SinoTechIntel |SinoBioData |SinoGreenTech |SinoAILab
SinoGreenTech Academic Portal
Open Access Archive
SinoGreenTech
Clean Energy & Battery Portal
Search Database
🏛️ Key Research Academy60 Indexed Works

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Verified scientific contributions, CAS laboratory outputs, clinical trial papers, and engineering breakthroughs produced by researchers and faculty affiliated with Chinese Academy of Sciences.

SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

A Biomimetic Nanocomposite Co-delivering Carbon Dots and Indoximod for Synergistic Immunochemotherapy of Glioblastoma

Authors: YAN Haiyang, YAO Jinyu, DU Yuwei, HENG Liru, LI Li, MEI Qian, ZHANG Lixing

Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most lethal primary brain tumor, with the blood-brain barrier (BBB) severely restricting effective treatment options. Immunotherapy has achieved remarkable success in cancers such as lung cancer and melanoma, yet its efficacy in GBM is constrained by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and a paucity of tumor-infiltrating T cells. This study developed a biomimetic nanocomposite for the co-delivery of an immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducer and an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1) inhibitor to overcome these challenges. Paclitaxel-derived carbon dots (PCDs), which induce ICD in tumor cells and promote the recruitment and activation of immune cells, were synthesized and assembled with Indoximod (an IDO-1 inhibitor) to form a nanocomposite (P-In). A biomimetic coating was subsequently applied to create M@P-In. This coating significantly enhanced BBB penetration and tumor cell uptake. The M@P-In nanocomposite efficiently induced ICD in tumor cells and inhibited IDO-1 activity via the released Indoximod, thereby reversing T-cell suppression and activating antitumor immune responses. Consequently, M@P-In demonstrated potent antitumor efficacy against glioblastoma in vivo with minimal systemic toxicity. This work presents a novel and promising strategy for immunochemotherapy against GBM by co-delivering a carbon dot-based ICD inducer and an IDO-1 inhibitor to the tumor site.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Ferroelectric two-dimensional In-Se materials: a review on the structure, property and application

Authors: MENG Xianghao, LIU Hanyue, LIU Haining, XIE Liming

Two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectric materials have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation non-volatile memory and neuromorphic computing, yet their integration into commercial devices faces substantial hurdles. This review critically examines the structure, properties, and applications of ferroelectric 2D In-Se materials, with a focus on their potential to overcome the scaling and retention limitations of conventional ferroelectrics such as Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO). The manuscript synthesizes recent advances in In-Se ferroelectricity, including the mechanisms of polarization switching, modulation strategies, and device demonstrations. Key experimental benchmarks from the literature are analyzed, such as the high data retention and read endurance of 5-nm HZO ferroelectric FETs (IEEE Electron Device Lett, 2019, 40(3): 399-402) and the giant barrier height modulation in ferroelectric van der Waals heterojunctions (Nat Electron, 2020, 3: 466-472). The review also highlights the performance of sliding ferroelectric memories based on rhombohedral-stacked bilayer MoS2, which achieved non-volatile storage with low power consumption (Nat Commun, 2024, 15: 10796). Despite these advances, critical challenges remain: the scalability of In-Se synthesis, the control of domain dynamics at the nanoscale, and the cost parity with silicon-based technologies. By consolidating empirical data and identifying unresolved bottlenecks, this review provides a roadmap for researchers and engineers aiming to translate 2D ferroelectric In-Se from laboratory curiosities to manufacturable devices. The analysis underscores the need for standardized metrology and accelerated lifetime testing to validate industrial viability.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Engineering Multifunctional Nano-PROTACs Platforms for Precision Cancer Therapy

Authors: NING Yingyi, WU Yuanhao, SU Linzhu, LIU Jianfeng, HUANG Fan

Conventional cancer therapies remain constrained by undruggable oncogenic proteins and acquired resistance. Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) have emerged as a transformative modality that harnesses the ubiquitin-proteasome system to selectively degrade target proteins, offering advantages over traditional small-molecule inhibitors. However, clinical translation of PROTACs is impeded by intrinsic physicochemical limitations: high molecular weight, poor bioavailability, and lack of tumor-specific delivery. Integrating PROTACs with nanotechnology has yielded advanced nano-PROTACs platforms. Nanocarriers enhance solubility and stability, optimize pharmacokinetics, and enable spatiotemporally controlled drug release through passive or active targeting. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in engineering multifunctional nano-PROTACs for cancer therapy, with particular emphasis on design strategies by which nanoengineering enhances PROTAC performance. We evaluate how these platforms improve anticancer efficacy and minimize systemic toxicity while exploring their therapeutic potential in monotherapy and synergistic treatment settings. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future perspectives, providing a theoretical and technical foundation for next-generation nano-PROTACs as a precise and potent strategy in precision oncology.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Narrow-Bandgap Acceptors with Low Energetic Disorder Achieve over 21% Efficiency in Organic Solar Cells

Authors: TAO Jing, ZHANG Chen, ZHAO Qiang, et al.

The referenced literature comprises five peer-reviewed studies published between 2025 and 2026 in Nature Materials, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Nature Communications, and Science China Materials. These works collectively address the persistent trade-off between open-circuit voltage (Voc) and short-circuit current density (Jsc) in organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Tao et al. (Nat Mater, 2026) demonstrate that narrow-bandgap nonfullerene acceptors engineered to exhibit low energetic disorder achieve power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 21%, primarily by suppressing non-radiative recombination losses. Westbrook et al. (JACS, 2025) establish that solid-state packing motifs govern exciton delocalization and photophysics in nonfullerene acceptors, providing a structural handle for reducing energetic disorder. Jiang et al. (Nat Commun, 2025) show that photoluminescent delocalized excitons in donor polymers facilitate efficient charge generation, linking exciton coherence to device performance. Zhang et al. (Nat Commun, 2026) employ synergistic steric hindrance and chlorination to realize binary OSCs with low energy loss, achieving high Voc without sacrificing photocurrent. The cumulative findings indicate that molecular design strategies targeting low energetic disorder and controlled solid-state packing can overcome the longstanding efficiency ceiling of ~20% in OPVs. These results have direct implications for the commercial viability of solution-processed, lightweight, and flexible solar cells, though scalability and long-term stability remain to be validated under industrial manufacturing conditions.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Anisotropic Strain Tunable Near-Infrared Exciton Emission in Phosphorene

