Power Automation Equipment•2026•DOI: 10.16081/j.epae.202605021
Real-time constraints prevent CPU-based electromagnetic transient simulators from accurately sampling high-frequency PWM signals at microsecond step sizes, leading to insufficient HIL test precision and even instability of the closed-loop system. This paper introduces a PWM averaging technique to construct a novel UREP (electromagnetic transient real-time simulator) + FPGA hardware-in-the-loop test platform. To achieve accurate PWM acquisition, the FPGA's nanosecond-level clock resolution increases the number of sampling points within a single switching period from a few points under microsecond simulation steps to several thousand points. The FPGA implements fixed-step PWM averaging, converting discrete switching states into continuous duty cycles that serve as control signals for the UREP-side inverter average model. This technique avoids frequent topology updates and state matrix reconstructions triggered by switching events, reduces high real-time computational resource consumption, improves numerical stability of the in-loop system, and enhances HIL test accuracy under large-step real-time constraints. Simulation cases and industrial-grade controller HIL tests verify the platform's feasibility and accuracy. The platform provides an efficient, reproducible verification scheme for photovoltaic controller control strategies and offers a feasible technical path for domestic electromagnetic transient real-time simulation platforms to conduct high-frequency controller HIL tests.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4251-2
The human vascular system, characterized by multi-scale topological complexity, serves as the fundamental infrastructure for nutrient transport, hemodynamic regulation, and immune surveillance. Replicating this system is critical for injury repair, disease modeling, and organ-on-a-chip development, yet a key gap persists between structural mimicry and full functional reproduction. This review evaluates how emerging 3D printing strategies are advancing beyond geometric imitation toward integrated physiological functions, thereby helping to bridge this divide. Over the past decade, 3D printing has advanced significantly in functional vascular reconstruction via precise molding and cell-material integration. This review summarizes the latest progress, including material design, molding methods, and structural optimization, focusing on 3D printing breakthroughs in three core scenarios: high-fidelity in vitro vascular models, in vivo tissue functional replacement, and vascularized organ-on-a-chip systems. Furthermore, this review delves into the existing challenges and future prospects of these application directions. Keywords: vascular reconstruction, 3D printing, bionic vessels, hydrogel.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3850-3
Chiral nanomaterials have attracted considerable attention for antibacterial applications due to their unique chiroptical properties. Here, we report a novel spatiotemporally precise synergistic photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) strategy using circularly polarized light (CPL)-activated chiral molybdenum-doped carbon dots (L-Mo-CDs and D-Mo-CDs). These chiral carbon dots were synthesized using chiral tartaric acid as a precursor. Notably, D-Mo-CDs selectively respond to left-handed CPL (LCP), while L-Mo-CDs respond to right-handed CPL (RCP). Under CPL irradiation, D-Mo-CDs exhibit enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and a higher photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) compared to L-Mo-CDs. In vitro antibacterial assays demonstrate that D-Mo-CDs possess excellent bactericidal efficacy against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In vivo wound healing studies in a mouse model reveal remarkable therapeutic efficacy, attributed to reduced inflammation, accelerated angiogenesis, and enhanced collagen deposition. This work introduces a paradigm for utilizing chiral carbon dots in precision antibacterial therapy, addressing the limitations of conventional chiral nanomaterials such as poor biocompatibility and low photothermal conversion. The findings underscore the potential of metal-doped chiral carbon dots for advanced biomedical applications, offering a spatiotemporally controllable approach to combat bacterial infections without promoting resistance.
Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering•2026•DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202508081
Traditional soil thermal remediation requires high temperatures (>300 °C), which can damage soil structure, increase energy consumption, and elevate carbon emissions. This study developed a Cu–CeOx/TiO2 trimetallic catalyst to enable low-temperature thermal remediation of naphthalene-contaminated soil. Using nano-TiO2 as a support, catalysts with varying Cu/Ce ratios were prepared via impregnation-calcination. Material characterization (XRD, TEM, XPS, etc.) revealed that Cu and Ce incorporation induced crystal defects in TiO2, enhancing lattice oxygen activity and electron mobility, thereby generating more oxygen vacancies and hydroxyl radicals. Performance evaluation using a TGA-GC-FTIR-MS platform showed that the catalyst with Cu:Ce = 1:1 achieved the best remediation efficiency, reducing the thermal remediation temperature from 250 °C to 211.5 °C and increasing the removal rate by an average of 19.49% compared to the non-catalyst group at the same temperature. The catalyst facilitated stepwise degradation of naphthalene into smaller organic molecules (alcohols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes) and ultimately into H2O and CO2. This work demonstrates that Cu–CeOx/TiO2 significantly lowers the energy demand of thermal remediation, offering a promising approach for low-carbon remediation of organic-contaminated soils.
Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology•2026•DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60623-2
Oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) is a promising route for direct conversion of methane to C2–C3 hydrocarbons, but conventional thermal catalysis suffers from insufficient conversion and selectivity. Here, we report a novel Mn2O3-TiO2-Na2WO4/SiO2+SiC microwave catalyst prepared by ball-milling, which enables efficient OCM under microwave irradiation. At 700 °C, the microwave catalytic reaction mode (MCRM) achieves a CH4 conversion of 26.6%, a C2–C3 selectivity of 76.5%, and a C2–C3 yield of 20.4%, significantly outperforming the conventional reaction mode (CRM) under identical conditions (12.3%, 61.9%, and 7.5%, respectively). The catalyst exhibits stable performance for 20 h in MCRM, maintaining CH4 conversion above 25% and C2–C3 selectivity above 76%. Characterization (XRD, XPS, O2-TPD, Raman) reveals that calcination promotes Mn–Ti interaction, increasing peroxy species and lattice oxygen (Oγ), which enhance reactivity and selectivity. Notably, microwave irradiation reduces the apparent activation energy from 173 kJ/mol (CRM) to 27.5 kJ/mol, facilitating free radical coupling and suppressing deep oxidation. These findings provide a low-temperature, energy-efficient strategy for methane valorization, contributing to sustainable chemical manufacturing.
Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology•2026•DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607008
Waste tire pyrolysis has emerged as a leading treatment technology due to its broad applicability, high resource recovery efficiency, and low environmental pollution. This study employs thermogravimetric analysis to investigate the influence of heating rate on pyrolysis characteristics and systematically analyzes reaction kinetics across three scales: overall reaction, weight-loss stages, and Fraser-Suzuki deconvolution. The Fraser-Suzuki function, with its asymmetric peak-fitting capability, outperforms conventional methods in describing the complex continuous reaction, achieving superior fit accuracy (R²=0.998). Deconvolution resolves the pyrolysis into four pseudo-components: additives, natural rubber, synthetic rubber, and high-temperature residual reactants, with average activation energies of 118.21, 202.60, 231.98, and 251.97 kJ/mol, respectively. The study provides critical theoretical support for temperature-zone control and reactor design optimization in waste tire pyrolysis technologies.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3387-6
Defect engineering is pivotal in comprehending physical mechanisms that govern carrier transport and device performance. The defect evolution and carrier manipulation in Sn-doped Ga2O3 bulk crystals subjected to different thermal treatments were investigated, utilizing depth-profiled deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and frequency-dependent capacitance-voltage (C-V-f) techniques. In untreated Sn-doped Ga2O3 with an electron concentration of 6.37×10^17 cm^-3, two dominant electron traps, ET1 (EC−0.68 eV) and ET2 (EC−0.76 eV), were identified, corresponding to gallium vacancy (VGa) and the neutral complex of VGa-VO, respectively, and characterized as bulk traps. FeGa-related defects, ET3 (EC−0.84 eV), were concentrated near surface. Nitrogen annealing significantly reduced ET1, increased ET2 density from 6.13×10^15 to 1.1×10^16 cm^-3, and raised the interfacial state density (Dit) to 3.36×10^15 eV^-1 cm^-2, accompanied by an elevated electron concentration of 7.48×10^18 cm^-3. In contrast, air annealing enhanced ET1, with a density of 1.42×10^16 cm^-3, suppressed of ET2/ET3 traps, resulting in a lower Dit of 1.74×10^14 eV^-1 cm^-2, and a reduced electron concentration to 3.01×10^16 cm^-3. The findings reveal that a reducing environment induces VO formation and converts discrete VGa acceptors into neutral VGa-VO complexes, leading to downward surface band bending and electron accumulation. Conversely, VGa-VO complexes are dissociated into VGa acceptors in oxidizing conditions, leading to an upward surface band bending and electron compensation. This work underscores the carrier concentration manipulation by defect engineering in Ga2O3, offering insights essential for developing high-performance gallium oxide electronics.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3516-2
Iron-based mixed phosphates are considered promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to low cost, non-toxicity, and high structural stability. However, their electrochemical performance is limited by poor electronic conductivity and sluggish ion diffusion. This study presents Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7) with porous coral-like S-doped carbon (NFPP-U0.5%) as cathode material for SIBs. The porous coral-like structure of the S-doped carbon layer, along with C–S–Fe interaction, significantly enhances electronic conductivity and sodium ion diffusion. NFPP-U0.5% delivers excellent rate performance, achieving 80.3 mAh g−1 at 20 C. In-situ X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the C–S–Fe interaction, combined with the unique carbon structure, contributes to a small lattice volume change during cycling. NFPP-U0.5% reached an ultra-long cycling life with capacity retention of 82.66% after 25,000 cycles at 20 C. The outstanding electrochemical performances and unique interface interaction demonstrate that S-doped carbon coating NFPP is of high potential as a cathode material for low cost and long-lasting cyclability energy storage systems.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3594-2
The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs) has been substantially advanced by optimizing acceptors and cathode interface layers (CILs). Perylene diimide (PDI) has been universally used in acceptors and CILs for OSCs owing to its chemical and photothermal stability, structural tunability, and high electron mobility. Nevertheless, the high planarity of PDI tends to result in excessive aggregation, which suppresses the PCE of the OSCs. Notably, the bay-functionalization strategy of PDI can optimize the light absorption properties, charge transfer (CT), and aggregation behavior, which dramatically boost the PCE of OSCs. Here, a systematic summary of acceptors and CILs based on the bay-substitution of PDI is reviewed. First, the progress history and working principle of OSCs are reviewed, and the mechanisms of the acceptors and CILs, as well as the functional properties of the disparate positions of PDI, are elaborated. Second, the relationship between the performance and structure of the bay-modified PDI acceptors and CILs was discussed in depth. Finally, the conclusions and outlooks of acceptors and CILs for bay-substituted PDI are presented. This review provides valuable insights for optimizing the performance of OSCs by modifying the PDI in bay regions.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3724-y
Respiratory sensors capable of real-time monitoring are essential for health management, disease prevention, and early diagnosis. Achieving real-time respiratory monitoring requires sensors with fast and sensitive response, high stability, and mechanical flexibility. Here, we demonstrate an amino-modified graphdiyne (NH2-GDY)-based sensor for real-time monitoring of human respiratory status. Compared to pristine graphdiyne, the amino-functionalized NH2-GDY exhibits enhanced adsorption capacity for water molecules. Its enlarged nanoporous structure facilitates the migration of water molecules, enabling rapid adsorption/desorption. The sensor demonstrates ultra-fast and ultra-sensitive respiratory responses, coupled with remarkable flexibility and stability. When integrated into a wearable electronic system, it achieves real-time monitoring of sleep apnea syndrome (SAS). This work highlights the feasibility of novel carbon-based respiratory sensors in advanced health monitoring applications. The sensor was fabricated on polyimide (PI) substrates, ensuring mechanical robustness. The amine-rich structure and nanoscale porosity of NH2-GDY facilitate rapid adsorption and transfer of water molecules, enabling fast and highly sensitive respiratory responses. This strategy provides a pivotal solution for early SAS diagnosis and disease management, establishing a novel respiratory sensing paradigm while expanding the application landscape of graphdiyne-based materials.