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Published Research PapersFiltered: Year 2026 • 45 • 6

Showing 34 of 189 peer-reviewed papers with full Graphical Abstracts.

Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025030501• Jan 15, 2026

Pollution Characteristics and Ecological Risks of Microplastics in Surface Waters of Coastal Area and Rivers Entering the Sea on Hainan Island

Authors: ZHANG Xiaoyan, HUANG Weiyu, DENG Hanqiang, SUN Kaifeng, CHEN Wenwen, LIU Bingjie

Coastal areas serve as critical ecological interfaces for the migration of terrestrial microplastics (MPs) into the ocean, and characterizing their pollution is essential for integrated coastal management. This study investigated the occurrence, sources, and ecological risks of MPs in surface waters of nearshore areas and river estuaries around Hainan Island, a typical tropical tourist island. MPs abundance ranged from 316.67 to 1300 n·m−3 in seawater and from 400 to 5416.67 n·m−3 in river water. In seawater, the dominant polymer was polyethylene terephthalate, with fibers being the predominant shape, size class 500–1000 μm, and white/transparent color. In river water, polypropylene-ethylene copolymer dominated, also as fibers, but with size class 100–500 μm and white/transparent color. Seawater MP abundance showed a significant positive correlation with tourist numbers, and distribution across functional areas followed: tourism areas > natural areas > aquaculture areas > residential areas. Multiple correspondence analysis identified household plastic waste, laundry wastewater, aquaculture, and fishery products as primary sources of seawater MPs. Principal component analysis indicated homologous characteristics between seawater and river MPs, suggesting rivers are a major pathway for terrestrial MP transport to coastal zones. Ecological risk assessment revealed low pollution loads, with potential ecological risks moderate for seawater and medium-low for river water. Notably, 15% of seawater sampling sites exhibited polymer risk level Ⅳ, primarily driven by polyacrylonitrile's high biological toxicity. These findings provide a scientific basis for developing MP pollution control strategies in Hainan Island.

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Pollution Characteristics and Ecological Risks of Microplastics in Surface Waters of Coastal Area and Rivers Entering the Sea on Hainan Island

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021005• Jan 15, 2026

Accumulation and Occurrence of Microplastics in Different Feeding Species of Wild Fish in Baiyangdian Lake

Authors: WANG Bingshuai, WANG Wei, MENG Xin, QI Jie

Microplastic pollution in freshwater environments has escalated, leading to increased accumulation in wild fish. This study investigated the occurrence characteristics of microplastics (MPs) in the gills, gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and muscle of four wild fish species with different feeding habits from Baiyangdian Lake, China. MPs were detected in all tissues. The average abundance was highest in the GIT (11.63 ± 10.76 items/individual), followed by gills (7.44 ± 6.79 items/individual), and lowest in muscle (3.91 ± 3.16 items/individual). The majority of MPs were transparent and black fibers smaller than 0.5 mm. Polymer analysis identified polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) as dominant components. Significant differences in MP abundance were observed among species, with carnivorous and herbivorous fish (e.g., snakehead and grass carp) showing higher total MPs than omnivorous and planktivorous fish (e.g., mosquitofish and topmouth gudgeon). However, when normalized by body weight, smaller fish exhibited higher MP concentrations in the GIT, suggesting a greater risk per unit mass. This study provides baseline data on tissue-specific MP distribution in wild freshwater fish with varying feeding behaviors and habitats, highlighting the influence of trophic level and body size on MP accumulation.

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Accumulation and Occurrence of Microplastics in Different Feeding Species of Wild Fish in Baiyangdian Lake

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025022102• Jan 15, 2026

Research Progress on the Impact of Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure on Pregnancy Complications and Adverse Birth Outcomes

Authors: ZHANG Ruixin, ZHUANG Shulin, LIU Jing

Organophosphate pesticides (OPs), the most extensively used insecticides globally, are ubiquitous in environmental matrices and agricultural products, leading to widespread human exposure. This systematic review evaluates the impact of OP exposure on pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes, synthesizing evidence from 58 epidemiological studies published between January 2001 and July 2024. Exposure assessment methods, including biomarkers such as urinary dialkyl phosphates, are critically examined. The review finds significant associations between OP exposure and increased risks of spontaneous abortion, gestational diabetes mellitus, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, preterm birth, and adverse birth outcomes such as low birth weight and reduced head circumference. Potential mechanisms include paraoxonase 1 (PON1) genotype polymorphisms affecting detoxification capacity, oxidative stress, inflammation, metabolic disruption, and altered placental gene networks. The review highlights inconsistencies across studies due to variability in exposure assessment, timing, and population susceptibility. Future research should prioritize longitudinal designs, repeated biomarker measurements, and consideration of PON1 genetic variants to clarify causal relationships and susceptible windows. This comprehensive synthesis provides critical insights for regulatory policies and clinical interventions aimed at mitigating maternal and child health risks from OP exposure.

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Research Progress on the Impact of Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure on Pregnancy Complications and Adverse Birth Outcomes

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025022301• Jan 15, 2026

Metabolomics Study of Zebrafish Embryos Exposed to PFOS and 6:2 FTSA

Authors: XIE Ting, ZHANG Jing, WANG Qiang, CHEN Meng

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a typical perfluorinated compound, has been restricted from production and use due to its adverse effects on organisms and ecosystems. It has been replaced by various emerging alternatives, including 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA). Recently, 6:2 FTSA has been widely detected in aquatic environments; however, studies on its toxicity to aquatic organisms remain limited. To compare the toxic effects of PFOS and 6:2 FTSA on aquatic organisms, zebrafish embryos were exposed to each compound for 72 h. Toxic effects were evaluated, and alterations in endogenous metabolites and metabolic pathways in zebrafish embryos were analyzed using metabolomics. The study demonstrated that both PFOS and 6:2 FTSA induced malformations in zebrafish embryos, with 61 and 33 endogenous differential metabolites identified respectively, predominantly involving lipids and amino acid derivatives. PFOS induces immunotoxicity primarily by disrupting lipid metabolism pathways, thereby interfering with normal embryonic development. In addition, 6:2 FTSA exhibited neurotoxicity by affecting metabolic pathways such as dopaminergic synapses. This study elucidates the differential metabolic responses induced by PFOS and 6:2 FTSA in zebrafish embryos, providing a theoretical basis for assessing the health risks of PFOS alternatives.

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Metabolomics Study of Zebrafish Embryos Exposed to PFOS and 6:2 FTSA

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025112603• Jan 15, 2026

Catalytic Properties of Ionic Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) Materials in CO2 Cycloaddition

Authors: ZHANG Wenyu, LIAO Xiaoqing, ZHANG Xuwenqi, GU Xiaoling, NIU Hongyun, SHI Yali, CAI Yaqi

The cycloaddition of carbon dioxide (CO2) to epoxides (CCE) is a 100% atom-economical transformation yielding cyclic carbonates, which are valuable chemical products. This reaction valorizes CO2 as a carbon feedstock, mitigating the greenhouse effect and aligning with carbon neutrality goals. Conventional covalent organic framework (COF) catalysts often require co-catalysts to achieve high efficiency. To address this, we designed and prepared a series of ionic COFs, denoted EB-BT(nOH), that simultaneously incorporate acid (hydroxyl), base (nitrogen), and nucleophilic bromide (Br−) functionalities. These materials efficiently catalyze the CCE reaction without any co-catalyst. Among them, EB-BT(OH) exhibited the highest catalytic activity, achieving a 99% yield of the target product at 120 °C and 2.0 MPa CO2 pressure. By systematically varying the hydroxyl content in the COF backbone, we investigated the critical role of hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) in the CCE reaction. This work provides new design principles for COF-based catalysts for CCE, eliminating the need for co-catalysts and enhancing process sustainability.