Authors: Yao Yun, Song Jiexi, Xuan Fengyuan, Zhang Shuo, Wang Dong, Zhang Quanlong, Wang Xiaoran, Wang Xiangyi, Xu Jing, Xu Junsheng, Zhang Junrong, Wang Junyong, Zhang Kai

Monolayer black phosphorus (phosphorene) exhibits a direct bandgap and strong in-plane anisotropy, making it a promising candidate for near-infrared (NIR) optoelectronic devices. However, the precise modulation of its excitonic emission via anisotropic strain remains insufficiently understood, particularly regarding the contrasting strain responses of phosphorene versus transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). Here, we combine experimental characterization with tight-binding (TB) modeling to elucidate the strain-dependent bandgap evolution in phosphorene. Using a four-band TB model, we derive the bandgap at the Γ point as E_g^BP = 4t1 + 2t2 + 4t3 + 2t5, with hopping parameters t1 = -1.220 eV, t2 = 3.665 eV, t3 = -0.205 eV, t4 = -0.105 eV, and t5 = -0.055 eV. Under tensile strain along the zigzag (ZZ) direction, the interatomic distance associated with t1 increases, reducing the magnitude of |t1|. Since t1 is negative, the bandgap increases, contrary to the behavior of monolayer MoS2, where tensile strain decreases the bandgap due to positive hopping parameters t11, t22, and t12. This anisotropic strain response enables selective tuning of NIR exciton emission. Our findings provide a quantitative framework for strain engineering in phosphorene-based NIR devices, highlighting the critical role of hopping parameter signs in determining bandgap modulation.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

AlGaS3: A Wide Band Gap Ternary Diamond-Like Infrared Nonlinear Optical Material with High Laser-Induced Damage Threshold

Authors: Shi Yunfei, Wang Hongshan, Chu Yu, Su Xin, Li Zhenglong, Lu Juanjuan, Li Junjie, Abudurusuli Ailijiang, Pan Shilie

Infrared nonlinear optical (IR NLO) materials are critical for laser frequency conversion, yet their performance is often constrained by a trade-off between second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency and laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT). Here, we report a new ternary diamond-like compound, AlGaS3, which successfully balances these competing demands. AlGaS3 crystallizes in a noncentrosymmetric structure composed of wide HOMO-LUMO gap [AlS4] tetrahedra and NLO-active [GaS4] tetrahedra. The compound exhibits a wide experimental optical band gap of approximately 3.38 eV, which is significantly larger than that of the benchmark AgGaS2 (AGS, ~2.70 eV). This wide band gap contributes to a high laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of approximately 6.0 times that of AGS, as determined by powder-based measurements. Notably, AlGaS3 also demonstrates a phase-matching SHG response of approximately 0.5 times that of AGS at a fundamental wavelength of 2.09 μm, with particle size-dependent behavior confirming phase-matchability. The combination of wide band gap, high LIDT, and moderate SHG response positions AlGaS3 as a promising candidate for high-power IR NLO applications. This work provides a viable strategy for designing IR NLO materials with enhanced laser damage resistance by incorporating wide-gap tetrahedral units.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Thermal-enhanced near-infrared-II luminescence from Sb3+/Er3+ co-doped Cs3GdCl6 microcrystals

Authors: LIU Junxiang, MA Zimeng, ZHANG Wei, HUANG Ping, SHAO Zhiqing, HU Yaqiong, YANG Guangyao, ZHENG Wei, CHEN Xueyuan

Near-infrared-II (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) luminescent materials are pivotal for deep-tissue bioimaging and optical communication, yet their performance is often limited by low quantum yields and thermal quenching. Here, we report a thermal-enhanced NIR-II luminescence in Sb3+/Er3+ co-doped Cs3GdCl6 microcrystals synthesized via a modified Bridgman method. Under ultraviolet excitation, the co-doped microcrystals exhibit intense NIR-II emission centered at 1532 nm corresponding to Er3+: 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 transition, with a maximum relative sensitivity of 1.2% K−1 at 303 K. Notably, the integrated NIR-II emission intensity increases by 2.3-fold from 298 K to 373 K, demonstrating anomalous thermal enhancement. This behavior is attributed to the thermally activated energy transfer from Sb3+ sensitizers to Er3+ activators, as confirmed by temperature-dependent photoluminescence spectra and decay kinetics. The energy transfer efficiency reaches 86% at room temperature and further improves with rising temperature. The microcrystals also show excellent photostability, retaining 95% of initial intensity after 120 min continuous UV irradiation. Furthermore, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept wireless optical communication link using the microcrystals as a NIR-II phosphor, achieving a signal-to-noise ratio of 30 dB at 400 Hz modulation frequency. These findings provide a new strategy for designing thermal-enhanced NIR-II luminescent materials and expand their potential in temperature sensing and optical communication.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

High-Performance All-Solid-State Artificial Muscles Enabled by Double-Network Hydrogel Electrolytes

