Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica•2026•DOI: 10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.202608_9726
Site calibration under IEC 61400-12-3 conventionally relies on wind direction and either mean wind speed or wind shear as the primary sensitivity factors. This study investigates the influence of wind speed, wind shear, inflow angle, turbulence intensity, and wind veer on the calibration relationship at a moderately complex site. Data from a reference met mast and a temporary met mast at the turbine position were analyzed. Results show that inflow angle exhibits a stronger correlation with the wind speed ratio than wind shear. Discarding data bins with low correlation improves calibration quality. At the lower blade tip height, terrain-induced flow distortion increases scatter, yielding poor calibration quality that fails to meet IEC 61400-12-3 requirements. The optimal calibration model uses wind speed as the sensitivity factor (Method 2), achieving a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.9551 in the 190°–200° sector, compared to 0.9092 with wind shear. Using inflow angle as the sensitivity factor raises R² from 0.8802 to 0.9544 in the same sector and reduces overall Type A uncertainty. For the 200°–220° sector, Method 2 is recommended. The study demonstrates that inflow angle can serve as an effective alternative sensitivity factor, particularly in complex terrain, and that lower blade tip calibration is unreliable for power curve testing in such environments.
Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica•2026•DOI: 10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.202608_9672
This study develops a comprehensive energy consumption numerical model for an optoelectronic glass Trombe wall using EnergyPlus, integrating coupled thermal, daylighting, and electrical power generation effects on building energy performance. Field experiments validated the model's predictive accuracy for heat transfer, daylighting, and power generation modules. The validated model was then applied to analyze comprehensive energy consumption and energy-saving potential across five representative cities in Northwest China using local meteorological data. A reference room with conventional construction was established to quantify the optimal energy-saving performance of the optoelectronic glass Trombe wall. Results indicate that the optimal transmittance values for Xi'an, Lanzhou, Yinchuan, Xining, and Urumqi are 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, and 60%, respectively. Compared with the reference room, the optimal energy-saving rates achieved by the optoelectronic glass Trombe wall are 18.4%, 21.9%, 22.7%, 21.4%, and 16.9% for these cities. These findings provide a reference for the application of building-integrated photovoltaic technology in Northwest China and support the advancement of building energy efficiency.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3432-8
This correction addresses an error in the labeling of author affiliations in the original publication (Sci China Mater, 2025, 68: 1561, DOI: 10.1007/s40843-024-3290-9). The corrected affiliations are as follows: Fuxia Huang, Feng Wang, Ya Liu, and Liejin Guo are affiliated with the International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China. Yifei Liu is affiliated with the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. The correction was made upon the request of the authors and with approval from the respective institutions. The original article focused on crystal defects engineering of BiOI to enhance photocatalytic CO2 reduction to C2 products, a critical area for sustainable fuel synthesis. This correction ensures accurate attribution and institutional recognition, which is essential for research integrity and reproducibility. No changes were made to the scientific content or conclusions of the original study.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3610-7
Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) offers an attractive route to produce value-added multicarbon (C2+) products, yet suffers from competing hydrogen evolution and monocarbon production. Here, we propose a dual-confinement effect on CO2 reactant and *CO intermediate, induced by tuning the pore configuration of reconstructed covalent organic frameworks (RC-COFs). The highly crystalline microporous RC-COF-1, when coated on a Cu electrode, enhances local CO2 concentration and restricts CO diffusion, thereby promoting C-C coupling. In acidic electrolyte, the RC-COF-1@Cu electrode achieves a maximum C2+ Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 67.0% at 500 mA cm−2, while maintaining a total carbon product FE above 90% across a broad current density range (100–500 mA cm−2). Experimental and theoretical analyses confirm that the ordered micropores of RC-COF-1 modulate reactant adsorption and intermediate diffusion, leading to improved C2+ selectivity. This work underscores the critical role of COF pore architecture in microenvironment engineering for heterogeneous catalysis.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3780-3