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Catalytic Properties of Ionic Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) Materials in CO2 Cycloaddition

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025030302• Jan 15, 2026

Determination of Trace Phthalates in Foods by C18-SiO2@C-Tip Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Authors: LI Jiaxiang, LI Na, ZHAO Rusong, NIU Hongyun, CAI Yaqi

A novel core-shell composite adsorbent, C18-SiO2@C, was synthesized for the determination of five phthalates in food samples. The adsorbent was prepared by assembling hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3) into γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) cavities via saturated solution method, followed by hydrothermal oxidation to form SiO2@C, and subsequent C18 modification on the inner SiO2 core. The outer hydrophilic amorphous carbon shell enables effective extraction, while the inner C18 layer provides hydrophobic interactions. Using tip-based solid-phase microextraction (SPME), the adsorbent (10 mg) efficiently enriched phthalates from water, milk, and cola. Under optimized conditions (pH, eluent type/volume, sample volume, salt concentration), the method coupled with GC/MS exhibited linearity in the range of 0.5–10 ng·mL−1 (R² > 0.99), limits of detection (S/N ≥ 3) of 0.04–0.15 μg·L−1, and spiked recoveries of 74%–100% (RSD 1.32%–3.49%). For real samples, recoveries were 84.6%–102.3% for tap water, 80.7%–104.6% for cola, and 80.2%–101.4% for milk. The method offers simplicity, rapidity, low sample consumption, high enrichment efficiency, and strong matrix interference resistance, demonstrating significant potential for trace phthalate monitoring in foods.

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Determination of Trace Phthalates in Foods by C18-SiO2@C-Tip Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025030305• Jan 15, 2026

Heavy Metal Speciation and Ecological Risk Assessment of Biochar from Co-pyrolysis of Livestock Sludge and Calcium Carbide Slag

Authors: DAN Yue, LIU Xinxin, QU Guangfei, LI Junyan, CAI Yingying, ZHANG Ting, HE Minjie, YANG Jieqian

The rapid expansion of livestock and poultry farming has intensified the challenge of managing sludge, which contains heavy metals (primarily Cu and Zn), antibiotics, and pathogens. Calcium carbide slag (CCS), an alkaline industrial waste rich in Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, and other minerals, poses environmental risks due to its high alkalinity. This study investigates the speciation transformation of heavy metals in biochar derived from co-pyrolysis of livestock sludge and CCS under varying temperatures (400–700 °C) and mixing ratios (sludge:CCS = 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1). The results demonstrate that at 600 °C and a 2:1 mixing ratio, calcium-based compounds and SiO2 in CCS effectively immobilize heavy metals through crystal solid solution and complexation, reducing their ecological risk. Sequential extraction indicated a shift from exchangeable and reducible fractions to residual fractions, with the residual fraction of Cu and Zn increasing by up to 45% and 38%, respectively, compared to sludge-only pyrolysis. The formation of apatite phosphorus (Ca5(PO4)3OH and Ca3(PO4)2) enhances the bioavailability of phosphorus in the biochar, making it a potential slow-release fertilizer. The study provides a novel strategy for the synergistic treatment of livestock sludge and CCS, offering environmental and economic benefits by producing stable, nutrient-rich biochar while mitigating heavy metal toxicity.

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Heavy Metal Speciation and Ecological Risk Assessment of Biochar from Co-pyrolysis of Livestock Sludge and Calcium Carbide Slag

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021401• Jan 15, 2026

Distribution Characteristics, Sources, and Risks of Organophosphate Triesters and Diesters in the Qiantang River, Hangzhou

Authors: YANG Wenya, YANG Chenglong, DING Hao, HOU Minmin, LI Xin, WU Xiaodong, SHI Yali, CAI Yaqi

This study investigated the occurrence, distribution, sources, and ecological risks of 19 organophosphate triesters (OPEs) and 8 diesters (di-OPEs) in surface water and sediments from the Hangzhou section of the Qiantang River. Samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Concentrations of ΣOPEs in water ranged from 31.5 to 98.9 ng/L, and in sediments from 10.8 to 341 ng/g dry weight (dw). Σdi-OPEs ranged from 2.19 to 104 ng/L in water and 0.437 to 106 ng/g dw in sediments, indicating moderate to low contamination. TCIPP and TCEP dominated OPEs in water, while TEHP was the predominant OPE in sediments. DBP was the major di-OPE in water, and DPHP in sediments. Source apportionment via correlation and principal component analysis identified industrial production and human activities, including household, tire, plastic manufacturing, and agricultural practices, as primary sources. Ecological risk assessment revealed negligible risks for most OPEs in water, but notable risks in sediments: TEHP and EHDPP posed risks to crustaceans, and TPHP to algae. Moreover, combined toxicity at multiple sediment sampling sites raised concern, warranting further attention.

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Distribution Characteristics, Sources, and Risks of Organophosphate Triesters and Diesters in the Qiantang River, Hangzhou

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021101• Jan 15, 2026

Toxic Effects of Benzo[a]pyrene on Pancreatic Development and Function in Offspring Rats

Authors: CUI Rong, CHENG Yi, ZHAI Xiaohe, WANG Li, LU Ying

This study investigated the toxic effects of intrauterine benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) exposure on pancreatic development and glucose metabolism in first-generation offspring rats. Pregnant Wistar rats were randomly divided into control and treatment groups receiving 200, 800, or 1600 μg·kg−1 BaP via daily oral gavage during gestation until delivery. Pancreatic histology was assessed in offspring at postnatal day 2 and week 12. Protein and mRNA expression of pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) were quantified. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (IPGTT) and insulin tolerance tests (IPITT) were performed at week 12. Results showed that exposure to 800 and 1600 μg·kg−1 BaP caused dose-dependent pancreatic damage, with more severe islet morphological disruption and reduced islet area, which did not improve with age. PDX-1 and TFAM expression levels decreased in a dose-dependent manner at both time points. At week 12, the 1600 μg·kg−1 group exhibited pre-diabetic symptoms, including elevated blood glucose and insulin levels, and impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. These findings indicate that intrauterine BaP exposure leads to persistent pancreatic developmental impairment and glucose metabolism disorders, potentially mediated by downregulation of PDX-1 and TFAM, with no recovery over time.

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Toxic Effects of Benzo[a]pyrene on Pancreatic Development and Function in Offspring Rats

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021702• Jan 15, 2026

Electrochemical Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide for Disinfection of Toilet Bowl Seal Water

Authors: ZHOU Fayuan, YANG Yiting, XU Xinpeng, YUAN Yi, ZHENG Quan, WANG Yujue

Bacteria and microorganisms in toilets can enter the air via aerosol plumes generated during flushing, posing potential health risks. This study evaluates the feasibility of electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for household toilet disinfection. Disinfection experiments showed that at H2O2 concentrations of 50–200 mg·L−1, bacteria in toilet bowl seal water were completely inactivated within 4–24 h without generating harmful disinfection by-products. By installing a gas diffusion electrode in the toilet tank and utilizing oxygen from air to electrochemically synthesize H2O2 in situ, the total bacterial count in the seal water was reduced by more than 90% during normal toilet use, thereby lowering the risk of disease transmission via toilet aerosols. The results suggest that electrochemical H2O2 synthesis offers a safe, healthy, and environmentally friendly disinfection method for household toilets.