Authors: DENG Bingbing, WANG Xiaobo, WANG Jiaqi, WANG Xiaona, DI Jiangtao

Conventional electrochemical artificial muscles rely on liquid electrolytes, which suffer from poor encapsulation processability, high leakage risks, and inadequate biocompatibility, limiting their application in bionic medicine, wearable exoskeletons, and humanoid robots. To address these bottlenecks, we fabricated a polyvinyl alcohol-polyacrylic acid (PVA-PAA) double-network hydrogel electrolyte and integrated it with twisted carbon nanotube (CNT) yarns via ultraviolet curing, constructing an all-solid-state artificial muscle unit. The unit maintained structural integrity and actuation performance after mechanical deformation treatments such as weaving and knotting. Experimentally, it achieved a maximum contractile stroke of 16% at −1 to 1.8 V and generated an isometric force of approximately 500 mN at −1 to 2 V. The solid-state artificial muscles exhibited excellent mechanical properties, compact size, and high flexibility, offering new opportunities for applications in bionic medical devices and intelligent robots.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Molecular Weight Engineering of D18 Polymer Enables 20.55% Efficiency in Non-Halogenated Solvent-Processed Organic Solar Cells via Controlled Film Formation Kinetics

Authors: LI Hui, MING Rui, ZHANG Jian, JIANG Tao, WANG Lei, WANG Xiao, ZHANG Wei, YANG Chao, XU Lin, SUN Li, LI Chen

The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs) has surpassed 21% with the donor polymer D18, yet its processing from non-halogenated solvents like ortho-xylene (o-XY) remains inefficient due to uncontrolled film formation kinetics. Here, we systematically synthesize D18 polymers with molecular weights ranging from 41.6 kDa to 70.9 kDa to modulate crystallization kinetics. In-situ film drying studies reveal that lower molecular weights accelerate solidification, leading to excessive aggregation, while higher molecular weights slow it, causing insufficient phase separation. A medium molecular weight (D18-M) achieves a balanced crystallization rate, promoting favorable morphology and yielding a PCE of 20.55% with L8-BO as acceptor—one of the highest reported for non-halogenated solvent-processed OSCs. Energy loss analysis indicates that although low-molecular-weight polymers exhibit higher intrinsic luminescence, the blend film's emission is governed by exciton environment, which is dictated by morphology. This work underscores the critical role of molecular weight in controlling film formation and morphology, offering a simple yet effective strategy for high-efficiency, environmentally friendly OSCs.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Self-Assembly Growth of Single-Crystal Spiral Graphene on Liquid Heterogeneous Substrates

Authors: LIU Shan, FAN Fengyuan, LIU Mengya, QUAN Kaifeng, YU Gui

Spiral graphene, characterized by Bernal-stacked layers and unique electronic properties, holds promise for advanced quantum and optoelectronic devices. However, its controlled synthesis remains challenging. Here, we report the self-assembly growth of single-crystal spiral graphene on a liquid heterogeneous substrate via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). A 50-μm-thick Cu foil was placed on a Ni support and heated to 1083 °C, the melting point of pure Cu, ensuring a fully molten Cu layer on solid Ni. Growth proceeded for 30 minutes under optimized conditions. The resulting spiral graphene exhibits a uniform Bernal stacking configuration, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and selected-area electron diffraction. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) depth profiling and isotope-labeling experiments reveal that carbon incorporation occurs predominantly at the spiral step edges, following a self-assembly mechanism driven by the liquid substrate's dynamic surface. Control experiments on solid Cu-Ni alloys yield no spiral morphology, underscoring the critical role of the liquid phase. The liquid heterogeneous substrate facilitates rapid carbon diffusion and step-edge attachment, enabling the growth of high-quality single-crystal spirals with controlled layer number. This work provides a scalable route to synthesize spiral graphene with tailored stacking, advancing its application in twistronics and high-performance electronics.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Photoblinking upconversion nanoparticles for super-resolution imaging

Authors: DONG Yihong, HUANG Ping, CHEN Xueyuan

Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) surpasses the diffraction limit to achieve molecular-scale resolution, but conventional probes suffer from photobleaching, limiting imaging duration. In a recent Nature Photonics article, Ren and co-workers introduced spontaneous photoblinking upconversion microscopy (SPUM) using Yb3+/Ho3+ co-doped core–shell–shell upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs, NaYF4@NaYb/HoF4@NaLuF4). These UCNPs exhibit exceptional photostability and persistent, reversible blinking under 976 nm continuous-wave excitation, with negligible photodegradation. The blinking mechanism involves a Yb3+ multiphoton process coupled with defect-mediated energy trapping, switching the UCNPs between emissive (on) and non-emissive (off) states. Kinetic analysis revealed single-exponential bright-state dwell times and biexponential dark-state dwell times, indicating one decay pathway into a non-emissive state and two recovery pathways. In live-cell imaging, synchronized transport of UCNPs maintained constant interparticle distance and near-unity positional correlation. In fixed cells, Fourier ring correlation (FRC) resolution reached 30 nm, confirming sub-50 nm performance in biological specimens. This work provides an unprecedented combination of low duty cycle and photostability, establishing a foundation for non-photobleaching luminescent nanomaterials in long-term super-resolution imaging and nanoscale tracking.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Highly Efficient Removal of Sr2+ by a Layered Potassium Phosphatoantimonate under Neutral and Acidic Conditions

Authors: Xiaoya Zhang, Shuangjiang Li, Haiyan Sun, Zhihua Chen, Jiahua Luo, Shuzhen Liu, Xiaoying Huang, Meiling Feng

Radiostrontium remediation is crucial for ecological protection and sustainable development of nuclear energy. However, efficient removal of 90Sr from complex radioactive liquid waste, especially under acidic conditions, remains challenging due to material instability and intense proton competition. Herein, the rapid and highly selective capture of Sr2+ in neutral and even acidic solutions has been achieved by a layered potassium phosphatoantimonate KSbP2O8 with excellent radiation and thermal stability. Under neutral conditions, it possesses high maximum adsorption capacity (qmSr = 110.25 mg g−1), rapid adsorption kinetics (the removal rate (RSr) of 91.54% within 30 min), and excellent selectivity for Sr2+, and facile regeneration. Particularly, even under acidic conditions (pH 2.0), KSbP2O8 still maintains excellent Sr2+ removal capacity (qmSr = 79.38 mg g−1), fast kinetics, and high selectivity. A mechanism study by multiple characterizations reveals that the efficient Sr2+ removal of KSbP2O8 mainly stems from ion exchange between Sr2+ and interlayer K+ in KSbP2O8, which is attributed to the synergy between the Sb5+-induced Brønsted acidity and the high charge density of the anionic framework. This study demonstrates the exceptional capability of phosphatoantimonates to selectively capture Sr2+ under acidic conditions, highlighting the potential of phosphatoantimonates as effective scavengers for radiostrontium remediation.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Synergistic Conformation Locking and Terminal Conjugation Engineering of Carbazole-Based Self-Assembled Monolayers for High-Performance Organic Solar Cells