Real-time health monitoring and ongoing evaluation of physiological conditions are becoming increasingly vital for the advancement of future medical diagnostics and personalized healthcare solutions. Given that certain illnesses necessitate prompt and accessible detection methods, wearable chemical sensors have garnered considerable interest for their capability to monitor health through physiological signals and chemical indicators. This review delivers a thorough examination of recent developments in four primary categories of wearable chemical sensors: biosensors, humidity sensors, gas sensors, and ion sensors. We explore the representative materials, device structures, operating mechanisms, and various application scenarios for each type of sensor. By investigating the latest innovations in these technologies, we aim to provide a detailed overview of the current research landscape, highlight existing challenges, and present potential future directions of wearable chemical sensors in healthcare monitoring.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3800-7
Two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) crystals, stacked via atomically thin layers, exhibit rich functionalities and tunable stacking orders. Their mechanical behaviors are crucial for flexible and miniature electronics. While some vdW crystals show superior plasticity, the mechanical properties of SnS2 bulk crystals remain largely unexplored. Here, we synthesize high-quality SnS2 crystals via the Bridgman method and comprehensively investigate their mechanical properties. SnS2 bulk crystals exhibit remarkable plasticity and softness: bending and compression strains exceed 20% and 45%, respectively, without fracture, while tensile fracture strains reach up to ~12% (range 9%–16%). Scanning/transmission electron microscopy reveals multiple deformation units, including layer segments, interlayer/cross-layer slip, twisting, and twinning-like structures. These units provide multiple pathways to release strain energy, promoting plasticity. Alongside weak interlayer vdW interactions, relatively ionic and weak intralayer Sn–S bonds contribute to the softness. This work fills the knowledge gap on SnS2 mechanical properties, advancing its processing and application in diverse electronic devices. Further studies may focus on balancing plasticity and strength by tuning microstructure to activate but confine deformation units.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3913-3
The depletion of fossil resources necessitates the development of sustainable polymers from renewable feedstocks. Eugenol, a biomass-derived compound, serves as an ideal platform molecule due to its reactive allyl group and rigid aromatic scaffold. This study introduces a chiral Pd/Wei-Phos catalytic system for the helix-selective living polymerization of achiral eugenol-based diazo acetate monomer, delivering helical polycarbenes in high yield with controlled molecular weight (Mn), narrow dispersity (Đ), and optical activity. Post-polymerization functionalization was achieved via thiol-ene click chemistry, enabling efficient incorporation of diverse functional groups (carboxyl, ester, ketone, and diol) with high conversion (>99%). Additionally, an innovative pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionic acid) (PETMP) cross-linked eugenol-based polycarbene system has been constructed. By controlling the polymerization degree and cross-linking density of the polymer, the mechanical properties (tensile strength can reach 15 MPa) of the cross-linked materials can be easily adjusted. Moreover, the cross-linked films exhibit excellent chiral separation ability and can be used for the enantioseparation of enantiomers of various chiral alcohols, with enantiomeric excess (ee) up to 96%. This not only contributes an innovative strategy for designing high-performance functional materials, but also provides inspiring ideas for the development of biomass-derived high-performance materials.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3892-2