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Electrochemical Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide for Disinfection of Toilet Bowl Seal Water

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025120801• Jan 15, 2026

Effect of Hematite Morphology on the Photosensitive Response of Microplastic-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter

Authors: LIAN Yongxuan, XU Runxin, ZHOU Yuan, HUANG Yan, SONG Jia, XU Xiang, LI Shangze, YU Qizheng, YANG Jingwen, WANG Jingzhen

The interaction between microplastic-derived dissolved organic matter (PSDOM) and iron oxides in soil environments can modulate its photosensitization effects, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. This study investigated the influence of hematite with distinct morphologies—flake-shaped (HNPs) and cubic (HNCs)—on the photosensitization of polystyrene-derived dissolved organic matter (PSDOM). Under 500 W mercury lamp irradiation, both hematite morphologies promoted PSDOM degradation, with HNCs exhibiting superior performance: total organic carbon (TOC) decreased from 18.4 mg·L−1 to 12.3 mg·L−1 within 90 min, compared to 13.3 mg·L−1 for HNPs. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that hematite alters the humification process, thereby modifying photosensitization. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy identified the generation of singlet oxygen (1O2), hydroxyl radicals (·OH), and carbon-centered radicals (CH3C(=O)OO·). HNCs significantly enhanced 1O2 production, while HNPs favored ·OH generation; both inhibited CH3C(=O)OO· formation. Quantitative analysis via high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that the steady-state concentration of 1O2 was highest with HNCs, reaching 2.80 times that of the PSDOM control, whereas ·OH concentration peaked with HNPs at 1.98 times the control. Notably, the steady-state concentration of 1O2 was approximately three orders of magnitude higher than that of ·OH. These findings elucidate the morphology-dependent role of hematite in PSDOM photosensitization, providing mechanistic insights into the environmental fate of microplastic-derived organic matter in complex soil systems.

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Effect of Hematite Morphology on the Photosensitive Response of Microplastic-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025030404• Jan 15, 2026

Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Sulfonamide Antibiotics Using BiVO4/TiO2 Array Anode

Authors: HE Yuling, LI Na, ZHAO Rusong, NIU Hongyun, CAI Yaqi

The photoelectrocatalytic degradation of seven sulfonamide antibiotics—sulfathiazole (STZ), sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfisoxazole (SIA), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), sulfapyridine (SPD), sulfadimidine (SMT), and sulfaguanidine (SG)—was investigated using a bismuth vanadate-loaded titanium dioxide array (BiVO4/TiO2) as the anode under visible light irradiation. Systematic evaluation of BiVO4 loading, solution pH, current density, electrolyte type, and electrolyte concentration revealed optimal conditions of 50 mmol·L−1 Na2SO4, a current density of 1.67 mA·cm−2, and pH 2. Under these conditions, STZ removal and total organic carbon (TOC) removal reached 95.7% and 76.7%, respectively. Removal efficiencies for SDZ, SIA, SMZ, SPD, SMT, and SG were 94.9%, 80.9%, 79.1%, 57.7%, 52.3%, and 52.0%, with TOC removal ranging from 50% to 76.7%. Quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) identified hydroxyl radicals (·OH), singlet oxygen (1O2), and sulfate radicals (SO4−·) as dominant reactive species. The BiVO4/TiO2 composite exhibited a valence band edge at EVB = 2.775 V vs. RHE, enabling oxidation of H2O, OH−, and SO4^2− to generate these radicals. The heterostructure narrowed the bandgap to 2.12 eV and enhanced visible light response, facilitating efficient charge separation and transfer. Degradation pathways involved oxidation of aniline moieties to nitro groups, followed by hydroxylation and cleavage of S–N, N–C, or S–C bonds, ultimately mineralizing to CO2, H2O, SO4^2−, and NO3−. The system demonstrated high stability and catalytic efficiency across acidic and alkaline conditions, offering a promising approach for antibiotic removal from environmental waters.

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Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Sulfonamide Antibiotics Using BiVO4/TiO2 Array Anode

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026010502• Jan 15, 2026

Molecular Dynamics Simulation in the Mechanism Exploration Research of Environmental Remediation: Current Status and Challenges

Authors: WAN Jia, ZHU Shiye, CHEN Anwei

Environmental pollution severely impacts ecosystems, human health, and socio-economic development, necessitating efficient removal and detoxification of pollutants. Traditional trial-and-error approaches are inadequate for developing high-performance environmental materials and remediation technologies. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have emerged as essential tools for elucidating pollutant removal and toxicity mechanisms at the atomic-molecular level. This review summarizes core computational methods of MD simulations, including force fields, ensemble settings, and enhanced sampling techniques. It then discusses applications in novel adsorbent materials, bioremediation (enzyme catalysis), membrane separation, and membrane fouling, highlighting how MD reveals microscopic interaction mechanisms. Current limitations, such as force field accuracy, timescale constraints, and system size, are critically assessed. Future integration with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning is explored for accelerating simulations, improving force field parameterization, and enabling high-throughput screening. The review aims to promote mechanism-based design and diversified development of environmental pollution control materials and remediation technologies.

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Molecular Dynamics Simulation in the Mechanism Exploration Research of Environmental Remediation: Current Status and Challenges

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025030303• Jan 15, 2026

Degradation of Emerging Organic Pollutants in Water Matrix over Modified Graphitic Carbon Nitride Based Photocatalytic Coupling Systems

Authors: WANG Yingfei, CHEN Ping, LIU Guoguang

Emerging organic pollutants (EOPs) represent a class of toxic and hazardous chemicals characterized by ecotoxicity, environmental persistence, and bio-accumulation. Conventional water treatment processes have proven inadequate in eliminating these EOPs, leading to their accumulation in aquatic ecosystems and posing severe threats to the health and safety of aquatic organisms. Consequently, the development of efficient technologies for the complete elimination of EOPs from water matrix is of great importance. Recently, carbon nitride (CN)-based photocatalytic degradation technologies have been extensively utilized for the efficient treatment of organic pollutants in water environments due to their advantages of being green, efficient, and cost-effective. Furthermore, the catalytic activity of CN-based photocatalytic systems can be significantly improved and energy recovery can be achieved via coupling these systems with other advanced oxidation technologies. This review provides a critical review of the modification strategies for CN photocatalytic materials and their application in photocatalytic coupling systems toward EOPs elimination. Moreover, the opportunities and challenges on the photocatalytic coupling systems have been discussed.