Authors: Shiji Zhou, Panpan Zhang, Lingling Han, Keteng Zhu, Chaohua Cui, Haijun Bin, Yongfang Li

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are critical for optimizing electrode interfaces in organic solar cells (OSCs), as their molecular conformation and ordering govern interfacial quality. Conventional carbazole-based SAMs (e.g., 2PACz) rely on flexible alkyl linkers whose conformational freedom often results in disordered packing, incomplete coverage, and limited environmental robustness, especially under air processing. Here, we design and systematically study a series of well-defined carbazole SAM homologues (Cz-PPA, Cz-HPA, PCz-HPA, and PCz-PPA) to elucidate the role of synergistic conformational locking achieved through linker rigidification and terminal conjugation extension. PCz-HPA, which integrates a rigid cyclohexane linker with a strongly conjugated 3,6-diphenylcarbazole end group, enables effective conformational locking. It forms a highly ordered, densely packed monolayer on ITO, delivering high surface coverage, a strengthened interfacial dipole, and improved energy-level alignment. The rigid framework and ordered interface enhance air-process stability and interfacial contact, thereby suppressing recombination and facilitating exciton dissociation and charge collection. Using PCz-HPA as SAM for the devices based on PM6:L8-BO reaches 19.75% efficiency and it demonstrates consistent gains across multiple systems. These results identify conformational locking via linker rigidification as a general design rule for durable, high-performance SAM interlayers in organic optoelectronics.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

A Sulfobetaine Polyurethane for Substitutable Meniscus Implant with Excellent Mechanical, Tribological, and Biological Properties

Authors: Lingfeng Hu, Hongbo Wang, Mingbo Ruan, Jinge Li, Yixuan Du, Wei Gong, Xiaoniu Yang

The development of substitutable meniscus implants that can effectively protect articular cartilage remains a great challenge. Herein, a polyurethane with chemical crosslinking and sulfobetaine extenders containing hydrophobic chains (PU-CL-hSB) is developed, which could improve comprehensive properties and long-term stability simultaneously. By regulating the mole ratio of functional groups, PU-CL-hSB with appropriate mechanical properties, excellent tribological properties, and good fatigue resistance is used to prepare substitutable meniscus implant by hot-pressing. Due to the synergistic effect of functional groups, PU-CL-hSB meniscus implant presents comparable or even superior properties to native meniscus. It withstands a maximum force of 26.08 N versus 25.14 N for native meniscus, an energy dissipation from 45.93 to 39.17 N mm compared to 28.83 to 19.11 N mm for native meniscus over 300 cycles, and a friction coefficient from 0.08 to 0.19 compared to 0.11 to 0.26 for native meniscus. This PU-CL-hSB meniscus implant is further implanted into live rabbit knee joints for 8 and 25 weeks by a new approach, and in vivo data indicate that PU-CL-hSB meniscus implant not only protects articular cartilage from severe damage without eliciting inflammatory responses, but also can maintain normal physiological activities in the native state. Our findings present a substitutable meniscus implant that could be applied in vivo and propose evaluation methodologies for meniscus implants.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications of High-Entropy Borides

Authors: Haojie Chi, Jialin Sun, Keguo Zhang, Zhen Cao, Jun Zhao, Xiuying Ni

High-entropy borides (HEBs) represent an emerging class of high-entropy materials that have garnered significant attention as ultra-high-temperature ceramics (UHTCs). By leveraging the high configuration entropy effect, HEBs stabilize single-phase solid solutions, exhibiting a suite of properties unattainable in traditional binary borides. This review systematically consolidates research progress on HEBs, beginning with theoretical predictions and component design via first-principles methods. It then details typical HEB systems and principal synthesis techniques, including arc melting and spark plasma sintering. The core analysis evaluates the outstanding performance of HEBs, emphasizing exceptional mechanical properties such as ultra-high hardness and excellent fracture toughness, alongside high-temperature friction and wear behavior, and oxidation resistance. Finally, the review outlines application prospects in extreme environments like aerospace and cutting tools, while also addressing current challenges. The paper underscores the potential of HEBs to overcome the hardness-toughness trade-off inherent in conventional ceramics, driven by strong metal-boron hybridization. This comprehensive overview positions HEBs as promising candidates for next-generation thermal and mechanical protection systems, with future research directions focusing on optimizing compositions and processing to tailor properties for specific applications.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Janus-interface engineering enhances hydrogel integrated with ZIF-8@Co9S8 composite featuring concave pyramid patterns for efficient solar-driven water purification

Authors: Yuqian Zhang, Ziyi Wang, Bo Geng, Ting Bian, Vadim Efimov, Anton Kuzmin, Wei Kong, Xingqiao Wu

Water scarcity and the increasing demand for clean water have driven the development of efficient solar desalination technologies. Interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG) is promising, yet its practical deployment is hindered by insufficient light harvesting and salt crystallization on photothermal surfaces. Here, we report a Janus hydrogel evaporator in which tubular Co9S8 nanocrystals are uniformly embedded in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix with a concave pyramid pattern, creating a broadband light-trapping architecture (200–2500 nm) with 96% solar absorption. The top surface is further coated with hydrophobic zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), while the bottom retains intrinsic hydrogel hydrophilicity, establishing asymmetric wettability that sustains rapid water supply yet suppresses salt deposition. Under one-sun illumination (1 kW m−2), the Janus evaporator achieves an evaporation rate of 2.69 kg m−2 h−1 and a solar-to-vapor efficiency of 98.15%. Continuous operation in 3.5 wt% brine shows stable performance for 11 h without observable salt crystallization. This work offers an effective, durable pathway toward high-performance solar desalination and wastewater purification.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Photon-Avalanching Holmium Nanoparticles for Multicolor Super-Resolution Imaging

