Advancing Functional Vascular Reconstruction through 3D Printing Strategies

• • 3D printing enables anatomically accurate stroke patient-specific carotid artery-on-chips for personalized thrombosis investigation, achieving patient-specific geometry with potential for high-fidelity hemodynamic modeling (Adv Mater, 2026, 38: e08890). • • Desktop 3D printers can fabricate cerebral aneurysm simulators (Sci Rep, 2017, 7: 44301), demonstrating cost-effective production of complex vascular phantoms for surgical planning and device testing. • • Microfluidic bioprinting of tough hydrogel-based vascular conduits (Sci Adv, 2022, 8: eabq6900) yields functional blood vessels with mechanical robustness suitable for in vivo implantation, addressing the need for small-diameter grafts. • • Freeform inkjet printing of cellular structures with bifurcations (Biotech Bioeng, 2015, 112: 1047–1055) enables fabrication of multi-furcated vessels, critical for replicating hierarchical vascular networks in tissue engineering.