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Degradation of Emerging Organic Pollutants in Water Matrix over Modified Graphitic Carbon Nitride Based Photocatalytic Coupling Systems

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021602• Jan 15, 2026

Electroactive Bacteria Accelerate the Degradation of Gallic Acid by Nano Iron Minerals and Its Mechanism

Authors: WANG Xuyang, ZHENG Yu, WU Min, DU Wei, LI Shunling, PAN Bo

Iron-based catalysts are widely used in water pollution treatment due to their high stability and redox capabilities. However, conventional single-component iron-based catalytic systems face challenges such as slow reaction kinetics and low efficiency in generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) during organic pollutant degradation. In this study, three electroactive bacteria (Bacillus megaterium, Lactococcus lactis, and Shewanella putrefaciens) were selected to interact with nano-Fe3O4 to construct bacterial/Fe3O4 hybrid materials, accelerating the degradation of gallic acid. The results showed that bacterial interaction with Fe3O4 facilitated rapid electron transfer, enhancing gallic acid degradation. The bacterial/Fe3O4 hybrid materials exhibited significantly higher gallic acid degradation rates compared to Fe3O4 alone. This improvement was mainly attributed to the ability of electroactive bacteria to promote the formation of oxygen vacancies (OVs) on the Fe3O4 surface, accelerating electron transfer and subsequently enhancing the generation of ROS, including hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radicals, and singlet oxygen. Correlation analysis demonstrated a significant positive relationship between OVs and ROS generation, with hydroxyl radicals showing the highest correlation with the gallic acid degradation rate constant (r = 0.98), indicating its dominant role in gallic acid degradation; the hydroxyl radicals quenching experiment also verified its dominant role. Additionally, due to the temperature sensitivity of bacteria, the degradation rate of gallic acid reached its peak in the temperature range of 30–40 °C. This study reveals the mechanism by which electroactive bacteria enhance the catalytic activity of Fe3O4, providing a new strategy for its application in advanced oxidation technology for water pollution treatment.

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Electroactive Bacteria Accelerate the Degradation of Gallic Acid by Nano Iron Minerals and Its Mechanism

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025030403• Jan 15, 2026

Adsorption Pathways and Differential Mechanisms of Typical Organic/Inorganic Pollutants on Microplastics: A Case Study of Sulfamethoxazole and Cr(VI) on Aged Polypropylene

Authors: CHEN Lin, ZHOU Ying, LIU Lin, LIU Yonglin, ZHAO Erling, LI Debao, ZHANG Yaru, HAN Xiaoyan, WANG Weiliang

Microplastics (MPs) act as vectors for co-migrating antibiotics and heavy metals, forming complex pollution systems with potential joint toxicity. However, the differential adsorption behaviors and underlying mechanisms of MPs toward organic versus inorganic pollutants remain insufficiently understood. This study selected polypropylene (PP) microplastics, a major component of agricultural plastic films, and investigated the adsorption of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and Cr(VI) onto aged PP under varying environmental conditions. Results demonstrated that aging increased the maximum adsorption capacity by 2–3 times for both pollutants. Notably, aged PP exhibited approximately 30 times higher adsorption capacity for SMX than for Cr(VI). Characterization revealed that aging introduced oxygen-containing functional groups (e.g., carbonyl) on the MP surface, enhancing adsorption. Mechanistic analysis indicated that hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions dominated SMX adsorption, while Cr(VI) adsorption was primarily governed by electrostatic interactions and pore-filling. The stronger intermolecular forces for SMX compared to reversible pore-filling for Cr(VI) explained the observed differences. Increasing pH induced electrostatic repulsion, reducing adsorption of both pollutants. High concentrations of Na+ and Mg2+ caused charge shielding, potentially enhancing Cr(VI) adsorption but inhibiting SMX adsorption due to competition for active sites. The presence of organic matter (humic acid) had negligible effects on Cr(VI) adsorption but reduced SMX adsorption, likely due to complexation. These findings elucidate distinct molecular-level pathways for organic versus inorganic pollutant adsorption on aged MPs, highlighting the roles of hydrogen bonding and pore-filling in driving differential behaviors.

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Adsorption Pathways and Differential Mechanisms of Typical Organic/Inorganic Pollutants on Microplastics: A Case Study of Sulfamethoxazole and Cr(VI) on Aged Polypropylene

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025022302• Jan 15, 2026

Preparation of Fe1-xS@CNT Composite Nanozyme and Its Application in Colorimetric Detection of Hg2+

Authors: WANG Hongbo, PENG Xinyu, SUN Haiyang, ZHENG Chijie, GU Zhenzhen, WANG Xuedong, LIU Tingting

The escalating environmental contamination by mercury ions (Hg2+) poses severe risks to ecosystems and human health, necessitating the development of rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective detection methods. In this study, Fe1-xS@CNT composite nanozymes were synthesized via a straightforward solvothermal approach. The nanozymes exhibit uniform morphology, structural stability, and significant peroxidase (POD)-like activity. The incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNT) facilitates electron transfer, enhancing the Fenton reaction between Fe2+/Fe3+ to generate abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS), primarily hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and superoxide anions (·O2−). The synergistic action of these ROS and photogenerated holes (h+) promotes the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to a blue-colored product (oxTMB), establishing a colorimetric system of Fe1-xS@CNT + H2O2 + TMB. The specific binding of S2− on the nanozyme surface to Hg2+ inhibits POD activity, reducing the absorbance of the system. This principle was harnessed to develop a colorimetric method for Hg2+ quantification in environmental water samples. The method demonstrates a linear range of 0.1–500 μg·L−1 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.04 μg·L−1. Validation in real water samples (campus and tap water) showed recoveries between 94.4% and 111.1% with relative standard deviations (RSD) below 3.0%, comparable to atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The method offers advantages of simplicity, rapid analysis, and naked-eye visibility, providing a novel approach for on-site monitoring of heavy metal pollutants.

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Preparation of Fe1-xS@CNT Composite Nanozyme and Its Application in Colorimetric Detection of Hg2+

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021902• Jan 15, 2026

Preparation and Performance of Anti-fouling Polyacrylonitrile Ultrafiltration Membranes

Authors: LU Jingqiong, ZHANG Xingpeng, WANG Hui, ZHANG Jing, ZHAO Jinguo, GAO Chengyun, ZHAO Xudong

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ultrafiltration membranes are widely used in water treatment, yet their anti-fouling performance remains a challenge. In this work, PAN was first reacted with sodium azide via click chemistry to synthesize 1,2,3,4-tetrazolium polyacrylonitrile (PAN-N). Subsequently, PAN-N was reacted with iodoacetamide (IAM), 2-iodoethanol (IH), iodoacetic acid (IA), and chlorosulfonic acid (CSA) to introduce hydrophilic groups, and anti-fouling PAN ultrafiltration membranes were fabricated via phase inversion. The membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and contact angle measurements. Results showed that the PAN-N membrane exhibited superior performance to pristine PAN, with water flux increasing from 0.9233 to 1.232 L·(m2·h·kPa)−1 and bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection from 69.23% to 82.4%. Hydrophilic modification further enhanced performance; the PAN-N-IA membrane achieved the highest water flux of 1.7347 L·(m2·h·kPa)−1 and rejection of 93.57%. Anti-fouling tests revealed that modified membranes followed the order: PAN-N-CSA > PAN-N-IA > PAN-N-IH > PAN-N-IAM > PAN-N > PAN. PAN-N-CSA and PAN-N-IA showed comparable anti-fouling performance, with total fouling indices of 56.1% and 58.47%, reversible fouling indices of 47.17% and 46.97%, and irreversible fouling indices of 8.97% and 11.47%, respectively. This work demonstrates that PAN-N-IA membranes combine high flux, high rejection, and excellent anti-fouling properties, making them promising for water treatment applications.