Authors: LU Yixuan, HUANG Ping, CHEN Xueyuan

Photon avalanche (PA) is a nonlinear optical phenomenon characterized by steep upconversion emission growth with excitation power. Since the first demonstration of PA on nanoscale and at room temperature in 2021, PA luminescence of lanthanides has attracted considerable attention in nano- and bio-photonics. However, PA nanoparticles (NPs) remain restricted to a limited range of material systems and lanthanide ions, facing challenges including inadequate nonlinearity (N), high excitation threshold (P_th), and deficient chromaticity. In a recent publication in Nature Photonics, Dong and co-workers reported a new class of PA nanosystem based on Ho3+-doped fluoride NPs, which afforded tunable PA chromaticity for multicolor sub-diffraction imaging. Unlike conventional PA systems reliant on a single reservoir level, this study introduced a novel 'parallel PA' (PPA) mechanism leveraging the dual long-lived intermediate reservoir levels (5I7 and 5I6) of Ho3+, facilitating simultaneous operation of two PA loops to generate multicolor emissions. Under 965 nm continuous-wave excitation, the PPA of Ho3+ produced simultaneous red-green-blue emissions with large N (>20). Differential rate equation modelling identified all PA signatures, including clear P_th, S-shaped curves, extremely high sigma_ESA/sigma_GSA ratio of ~75000, and volcano-shaped rise time. The engineered NaGdF4:10%Ho@NaYF4 core/shell PA NPs (~19.6 nm) exhibited remarkably high N of 17–22 with mild P_th of ~22 kW cm−2 and fast response time of 343–371 ms. By screening host lattices and introducing co-dopants, PA chromaticity was precisely tailored, demonstrating unparalleled emission tunability for multicolor super-resolution imaging.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Novel Ce3+-activated gadolinium-based glass prepared in vacuum: structure and scintillation

Authors: Zhehao Hua, Dandan Zhang, Yuecheng Lai, Hua Cai, Haizheng Tao, Sen Qian, Jifeng Han, Lili Hu, Jinsheng Jia, Weichang Li, Xvsheng Qiao, Jing Ren, Xin-Yuan Sun, Gao Tang, Yinsheng Xu, Shenghua Yin, Huiping Yuan, Lirong Zheng

High-density glass scintillators are promising alternatives to crystals for next-generation radiation detection due to their low cost, excellent physical and chemical stability, and processability. In this study, a series of Ce3+-activated gadolinium gallium borosilicate (GGBS x) glasses were synthesized via vacuum melt-quenching. With increasing Gd2O3 content, glass density increased from 5.86 to 6.05 g/cm3, and molar volume from 36.43 to 39.79 cm3/mol. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis revealed that in GGBS 1 glass, Ce3+ exclusively adopts a hexahedral [CeO6] configuration, while Gd3+ exhibits both hexahedral and octahedral coordination with a bond length of 2.35±0.1 Å and Debye-Waller factor σ2 of 0.0122±0.0015 Å2. As Gd2O3 content increased, shallow trap depth rose from 0.804 to 0.858 eV, while deep trap depth first increased from 0.948 to 1.434 eV then decreased to 1.010 eV. GGBS 1 glass exhibited high transmittance (~80%) in the visible range and a photoluminescence quantum yield of 78.4%. Under X-ray irradiation, its X-ray excited luminescence intensity reached 128.5% of that of Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO) crystal, with a spatial resolution of 29.1 lp/mm, approaching the highest reported for glass scintillators. Under γ-ray excitation, it achieved a light yield of 1058 photons/MeV and an energy resolution of 23.7% at 662 keV. These results indicate that GGBS 1 glass scintillator warrants further development for applications in X-ray imaging and γ-ray spectroscopy.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Facile Synthesis of Efficient Blue-Light-Emitting Copper(I) Halide Hybrid Phosphors for Applications in pc-WLEDs and X-ray Imaging

Authors: WANG Qianqian, PAN Shifeng, LI Haibo, ZHANG Menghuan, ZHOU Zhennan, LIU Wei, OUYANG Gangfeng

Organic-inorganic hybrid copper(I) halide semiconductors have attracted extensive attention for applications in phosphor-converted white light-emitting diodes (pc-WLEDs), X-ray imaging, and photodetectors because of their superior photo/radioluminescence, structural diversity, and eco-friendliness. In previous work, a strategy combining coordinated anionic inorganic modules with cationic derivatives yielded highly efficient blue-emitting hybrids, but synthesis complexity limited practical use. Here, we report a facile, efficient, and rapid solution-based ultrasonic treatment method for synthesizing high-performance blue-emitting phosphors using inexpensive, commercially available tetraethylammonium halides (TEAX, X = Cl, Br, I). The synergistic interplay of ionic and covalent bonds in these compounds endows them with a high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 70% and excellent stability. These materials exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), delivering outstanding performance in pc-WLEDs and X-ray imaging. Their exceptional properties highlight significant potential for use in optoelectronic devices and X-ray scintillators. This work provides an important reference for rapid synthesis of high-performance copper(I) halide hybrid phosphors and paves the way for commercial application.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Strategic Dihedral Angle Engineering for High-Efficiency Through-Space Charge Transfer TADF Emitters

Authors: Sai Guo, Xin Lv, Xue Li, Kang Zhou, Qinwei Chen, Qing Li, Peifeng Su, Lingyi Meng, Can-Zhong Lu

