providing a reference for selecting appropriate metals based on the characteristics of water pollution and developing metal nanozymes with specific catalytic activities.

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Research Progress on the Application of Metal Nanozymes in Water Treatment
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.0000/202605-1• Jan 15, 2026

Determination of Hydrazoic Acid and Sodium Azide in Workplace Air by Ion Chromatography with Suppressed Conductivity Detection

Authors: ZHU Fuqiang, GANG Qiang, JIA Huimei, MENG Xianlong, LI Yuanyuan, CHEN Linlin

A method for the determination of hydrazoic acid and sodium azide in workplace air was established using ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection. Vapor and mist states of hydrazoic acid were collected in 40 mg·L−1 KOH absorption solution, while sol states of hydrazoic acid or sodium azide were collected on microporous membranes and eluted with 40 mg·L−1 KOH. Separation was performed on a Dionex IonPac™ AS11-HC (250 mm × 4.0 mm) anion analytical column with KOH gradient elution, followed by suppressed conductivity detection. The azide ion (N3−) exhibited good linearity in the range of 0.005–0.5 mg·L−1, with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9997. The limit of detection (S/N=3) was 0.002 mg·L−1, and the limit of quantification (S/N=10) was 0.005 mg·L−1. The minimum quantifiable concentrations in air were 0.00256 mg·m−3 for hydrazoic acid and 0.00387 mg·m−3 for sodium azide, based on a 10.0 mL sample solution and a 20 L air sample. Spiked recoveries ranged from 92.0% to 100.4%, with relative standard deviations (RSD, n=6) between 0.76% and 2.51%. The method is efficient, accurate, and sensitive, suitable for monitoring and safety assessment of hydrazoic acid and sodium azide in workplace air.

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Determination of Hydrazoic Acid and Sodium Azide in Workplace Air by Ion Chromatography with Suppressed Conductivity Detection
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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 5 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.0000/202605-2• Jan 15, 2026

Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediments from Xiangshan Harbor, Sanmen Bay and Hangzhou Bay

Authors: ZHENG Dan, JIAO Haifeng, WANG Jianping, JIANG Hai, WU Beili, LIU Youyu, SUN Yuan, LIN Shan

Surface sediment samples were collected from 28 stations in the intertidal zones of Xiangshan Harbor, Sanmen Bay, and the southern coast of Hangzhou Bay, major fishery waters in Ningbo, to assess heavy metal pollution and ecological risk. Concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Hg, and As were determined. Results showed that Cu and Cr were the primary超标 factors, with mean concentrations exceeding the Class I standard (GB 18668-2002) by factors of 1.03 and 1.1, respectively, in Xiangshan Harbor; in Sanmen Bay, Cr exceeded by 1.1 times, while Cu did not. In Hangzhou Bay, Cu and Cr were elevated but below the standard. Coefficients of variation (CV) for five metals in Hangzhou Bay exceeded 30%, indicating strong external influence. In Xiangshan Harbor, As showed strong variation, and in Sanmen Bay, Hg showed strong variation. The potential ecological risk indices (RI) were 38.5, 36.7, and 31.1 for Xiangshan Harbor, Sanmen Bay, and Hangzhou Bay, respectively, all indicating low ecological risk. Spatial distribution in Hangzhou Bay revealed a decreasing gradient from a chemical industrial park, suggesting industrial discharge as a primary source. The study provides baseline data for environmental management and recommends source control and bioremediation in high-risk areas.

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Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediments from Xiangshan Harbor, Sanmen Bay and Hangzhou Bay
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