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Preparation and Performance of Anti-fouling Polyacrylonitrile Ultrafiltration Membranes

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025022501• Jan 15, 2026

Comparison and Optimization of Pretreatment Methods for Emerging Contaminants and Application in Industrial Wastewater Samples

Authors: HUANG Tianle, YANG Zhengqing, WANG Yuchen, YU Zhiyuan, DAI Xin, LIU Xi, CHEN Wei, YUAN Jie, LI Xiaodong, TANG Lin

The pretreatment of trace emerging contaminants in environmental matrices is challenging due to diverse methods and uncertain applicability. This study compared solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) for extracting endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), particularly phthalate esters (PAEs), using laboratory-spiked blank samples. LLE achieved satisfactory recoveries for PAEs at spike levels below 4 μg·L−1, enabling detection of five PAEs including diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), with improved efficiency via repeated extraction. SPE offered lower detection and quantification limits, higher accuracy and sensitivity, and achieved high recoveries for 12 EDCs and 10 antibiotics at spike levels ≥0.2 μg·L−1, with detection limits as low as 0.1–6.4 ng·L−1. The developed SPE coupled with liquid chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (LC-Orbitrap MS) method was applied to industrial wastewater samples. Across five industrial sectors (coatings, rubber, pharmaceuticals, inks, and materials technology), five antibiotics and ten EDCs were detected, with total concentrations ranging from 0.03–0.56 μg·L−1 and 0.07–1.91 μg·L−1, respectively. Sector-specific profiles emerged: rubber industry effluent was dominated by dibutyl phthalate (DBP) at 1.07 μg·L−1, while pharmaceutical effluent featured sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) at 0.34 μg·L−1. This systematic evaluation demonstrates that SPE-LC-Orbitrap MS is robust for complex matrices, providing a technical foundation for accurate quantification of emerging contaminants in industrial wastewater.

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Comparison and Optimization of Pretreatment Methods for Emerging Contaminants and Application in Industrial Wastewater Samples

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026011902• Jan 15, 2026

Molecular Regulation of Sulfur Metabolisms Induced by Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Acids on the Diffusion of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances at the Water–Soil Interface in Paddy Fields

Authors: LI Lingxuan, HUANG Xinlin, TU Wenqing, WU Jianyi

The migration of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) at the water–soil interface in paddy fields is a critical determinant of their environmental fate and crop safety. This study investigated the influence of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) on PFASs mobility under waterlogged conditions. Four LMWOAs—oxalic, citric, lactic, and acetic acids—were individually enriched in paddy soils, and the migration of 15 PFASs was monitored. Acetic acid enrichment most strongly suppressed PFASs release into overlying water. Mechanistic analyses using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, three-dimensional excitation–emission matrix spectroscopy, microbial amplicon sequencing, and metagenomics revealed that acetic acid reshaped the microbial community, enriching sulfate-reducing bacteria and upregulating sulfur reduction genes (SULT1A) and nitrogen transformation genes (nifN, nirI, nthB). This drove sulfate reduction to sulfite and sulfide. ABT modeling identified sulfur metabolism as the dominant factor controlling PFASs immobilization (26.06% contribution). Experiments under varying sulfur redox conditions confirmed that sulfite (SO3^2−) oxidation indirectly altered dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition, weakening PFASs–DOM binding and reducing PFASs in overlying water. These findings demonstrate that LMWOAs accumulation, particularly acetic acid, can effectively impede PFASs migration at the paddy water–soil interface via microbial sulfur cycling and associated DOM structural changes, offering a potential strategy for PFASs remediation in agricultural systems.

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Molecular Regulation of Sulfur Metabolisms Induced by Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Acids on the Diffusion of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances at the Water–Soil Interface in Paddy Fields

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025092801• Jan 15, 2026

Seasonal Variations of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) in Urban Riverine Outfall Water and Its Association with Water Quality: A Case Study of the Nanfei River and Banqiao River in Hefei

Authors: TANG Xiaoxian, YIN Haojie, CHEN Xizi, XIONG Zhuyang, ZHANG Xianliang, HU Jiawei, HUANG Tao

Urban river water quality is critically influenced by outfall discharges, yet the seasonal dynamics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its linkage to water quality remain poorly constrained. This study collected outfall water samples seasonally during 2023–2024 along the Nanfei River and Banqiao River in Hefei, Anhui Province. Parallel factor analysis of excitation-emission matrices identified three fluorescent components: fulvic acid-like C1, tryptophan-like (protein-like) C2, and terrestrial humic-like C3. Seasonal variations were pronounced: protein-like C2 dominated in winter and spring, whereas summer and autumn showed lower C2 proportions due to rainwater dilution and urban nonpoint source runoff inputs. Water quality indices decreased in summer and autumn, primarily attributed to dilution by rainfall runoff. Fluorescence index (FI > 1.9) and biological index (BIX > 1.0) indicated predominantly autochthonous DOM sources. During summer and autumn, humification index (HIX) and specific UV absorbance (SUVA) increased, while spectral slope ratio (SR) decreased, suggesting enhanced terrestrial and urban runoff influence. Significant positive correlations were observed between protein-like C2 and terrestrial humic-like C3 with water quality parameters, indicating their utility as precise indicators of pollution sources and seasonal water quality variations. These findings provide a scientific basis for integrated management of urban outfalls.

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Seasonal Variations of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) in Urban Riverine Outfall Water and Its Association with Water Quality: A Case Study of the Nanfei River and Banqiao River in Hefei

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025030602• Jan 15, 2026

Characteristics and Meteorological Causes of PM2.5-O3 Compound Pollution in Typical Cities of the Yangtze River Delta Region

Authors: ZHANG Leran, KANG Na, JI Haonan, CHEN Yue, HE Yijing, LI Mingxuan

In the context of accelerated urbanization, regional air composite pollution in medium and large urban agglomerations is primarily characterized by PM2.5-O3 compound pollution. To elucidate the meteorological causes of PM2.5-O3 compound pollution in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region over the recent seven years (2017–2023), this study analyzed monitoring data from typical cities (Nanjing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, and Hefei) using Pearson and partial correlation coefficients. Results indicate: (1) PM2.5 pollution exhibited a significant downward trend across all four cities, with notable improvement during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, underscoring the effectiveness of air pollution control measures. Conversely, O3 pollution remained elevated or increased in some cities, indicating persistent challenges in O3 control. (2) During O3 pollution episodes, PM2.5 and O3 concentrations were positively correlated, whereas during PM2.5 pollution episodes, they were negatively correlated. (3) Compound pollution days were predominantly observed from February to October, with the highest frequency (20 days) occurring from April to June. (4) The significant reduction in PM2.5 weakened the aerosol 'umbrella effect', enhancing surface radiation and promoting near-surface O3 formation. Concurrently, changes in the NOx/VOCs ratio weakened O3 titration, and climate warming accelerated O3 precursor generation and potentially altered boundary layer structure, collectively contributing to O3 accumulation in the cold season and an increasing frequency of compound pollution during that period. (5) The formation mechanisms of PM2.5 and O3 are driven by distinct meteorological conditions, with low overall concentration correlation; however, under compound meteorological conditions such as high temperature, stagnant air, and weak diffusion, both pollutants tend to rise synchronously, indicating that compound pollution events are typically driven by multiple adverse meteorological factors. This study demonstrates that from 2017 to 2023, PM2.5 pollution significantly decreased while O3 pollution showed an increasing trend. Compound pollution was concentrated in April–June and influenced by high temperature, stagnant air, and weak diffusion. With effective PM2.5 control, enhanced surface radiation and changes in O3 precursors led to O3 accumulation in the cold season, increasing compound pollution frequency. Overall, compound pollution is driven by multiple meteorological factors, posing complex challenges for control.