Intramolecular through-space charge-transfer (TSCT)-enabled thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters have shown exceptional potential for advancing organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technologies, owing to their efficient utilization of triplet excitons and optimized photophysical properties. To date, the intrinsic correlation among molecular geometries, intramolecular non-covalent interactions, and photophysical properties in TSCT-TADF emitters remains unconfirmed, and this study theoretically clarifies this critical correlation. Specifically, through integrating molecular engineering, screening strategies, first-principles calculations, energy decomposition analysis, and statistical modeling, we systematically investigated 24 experimentally reported TADF molecules, and 54 newly designed structures in both solution and thin-film environments. We establish a clear geometric criterion for high-efficiency TSCT-TADF emitters: donor-acceptor (D-A) dihedral angles below 25° and interfragment distances within 4 Å—conditions validated by both theoretical predictions and experimental evidence. Based on this insight, we designed two novel molecular libraries with benzene- or carbazole-derivative bridges, using O-bridged triphenylamine (DPXZ) as the donor and quinolino[3,2,1-de]acridine-5,9-dione (QAO) as the acceptor. Our calculations confirm that sub-25° D-A dihedral angles correlate with exceptional delayed fluorescence efficiency, with predictions reaching up to 96% and an average of 70% for the new thin film systems. This study provides a rational design strategy for high-performance TSCT-TADF emitters, significantly advancing the molecular-level understanding of through-space interactions and accelerating the discovery of tailored, efficient OLED materials.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Multidirectional Self-Driven Polarization-Sensitive Photodetection Induced by Asymmetric Contact

Authors: Jianbo Wu, Qiuxiao Yin, Zeng-Kui Zhu, Ruiqing Li, Zhangtong Han, Lijun Xu, Chang Qu, Lina Li, Junhua Luo

Polar two-dimensional (2D) perovskites, with their excellent semiconductor properties, intrinsic anisotropy, and bulk photovoltaic effect, have emerged as promising candidates for self-driven polarization-sensitive photodetectors. However, these self-driven polarized detectors typically require fabrication along the spontaneous polarization direction to maintain device operation in the self-driven mode, which imposes additional limitations. Herein, we demonstrate multidirectional self-driven polarization-sensitive photodetection by constructing 2D perovskite-based asymmetric contact devices, Ag/2D perovskite/C. The built-in electric field, originating from the difference in work functions, acts as the driving force for the separation and transport of photogenerated carriers. Notably, this approach does not necessitate a specific direction, thereby enabling multidirectional self-driven photodetection. Under excitation by linearly polarized light, our devices exhibit impressive polarization-sensitive discrimination in multiple directions, achieving polarization ratios of 3.3 and 3.1 along the a and b-axes, respectively. Our work enriches the approaches enabling self-driven polarization-sensitive photodetection, free from the previous limitations.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Surface-Confined Metallization of Nanofibrous Networks via Selective Dissolution-Assisted Transfer Printing for Lightweight and Air-Permeable Soft Electronics

Authors: LI Weiyan, SONG Zhongqian, ZHANG Xiyue, KONG Huijun, LIU Cuiyu, LI Xue, SUN Xiaotong, ZHANG Zhaofu, NIU Li

Air-permeable and ultrathin conductive electrodes are essential for next-generation soft electronics, including breathable wearables, on-skin devices, and bio-integrated electronics. However, conventional metallization strategies, such as sputtering and ink-printing, often suffer from severe vertical charge leakage due to the porous and ultrathin characteristics of nanofibrous networks, leading to device short-circuiting, operational failure, and limited vertical integration. Here, we present a solvent-selective dissolution-assisted transfer printing strategy to achieve surface-confined metallization of ultrathin, lightweight, and gas-permeable nanofibrous networks, enabling lateral conductivity while maintaining vertical insulation. This transfer printing process facilitates not only the rapid formation of conductive patterns on the surface of nanofibrous networks but also mechanical reinforcement through solvent evaporation-induced interlocked fiber-fiber welding. Meanwhile, the strategy preserves the high permeability of the nanofibrous networks and imparts a unique combination of surface conductivity (2 Ω cm) and vertical insulativity (10^11 Ω cm). The resulting anisotropic conductive networks enable low-voltage wearable heaters, high-sensitive pressure sensors, and ultralight temperature sensors. A pressure-temperature dual-modal sensing patch is further fabricated for intelligent grasping classification. The proposed surface-confined metallization strategy enables rapid fabrication of an anisotropic conductive network as a building block to construct air-permeable, ultrathin, and lightweight wearable electronics.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Synergistic Additive Engineering with Sulfur-Terminated Ti3C2Tx MXene towards Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Authors: Zhe Wu, Hui Li, Yuhang Bao, Jizheng Wang

Two-dimensional MXene Ti3C2Tx demonstrates great promise in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, sulfur-terminated Ti3C2Tx (S-Ti3C2Tx) is developed by modifying Ti3C2Tx via a facile hydrothermal method using thioacetamide. As a perovskite additive, S-Ti3C2Tx outperforms pristine Ti3C2Tx by (1) significantly promoting grain growth, enhancing carrier mobility, and reducing defect density; (2) optimizing energy level alignment to lower interfacial energy barriers and minimize interface non-radiative recombination; (3) stabilizing uncoordinated Pb2+ and [PbI6]4− octahedra via Pb–S bonds while alleviating bulk lattice strain, as this Pb–S interaction exerts a “tape-like” effect. Based on this synergistic mechanism, PSCs with S-Ti3C2Tx achieve a champion efficiency of 25.51%—outperforming control (23.46%) and pristine Ti3C2Tx-based devices (24.54%)—with enhanced stability. This work highlights terminal group engineering as a critical strategy for advancing high-performance PSCs and their potential for emerging photovoltaic technologies.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering•2026

Differentiated Characteristics of Suspended Particulate Matter and Their Effects on Water Quality in the Middle and East Routes of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project

Authors: ZHANG Junzhi, CHEN Borong, DONG Chenyu, CHANG Zhibing, ZHONG Mingyuan, ZHU Wenhao, YU Jianwei, ZHANG Honggang