Single-atom co-catalysts on semiconductor substrates offer a cost-efficient route to enhance photocatalytic performance with minimal precious metal loading. However, precise tuning of local coordination environments and construction of efficient single-atom co-catalysts remain challenging for overall water splitting. Here, we employ an icing-assisted photochemical reduction strategy to anchor atomically dispersed Pt species as hydrogen evolution co-catalysts on Al3+-doped SrTiO3 (Pt SA-STO). The optimized Pt SA-STO exhibits remarkable activity, with hydrogen and oxygen evolution rates of 13.62 and 6.71 mmol h−1 g−1, respectively, and a turnover frequency (TOF) of 2114.5 h−1. We pioneer the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to quantitatively track the temporal evolution of Pt4+ to Pt2+ under continuous irradiation during the icing-assisted photoreduction. Advanced characterizations and theoretical calculations confirm that single-atom Pt co-catalysts facilitate directional transfer and extraction of photogenerated charge carriers, effectively suppressing surface recombination. This work provides insights into designing novel single-atom co-catalysts by deepening understanding of electronic configurations and active sites in photocatalytic overall water splitting.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3991-3
Ionic covalent organic frameworks (ICOFs), as an emerging subclass of covalent organic frameworks (COFs), have garnered significant attention owing to their unique integration of structural precision and ionic functionality. Although conventional neutral COFs possess excellent crystallinity, tunable porosity, and high stability, their limited electronic tunability and poor charge-transport properties have constrained their performance in various applications. The incorporation of ionic sites into COF skeletons or pore environments effectively overcomes these intrinsic limitations. The presence of charged centres enhances framework polarity, modulates local electrostatic fields, and facilitates efficient ion migration and charge separation, thereby endowing ICOFs with superior functionality. As a result, ICOFs have demonstrated remarkable potential in diverse fields, including adsorption, sensing, ion conduction, energy devices, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis. This review provides an integrative perspective by systematically linking framework design, ionic site engineering, structure-property relationships, and functional performance in various applications, highlighting ICOFs distinct advantages over neutral COFs and providing fundamental insights for the rational design of next-generation ionic frameworks toward energy and environmental applications.
Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology•2026•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60717-7
Alkali lignin, a high-volume byproduct from pulp and paper manufacturing and biomass refining, is a promising feedstock for aromatic hydrocarbon production in liquid fuels due to its high energy density and abundant aromatic moieties. However, its highly cross-linked polymeric structure hinders efficient valorization. This work investigates catalytic conversion of alkali lignin into bio-oil under in situ H2 supply from formic acid. A series of Ni-Mo/h-BN bimetallic catalysts with varied metal ratios were synthesized by impregnation and characterized by XPS, XRD, and other techniques. The effects of reaction parameters on H2 production via aqueous-phase reforming (APR) of formic acid were evaluated. Optimal H2 yield was achieved at a formic acid-to-water molar ratio of 1:10 and a Ni/Mo atomic ratio of 3:1. H2 yield increased monotonically with temperature from 220 to 280 °C, reaching a maximum of 38.48 mmol. Subsequently, influences of reaction temperature and residence time on bio-oil production were examined. The highest heavy bio-oil yield (18.93%) and maximum relative content of aromatic hydrocarbons (13.81%) were both achieved at 280 °C. Prolonged reaction time reduced heavy bio-oil yield and aromatic hydrocarbon abundance while favoring furan derivatives. This work demonstrates good synergy between in situ hydrogen generation from formic acid and lignin hydrogenation in the temperature range 240–280 °C.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-024-3290-9
BiOI photocatalysts exhibit potential for CO2 reduction, but suffer from insufficient CO2 activation and poor charge carrier dynamics, limiting conversion efficiency. This study introduces abundant crystal defects into BiOI via pH modulation of the synthesis solution. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) confirm lattice distortions in BiOI-LD and twin crystals in BiOI-TC. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, micropore and chemisorption analyses, and photoluminescence spectroscopy reveal that these defects enhance light absorption, CO2 adsorption capacity, charge transfer efficiency, and carrier lifetime. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy indicates increased superoxide radical generation in BiOI-TC, correlating with higher reactivity. BiOI-TC achieves a CH3CH2OH evolution rate of 6.2 μmol g−1 h−1 with 100% selectivity, a 12-fold enhancement over pristine BiOI. In situ FTIR identifies key intermediates (*COOH, *CO, *COCO, *CHO, *CH2) for ethanol production, while *CH3 is linked to C2H6 formation in BiOI-LD. This work demonstrates that crystal defect engineering effectively tunes product selectivity and activity in photocatalytic CO2 reduction.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3331-0