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Characteristics and Meteorological Causes of PM2.5-O3 Compound Pollution in Typical Cities of the Yangtze River Delta Region

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025031001• Jan 15, 2026

Bioavailability and Desorption Kinetics of Sulfonamide Antibiotics in Soil Assessed by Diffusive Gradients in Thin-Films

Authors: CUI Yaqing, ZHANG Peng, WANG Jing, GE Linke, HOU Yinping, LI Chengtao

The diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique has emerged as a promising tool for assessing the desorption kinetics and bioavailability of organic contaminants in soil. This study compared DGT, soil solution, and organic solvent extraction methods for evaluating the bioavailability of four sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) in soil using pot experiments with Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis and Lactuca sativa. Results demonstrated that plant uptake of SAs depended on compound properties and plant species, with roots as the primary accumulation site. DGT-measured concentrations (CDGT) showed significant linear correlations with SA concentrations in both roots and leaves, and effective concentrations (CE) were positively correlated with plant tissue levels (P < 0.05). The soil solution method also showed predictive ability but with lower stability. The mass of SAs adsorbed by DGT increased non-linearly with deployment time, indicating that solid-phase resupply sustained long-term DGT uptake. DIFS model-derived soil-water partition coefficients (Kdl) ranged from 0.23 to 1.25 mL·g−1, with higher Kdl values corresponding to greater bioavailability. Response times (Tc) ranged from 2307 to 7523 seconds, with sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) exhibiting the highest Tc, indicating its release was most constrained. Meta-analysis of desorption parameters for other organic contaminants revealed that soil pH and particle size were key determinants of Kdl, while molecular volume and hydrophobicity influenced resupply rates. This study confirms the reliability of DGT for assessing antibiotic bioavailability in soil and provides fundamental data on their migration and fate.

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Bioavailability and Desorption Kinetics of Sulfonamide Antibiotics in Soil Assessed by Diffusive Gradients in Thin-Films

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025081103• Jan 15, 2026

Optimized Simulation of HONO Sources and Its Impact on Nitrate Formation in Guangzhou

Authors: YANG Suxia, HUANG Jizhang, YE Ziming, PEI Chenglei, FANG Kunxin, LI Mei, CHENG Chunlei

Nitrous acid (HONO) is a critical precursor of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) in the atmosphere, influencing oxidative capacity and secondary pollutant formation. However, model simulations often underestimate HONO concentrations, and its role in nitrate formation remains unclear. This study investigates a typical winter haze episode in Guangzhou (January 2021, peak PM2.5: 243.0 μg·m−3) using observational data and a box model to quantify HONO sources and assess their impact on ·OH and particulate nitrate. HONO concentrations increased from (1.0±1.0) μg·m−3 during clean periods to (9.2±3.8) μg·m−3 during polluted periods, while nitrate rose from (6.4±3.4) to (43.3±20.0) μg·m−3 (6.8-fold). Incorporating seven additional HONO sources improved simulated daytime HONO from (0.3±0.1) to (6.5±2.3) μg·m−3, matching observations. Source apportionment showed direct vehicle emissions dominated (49.7%), followed by heterogeneous photosensitized reaction of NO2 on aerosol surfaces (23.0%), ground surface reaction (10.7%), and nitrate photolysis (8.7%). With optimized HONO, simulated daytime ·OH increased from (0.6±0.3)×10^6 to (1.5±0.8)×10^6 molec·cm−3 (1.2-fold), and nitrate production via ·OH+NO2 increased from (3.4±1.2) to (15.3±8.5) μg·m−3·h−1 (3.5-fold). The simulated-to-observed nitrate ratio improved from 21% to 81%. Sensitivity tests indicated that setting nitrate photolysis enhancement to 100 times gaseous nitric acid yielded better HONO and nitrate simulations. This study underscores the importance of refining HONO sources for accurate simulation of atmospheric oxidation and nitrate formation, aiding pollution control strategies.

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Optimized Simulation of HONO Sources and Its Impact on Nitrate Formation in Guangzhou

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021901• Jan 15, 2026

Evolution of Water-Soluble Ions in PM2.5 in the Northern Suburbs of Nanjing During Summer Before and After the Implementation of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan

Authors: HE Yijing, DOU Ziyi, QIN Yang, CHEN Siyu, YU Xingna

To assess the impact of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan (APPCAP) on the chemical composition of PM2.5, this study analyzed the concentrations, existing forms, and sources of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 collected during summer (June–August) in the northern suburbs of Nanjing for the years 2012, 2013, 2017, and 2019. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in total water-soluble ion concentrations in 2017–2019 compared to 2012, indicating the effectiveness of APPCAP in mitigating PM2.5 pollution. Sulfate (SO4^2−), nitrate (NO3^−), and ammonium (NH4^+) (collectively SNA) were the dominant ionic species, contributing 69.98%–92.58% of the total ion mass, with SO4^2− being the most abundant. In the summers of 2013 and 2017, PM2.5 exhibited alkaline properties, and SNA primarily existed as NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4. Conversely, in 2019, PM2.5 became acidic, with SNA present as NH4NO3 and NH4HSO4. The nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) and sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) indicated that NO3^− and SO4^2− predominantly originated from secondary reactions, with SO2 undergoing secondary conversion more readily than NO2, and the degree of secondary conversion increasing annually. Source apportionment revealed a shift from long-range transport in 2013 to local and regional sources by 2017. These findings underscore the success of APPCAP in reducing primary emissions and altering the chemical speciation of secondary inorganic aerosols, while highlighting the persistent dominance of sulfate and the need for continued SO2 emission controls.

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Evolution of Water-Soluble Ions in PM2.5 in the Northern Suburbs of Nanjing During Summer Before and After the Implementation of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024122406• Jan 15, 2026

Comprehensive Evaluation of Soil Quality under Different Vegetation Types in the Green Heart Area of the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan City Cluster