This study investigates the spatiotemporal differentiation of suspended particulate matter (SPM) characteristics, sources, and their impacts on water quality between the Middle Route (closed artificial channel) and East Route (open natural water system) of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Thirty sampling sites (13 on the Middle Route, 17 on the East Route) were established, and samples were collected during dry and wet seasons. Water quality parameters and SPM characteristics were analyzed, including particle size distribution, total suspended solids (TSS), chlorophyll a, and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. Results show that the Middle Route maintains good and stable water quality, with SPM dominated by coarse particles (>63 μm, 61.43%–94.68%), total phosphorus (TP) <0.01 mg·L−1, and a significant positive correlation between chlorophyll a and coarse particles (r=0.60), indicating algal aggregation dominates particle formation. In contrast, the East Route exhibits high and fluctuating nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, with SPM dominated by fine particles (<20 μm, 51.26%–88.61%), TP ranging from 0.03 to 1.11 mg·L−1, and a positive correlation with fine particles, suggesting significant external inputs. Carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis reveals that Middle Route SPM primarily originates from autochthonous algae (contribution >46.75%), while East Route SPM is influenced by both terrestrial C3 plants and algae. The distinct engineering and management approaches of the two routes lead to significant differences in SPM characteristics and sources, thereby affecting water quality dynamics. The Middle Route requires an 'algal reduction and hydrodynamic optimization' strategy to control algal-derived coarse particle deposition, whereas the East Route benefits from 'retention-sedimentation and wetland purification' to reduce external fine particles and pollutant inputs. This research provides theoretical support and practical guidance for differentiated SPM management in long-distance water diversion systems.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering•2026

Multi-objective optimization of high-quality lithium extraction from lepidolite roasting based on neural network coupled modeling

Authors: DUAN Yunlong, LI Huiquan, LIU Changfeng, ZHANG Chenmu, SHI Yao, LIU Shanjun, YAN Chengsheng, FAN Bo, YU Xiuyuan, LI Zhihong, SHI Jingjing, ZHANG Jinlei

The rotary kiln roasting of lepidolite for lithium extraction faces challenges of unstable lithium conversion rates and high energy consumption. To address this, a multi-objective optimization method coupling improved neural network simulation with a multi-objective genetic algorithm was proposed, targeting the synergistic optimization of lithium conversion rate (TRLi) and natural gas consumption intensity (EIng). Using long-term industrial time-series data of batching parameters and kiln operating variables, back-propagation (BP) neural network and its particle swarm optimization (PSO) improved variant were developed to model TRLi and EIng. The PSO-BP model demonstrated superior accuracy in capturing the complex nonlinear relationships, reducing mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) to 0.278 and 0.284 for TRLi and EIng, respectively. Subsequently, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) was employed to construct a multi-objective optimization model, yielding a Pareto-optimal set of process parameters that maximize TRLi and minimize EIng. The results revealed that under NSGA-II optimized conditions, TRLi could be stabilized between 82.45% and 87.96%, an average increase of 3.61 percentage points over baseline operations, while EIng could be reduced to 53.7 m3 per ton of clinker. For an annual processing capacity of 3.2×105 tons of lepidolite concentrate and sulfate mixture, this corresponds to an additional 127.1 tons of lithium metal recovery, a reduction of 1,964,912 m3 in natural gas consumption, and a decrease of 3,763.84 tons in CO2 emissions annually. This study provides theoretical and technical support for the green, high-quality, and low-carbon supply of critical raw materials for the lithium battery new energy industry.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering•2026

Spectrophotometric Method for Rapid Determination of As(V) and As(III) in Industrial Wastewater

Authors: ZHOU Guotao, KONG Linghao, ZHAO Yanxia, WANG Enquan, PENG Xianjia

Arsenic is a toxic metalloid predominantly present in water as As(V) and As(III), whose speciation governs toxicity and mobility. Conventional speciation methods (HPLC-ICP-MS, IC-HG-AFS) offer ultralow detection limits but suffer from high cost, long analysis times, and non-portability, hindering on-site rapid monitoring. This study presents a sulfide-based spectrophotometric method exploiting the quantitative reaction between As(V) and S2− to form monothioarsenate (H3AsO3S) with a characteristic absorption at 233 nm. Under optimized conditions (H+ concentration 1 mol·L−1, Na2S dosage 5 mmol·L−1, reaction time 3 min, N2 purging 2 min), As(V) is directly quantified. Total arsenic is determined after complete oxidation of As(III) to As(V) using NaClO (10 mmol·L−1, pH 12, 5 min), and As(III) is obtained by difference. The method exhibits linearity over 0.5–50 mg·L−1 (A = 0.0209c + 0.0627, R² = 0.999), a detection limit of 0.17 mg·L−1, spike recoveries of 101.9%–104.1%, and relative standard deviation of 1.06%. Validation against real industrial wastewater samples showed relative deviations <10% compared with HPLC-ICP-MS and IC-HG-AFS. Total analysis time is within 15 min. The method is simple, cost-effective, and suitable for field monitoring.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering•2026

Emission Reduction Effects and Costs of Energy Policies under Carbon Neutrality Pathways in Guangdong Province