Hollow nanostructures with highly accessible surfaces and short charge-transport distances are pivotal for photo(electro)chemical reactions. Perovskite-type SrTiO3 (STO) is a promising photocatalyst for solar water splitting, yet the synthesis of uniform hollow single crystals with well-defined shells remains challenging due to the cubic symmetry and thermodynamic instability of curved surfaces. Here, we report the controllable synthesis of single-crystal STO hollow spheres with ultrathin shells (UTSS-STO) via a simple etching method. Selective etching of low-crystallinity interiors within mesoporous STO single crystals (MS-STO) yields hollow spherical shells and 2D sheet-like single crystals. The resulting UTSS-STO exhibits a 2.5-fold enhancement in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution compared to MS-STO. This improvement is attributed to the ultrathin porous shell, which shortens charge transport lengths and provides abundant active sites, as well as interlayer stress and an optimized electronic band structure that facilitate charge separation. HAADF-STEM and EDS mapping confirm uniform distribution of Rh/Cr2O3 cocatalysts on both inner and outer surfaces of the shell. This work demonstrates the advantage of hollow spherical shells for STO photocatalysts and offers insights into the fabrication of uniform hollow single crystals for efficient solar energy conversion.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3568-4
Viral capsids exemplify icosahedral polyhedral architectures formed via spontaneous self-assembly of identical protein subunits through non-covalent interactions governed by symmetry-matching rules. Mimicking this biological strategy, hydrogen-bond-directed supramolecular polyhedra have emerged as a focal point in supramolecular chemistry, offering dynamic responsiveness, reversible assembly, and structural designability. However, these systems face persistent challenges in structural stability and geometric precision control, particularly under competitive solvent conditions and thermal stress. This review systematically categorizes hydrogen-bonded supramolecular polyhedra by structural type and building block characteristics, including calix[4]resorcinarene cavitands, resorcin[4]arenes, pyrogallol[4]arenes, and peptidic containers. Key experimental milestones are highlighted: encapsulation-induced stabilization of heterocapsules (Chem Eur J, 2013, 19: 3685–3692), guest rotation within self-assembled heterocapsules (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2009, 106: 10444–10448), and mechanochemical encapsulation of fullerenes in peptidic containers via dynamic chiral self-sorting (Chem Eur J, 2016, 22: 3148–3152). These constructs demonstrate tunable capsule spaces through hydrogen-bonding linkers (J Org Chem, 2006, 71: 8800–8806) and hybrid hydrogen-bonded/metal-ligand coordination capsules with dual guest-exchange control (Chem – An Asian J, 2014, 9: 1076–1082). The review identifies critical scientific bottlenecks—including solvent-dependent disassembly, limited cavity size, and trade-offs between reversibility and mechanical robustness—and outlines future trends toward precision functionalization. Establishing a theoretical framework for controlled assembly, this work provides methodological guidance for advancing bioinspired hydrogen-bonded polyhedral structures in synthetic chemistry and materials science.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3571-y
Two-dimensional (2D) BiOBr has attracted considerable attention for optoelectronic applications, yet reported 2D BiOBr predominantly exhibits n-type conductivity. The absence of high-quality p-type 2D BiOBr impedes the development of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuits. This study reports the synthesis of large-scale, high-quality p-type 2D BiOBr single crystals via chemical potential modulation chemical vapor deposition (CPMCVD). By precisely modulating the oxygen chemical potential during growth, the conduction polarity of 2D BiOBr is controllably switched between p-type and n-type. Density functional theory calculations reveal that high oxygen chemical potential promotes bismuth vacancy formation, yielding p-type conductivity, whereas low oxygen chemical potential favors oxygen vacancies, resulting in n-type BiOBr. Field-effect transistors (FETs) fabricated from the p-type crystals exhibit a hole mobility of 26.28 cm2 V−1 s−1 and an on/off ratio exceeding 10^4. The n-type FETs demonstrate an electron mobility of 59.59 cm2 V−1 s−1, surpassing most reported n-type 2D FETs. This CPMCVD approach enables precise polarity control without extrinsic doping, offering a scalable route for integrating 2D BiOBr into CMOS technology.