Authors: ZHOU Jinjin, TAO Liujun, HE Gongxiu, KONG Ting, MAN Qianru, PENG Jun

The effects of different vegetation types on soil quality in the Green Heart Area of the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan City Cluster were evaluated to provide a reference for selecting suitable afforestation species and improving forest soil quality. Seven vegetation types (mixed forest, broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest, economic forest, shrub forest, grassland, and abandoned cropland) with similar site conditions were studied. Eleven soil physicochemical indicators were measured, and soil quality was assessed using principal component analysis (PCA), Pearson correlation, total data set (TDS), minimum data set (MDS), and entropy-weighted TOPSIS methods. Results showed no significant differences in soil water content, soil bulk density, and C:N ratio among vegetation types, while significant differences were found in total porosity, capillary porosity, saturated water content, field water holding capacity, total carbon, total nitrogen, available potassium, and available phosphorus. Compared with abandoned cropland, soil water content, total porosity, field water holding capacity, saturated water content, total carbon, total nitrogen, available potassium, and available phosphorus were significantly higher, and soil bulk density was significantly lower. Mixed forest soil exhibited the highest values for field water holding capacity, total porosity, saturated water content, total nitrogen, total carbon, available potassium, and available phosphorus. Correlation analysis revealed that soil bulk density was extremely significantly negatively correlated with soil water content, total porosity, and saturated water content, and significantly negatively correlated with field water holding capacity, total carbon, and total nitrogen. Soil capillary porosity, field water holding capacity, total porosity, and saturated water content were extremely significantly positively correlated with soil nutrients, while soil bulk density showed varying degrees of negative correlation with soil chemical nutrients. Soil chemical properties and stoichiometric ratios showed varying degrees of significant positive correlation. The order of soil quality under different vegetation types was mixed forest > broad-leaved forest > shrub forest > economic forest > grassland > coniferous forest > abandoned cropland. Mixed forest soil quality was the best and significantly higher than other vegetation types, with significant differences among vegetation types. Mixed forest soil quality was clearly superior. In vegetation restoration and plantation establishment in the Green Heart Area, the principle of matching tree species to site conditions should be followed, with a focus on mixed forests to improve overall soil quality and enhance ecological benefits of artificial vegetation restoration.

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Comprehensive Evaluation of Soil Quality under Different Vegetation Types in the Green Heart Area of the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan City Cluster

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025011002• Jan 15, 2026

Phosphorus-Enriched Biochar Promotes Brassica napus L. Growth under Cadmium Stress by Immobilizing Cadmium and Sustained Phosphorus Release

Authors: LIN Yuhan, ZENG Yang, MA Ming, CHEN Hong

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in farmland soils poses a threat to food security, necessitating effective remediation strategies. This study prepared three types of phosphorus-enriched biochar (PBC) from rice straw and different phosphorus sources (fused calcium magnesium phosphate, citric acid-activated fused calcium magnesium phosphate, and monocalcium phosphate) to evaluate their potential in stabilizing Cd(II), releasing phosphorus, and enhancing plant resistance to heavy metal stress. Under Cd stress, PBC amendments significantly improved soil physicochemical properties and reduced Cd bioavailability through direct immobilization (adsorption, precipitation) and indirect mechanisms. Specifically, CBC and MBC treatments reduced DTPA-extractable Cd by 45.73% and 48.92%, respectively. The porous structure of biochar facilitated sustained phosphorus release, influencing soil solution phosphorus dynamics. In pot experiments with Brassica napus L., PBC application significantly improved agronomic traits and reduced oxidative stress markers. The C5 treatment increased leaf area by 100%, M7 increased plant height by 26.8%, and M3 reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents by 72.5% and 61.2%, respectively. These findings demonstrate that PBC effectively alleviates Cd toxicity, promotes plant growth, and enhances stress resistance, offering a feasible strategy for remediating Cd-contaminated soils while providing a sustainable phosphorus source.

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Phosphorus-Enriched Biochar Promotes Brassica napus L. Growth under Cadmium Stress by Immobilizing Cadmium and Sustained Phosphorus Release

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021903• Jan 15, 2026

Advances in Computational Simulation of Autoxidation Reactions of Atmospheric Peroxyalkyl Radicals

Authors: LIU Chang, ZHAO Qiaojing, ZHAO Hui, XIE Hongbin

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are key precursors of secondary organic aerosols (SOA), and their oxidation reactions are regulated by reactive intermediates. A deep understanding of the reaction mechanisms of VOCs-derived reactive intermediates is crucial for evaluating SOA formation. Atmospheric peroxyalkyl radicals (RO2·) are important intermediates produced during VOCs oxidation and can generate highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) through a unique atmospheric autoxidation mechanism, contributing significantly to SOA formation. This article reviews recent advances in computational studies on the autoxidation mechanisms of RO2· with different functional groups, focusing on the autoxidation reactions of RO2· derived from alkanes, alkenes, carbonyl compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons, heteroatom-containing compounds, and other substances. The review highlights the commonalities and differences in autoxidation mechanisms across these functional groups, emphasizing the role of intramolecular hydrogen shifts and subsequent O2 addition steps. Furthermore, we emphasize that future research should focus on the autoxidation of second-generation RO2· and autoxidation mechanisms driven by different intramolecular reactions. Quantum chemical calculations, often combined with kinetic modeling, provide molecular-level insights into reaction pathways and rate constants, which are essential for predicting HOM formation and SOA yields. This review aims to guide further theoretical investigations and support the development of more accurate atmospheric chemistry models.

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Advances in Computational Simulation of Autoxidation Reactions of Atmospheric Peroxyalkyl Radicals

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021805• Jan 15, 2026

Chemical Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Typical High Mountain Precipitation in the Hengduan Mountains Area

Authors: HUANG Guanhua, SHEN Zhenyu, SHI Xiaoyi, WANG Ke, YANG Ju, XIN Huijuan, PU Tao

This study analyzed 75 precipitation samples collected from August 2017 to August 2018 in the Meili Snow Mountain region of the Hengduan Mountains. The chemical characteristics of inorganic ions and their seasonal variations between monsoon and non-monsoon periods were examined. The volume-weighted mean total ion concentration was 246.2 μeq·L–1, with higher concentrations in the non-monsoon season and lower in the monsoon season. The dominant water chemistry type was HCO3–-Ca2+. Principal component and partial correlation analyses indicated that Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3–, and SO42– mainly originated from local sedimentary rock dust, while Na+ and Cl– were primarily marine during the monsoon, with reduced marine influence in the non-monsoon period. NO3– was largely attributed to South Asian pollution emissions, with significant contributions from biomass burning to K+, Na+, and Cl– in the pre-monsoon phase. PMF source apportionment confirmed that during the monsoon, approximately 70% of Cl– and Na+ were from sea salt, whereas in the non-monsoon, over half came from biomass burning. NO3– was almost entirely from fossil fuel combustion during the monsoon (96%), decreasing to 72% in the non-monsoon. Ca2+ and Mg2+ were mainly from carbonate dust in the monsoon and weathered dust in the non-monsoon. Backward trajectory analysis showed that the non-monsoon period was dominated by westerly transport (60%), while the monsoon was dominated by southwest monsoon transport (81%). These findings provide scientific basis for understanding atmospheric pollution and background values in the region.

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Chemical Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Typical High Mountain Precipitation in the Hengduan Mountains Area

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025022801• Jan 15, 2026

Combined Effects of Biochar and Dissolved Organic Matter Surrogate AQDS on Methane Emissions from Paddy Soil

Authors: HE Ting, CHENG Chen, WU Yufei, ZHAO Zhuoxi, WANG Zhao, ZHANG Peng

Paddy soils are a major source of agricultural methane (CH4) emissions. Biochar is widely applied to paddy soils, while dissolved organic matter (DOM) is ubiquitous; both can regulate CH4 emissions by mediating electron transfer processes, yet their synergistic mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the individual and combined effects of biochar and the DOM model compound anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid (AQDS) on CH4 emissions from paddy soil during incubation. Biochar amendment increased DOM concentration and accelerated extracellular electron transfer, resulting in a maximum cumulative CH4 emission of (66.23±16.20) μmol, four-fold higher than the control (15.14±0.18) μmol. In contrast, AQDS addition markedly suppressed CH4 accumulation to (1.04±0.09) μmol, attributed to sulfate introduction as a competitive electron acceptor, despite enhanced electron exchange. The combined biochar-AQDS treatment yielded intermediate CH4 accumulation of (12.71±0.32) μmol. Although DOM availability increased, sulfate-driven electron competition inhibited methanogens, and the combined treatment favored the acetoclastic methanogenesis pathway, which produces less CH4 per unit acetate, resulting in lower emissions than biochar alone but higher than AQDS alone, indicating an additive effect. These findings elucidate the mechanisms by which biochar and DOM jointly regulate CH4 emissions from paddy soils, providing a theoretical basis for agricultural management.

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Combined Effects of Biochar and Dissolved Organic Matter Surrogate AQDS on Methane Emissions from Paddy Soil

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026012804• Jan 15, 2026

Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds at a Roadside Site in a Tropical City during Summer

Authors: LIN Youjing, XU Wenshuai, ZENG Yurong, ZHOU Xiaopeng, ZHANG Mingshan, MENG Xinxin

This study conducted online monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at a roadside site on a main arterial road in Haikou, a tropical city, during summer 2023 (June 25–September 30). A total of 56 VOCs were measured. The mean total VOC concentration (φ(TVOCs)) was (9.05 ± 6.24) nmol·mol−1, with concentrations in the order: alkanes > alkenes > aromatic hydrocarbons > alkynes, dominated by light alkanes. Alkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons contributed significantly to atmospheric chemical reactivity, while secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) was limited, influenced by both VOC concentrations and temperature. VOC concentrations exhibited a pronounced bimodal diurnal pattern, consistent with traffic peaks. Ratio analysis indicated a Toluene/Benzene (T/B) ratio slightly higher than typical vehicle exhaust values, and an iso-Pentane/n-Pentane (i/n) ratio suggesting fuel evaporation influence. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) identified four sources: gasoline/LPG vehicle exhaust (49.9%), solvent use or vehicle evaporation (26.1%), diesel vehicle exhaust (14.9%), and biogenic sources (9.1%). SOAFP was mainly contributed by solvent use/evaporation (35.7%), gasoline/LPG exhaust (34.6%), diesel exhaust (22.0%), and biogenic sources (7.7%). These findings indicate that under tropical summer high-temperature conditions, roadside VOC pollution is predominantly traffic-related, with vehicle evaporation sources non-negligible, providing insights for evaluating vehicular impacts on particulate pollution.

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Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds at a Roadside Site in a Tropical City during Summer

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025022502• Jan 15, 2026

Electronic Synergy Modulation of Fe-Based Bimetallic Oxides Catalysts for Enhanced Ozonation in Industrial Wastewater Treatment

Authors: CAO Xu, MEI Hong, WANG Yan, LI Wenwei, LIU Xianwei

The design of stable and efficient O3 catalysts is critical for advancing heterogeneous catalytic ozonation (HCO) in industrial wastewater treatment. In this study, various iron-based bimetallic oxides were synthesized, and Fe-Co bimetallic oxide (FeCo-O) was identified as the optimal catalyst through degradation experiments and structural characterization. FeCo-O exhibits a single spinel structure with abundant metal valence states and synergistic effects between Fe and Co. Compared to conventional O3 oxidation, the FeCo-O/O3 system enhanced organic pollutant degradation by 2–3 times, demonstrating broad applicability under neutral or weakly acidic/alkaline conditions. Characterization revealed that FeCo-O promotes O3 activation via enhanced inter-metal electron transfer on the catalyst surface, increasing the generation of highly oxidative free radicals (·OH, ·O2−) and thereby improving pollutant degradation efficiency. In treating real industrial wastewater, the FeCo-O/O3 system achieved excellent COD removal, indicating its potential for both pre-treatment and advanced treatment applications. This study provides theoretical and practical guidance for designing efficient catalytic ozonation catalysts.

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Electronic Synergy Modulation of Fe-Based Bimetallic Oxides Catalysts for Enhanced Ozonation in Industrial Wastewater Treatment

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025022704• Jan 15, 2026

Formation Mechanisms of Secondary Inorganic Components in Fine Particulate Matter in a Typical City of the Fenwei Plain

Authors: WEI Ying, MU Ling, WU Zhijun, ZONG Taomou, KONG Xiangyu, LI Chenhui, LI Jiajie, LI Yongqi

Secondary inorganic aerosols (SNA), comprising sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium, are critical contributors to PM2.5 pollution in the Fenwei Plain, yet their formation mechanisms remain poorly characterized. Wintertime observations in Taiyuan revealed SNA as the dominant PM2.5 component, with a mean mass concentration of 33.19 ± 18.72 μg m−3, accounting for 47.13% of total PM2.5 mass. SNA concentrations increased markedly with pollution severity, but even under relatively clean conditions, SNA maintained a high mass fraction. Diurnal variation and correlation analyses indicated that nitrate formation pathways differed between day and night, largely governed by relative humidity (RH). During daytime, high RH (>55%) facilitated the partitioning of gaseous HNO3 to particulate nitrate. At night, RH positively correlated with nitrate concentration and nitrogen oxidation rate (NOR), with increased aerosol liquid water content (AWC) promoting NO2-to-nitrate conversion. The PM2.5 pH ranged from 4.3 to 5.2, and sulfate formation was primarily driven by H2O2 oxidation, with NO2 oxidation as a secondary pathway. These findings enhance understanding of SNA formation in the Fenwei Plain and provide a scientific basis for air quality policy.

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Formation Mechanisms of Secondary Inorganic Components in Fine Particulate Matter in a Typical City of the Fenwei Plain

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Original ResearchVol. 45, Issue 6 • pp. 100-112DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025100102• Jan 15, 2026

Distribution and Risk Assessment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Source Water to Tap Water in the Hubei Section of the Yangtze River Mainstream

Authors: GAO Pan, YAN Chunmiao, ZHANG Zhaojun, YI Chuan, XU Chunyan, LING Haibo

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are emerging contaminants of concern in China, and drinking water is a major exposure pathway. This study investigated 17 PFAS in surface water from 12 drinking water sources along the Hubei section of the Yangtze River mainstream during dry, normal, and wet seasons. Total PFAS concentrations ranged from 10.84 to 41.05 ng/L (dry), nd to 62.60 ng/L (normal), and 6.77 to 29.00 ng/L (wet). Predominant compounds were PFBS, PFOA, PFHxA, PFBA, and PFOS. Lake-type sources exhibited significantly higher concentrations than river-type sources, and dry and normal seasons showed higher levels than wet season. Compared to other Chinese sources, PFAS levels in Hubei were moderate, with fluorochemical plant inputs and population density as likely influencing factors. Ecological and health risk assessments indicated acceptable risks. In four selected water supply systems, PFAS distribution from source to tap was examined; PFOA, PFBA, PFHxA, and PFBS were dominant, and secondary water supply did not significantly introduce or remove PFAS. Health risks from tap water were within acceptable limits.

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Distribution and Risk Assessment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Source Water to Tap Water in the Hubei Section of the Yangtze River Mainstream

Graphical Abstract