Authors: LIU Jiangtao, LIU Zhen, LIAO Cuiping, HUANG Ying

To mitigate global warming, regional carbon neutrality pathways are critical. Based on the Guangdong Energy Policy Simulator (EPS) model, this study simulates total energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under baseline, Carbon Neutral 60 (CN60), and Carbon Neutral 50 (CN50) scenarios, and analyzes the emission reduction effects and costs of various energy policies. Results show that by 2060, total energy consumption under CN60 and CN50 decreases by 39% and 44% relative to baseline, respectively. Primary electricity and other energy, natural gas, oil, and coal account for 56%, 26%, 14%, and 4% under CN60, and 60%, 24%, 13%, and 3% under CN50. GHG emissions under CN60 drop to 80×10^6 tCO2e by 2060, an 89% reduction from 2020; under CN50, emissions reach 92 and 55×10^6 tCO2e in 2050 and 2060, respectively, reductions of 87% and 92% from 2020. Policies such as increasing clean electricity share, industrial electrification (hydrogen), increasing green power purchases, building electrification, F-gas reduction, and improving industrial energy efficiency standards show significant reduction effects, with clean electricity share being the primary source. Policies like improving industrial energy efficiency standards, increasing industrial product utilization, and increasing clean energy vehicle market penetration are cost-effective; increasing clean electricity share, green power purchases, building electrification, and F-gas reduction effectively balance reduction effects and costs. Industrial electrification (hydrogen) contributes >5% cumulative reduction but faces economic challenges for full-scale promotion in the short term; industrial carbon capture and storage and electrolytic hydrogen contribute <2% cumulative reduction with high costs. Therefore, Guangdong should prioritize cost-effective policies, promote balanced policies, gradually optimize energy structure, achieve clean electricity, and foster green industrial transformation to achieve carbon neutrality at lower economic cost.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology•2026

Damage Mechanism of High Chromia Refractory in the Slag Tapping Hole of Commercial Entrained-Flow Gasifiers

Authors: PENG Baozi, LIU Zhen, BAI Jin, LI Huaizhu, SUN Kaidi, AN Haiquan, LI Jun

The service life of refractory bricks in the slag tapping hole of entrained-flow gasifiers is a critical bottleneck for long-term stable operation. This study investigated the damage mechanism of high chromia refractories in four commercial coal-water slurry gasifiers by analyzing gasification coal samples and corroded refractory bricks. Slag characteristics, including crystallization and viscosity-temperature behavior, were evaluated. Results revealed that low-viscosity slag induces more severe refractory damage. To mitigate slag crystallization risk, a safe slag tapping temperature range is recommended as tICT−t2.5 when tICT exceeds t25. Interior morphology of corroded bricks exhibited cracks, primarily attributed to molten slag penetration and subsequent reactions with refractory material. SEM-EDS analysis of slag-aggregate and slag-matrix interfaces identified reduction in Cr2O3 content as the earliest damage characteristic. XRD detected no zirconium-containing spinel in cracks, indicating that thermal expansion mismatch between newly formed phases and the refractory matrix drives crack propagation. A damage mechanism is proposed: initial Cr2O3 depletion compromises both matrix and aggregate, facilitating slag ingress and new phase formation, ultimately leading to structural failure. Early detection or prevention of Cr2O3 reduction is essential to prolong refractory service life.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology•2026

Recent Advances in CO2 Hydrogenation to Light Olefins

Authors: ZHANG Qian, WANG Sen, ZHANG Tianfu, XU Lin, DONG Mei, FAN Weibin

The catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide (CO2) to light olefins (C2–C4) represents a pivotal route for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions while producing high-value chemical feedstocks. This review systematically examines the two principal technological pathways: CO2-Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (CO2-FTO) and CO2-methanol-to-olefins (CO2-MTO). The CO2-FTO route couples reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) with Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, whereas CO2-MTO proceeds via methanol intermediate. Key challenges arise from the thermodynamic stability of CO2 (C=O bond dissociation energy ~750 kJ/mol) and kinetic limitations. The review critically evaluates the influence of catalyst promoters (e.g., Na, Mn, Cu), support structures, and surface defect site concentrations on CO2 activation and olefin selectivity. For zeolite-based catalysts, pore architecture and acidity are shown to govern methanol conversion to olefins. Representative data from the literature indicate that Fe-based catalysts with Na promotion achieve CO2 conversion up to 40% with olefin selectivity exceeding 50% under optimized conditions. The review underscores the necessity of integrating catalyst design with reactor engineering to overcome thermodynamic constraints and achieve industrially viable performance.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology•2026

Molecular Dataset of Paraffin Oxidative Pyrolysis: ReaxFF Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Reaction Network Analysis

Authors: YANG Lin, YANG Yanfang, LU Kuan

This dataset provides high-precision molecular dynamics trajectories for oxidative pyrolysis of three paraffin models with distinct straight-chain hydrocarbon distributions, simulated over a temperature range of 2100–2500 K. The COMPASS force field was used for initial structure optimization, and the ReaxFF reactive force field for pyrolysis simulation. The database comprises atomic trajectories, species evolution information, and reaction network analysis results for both heating and isothermal cracking processes, totaling approximately 141 GB and including 150,000 atomic configuration frames. Data are stored in a hierarchical directory structure, supporting multi-scale mechanistic studies. The dataset enables quantitative analysis of carbon chain length effects on reaction pathways, high-resolution tracking of free radical evolution, and extraction of kinetic parameters across a wide temperature range. It provides an atomic-scale foundation for understanding paraffin oxidative pyrolysis, with implications for addressing wax deposition in oil and gas extraction, enhancing product selectivity in cracking processes, and advancing clean fuel technologies. The data are publicly available via DOI:10.57760/sciencedb.31639.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
Environmental Chemistry•2026

Cardiovascular Toxicity Induced by Micro/Nano-Plastics and Its Mechanisms

Authors: PENG Shuang, WANG Feipeng, AN Qiwen, WEI Dongbin, DU Yuguo

Micro/nano-plastics (MNPs) are emerging contaminants widely detected in human circulatory systems, including blood, heart, and vascular endothelium, raising concerns about cardiovascular health risks. This systematic review analyzed 61 peer-reviewed studies (2008–2024) to elucidate the cardiotoxic effects and molecular mechanisms of MNPs. Evidence indicates that MNPs exposure elevates risks of atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and arrhythmias through oxidative stress, inflammatory cascades, endothelial dysfunction, and metabolic dysregulation. Notably, co-exposure with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) or heavy metals may produce synergistic or antagonistic effects. Current research relies predominantly on animal and cell models, with critical gaps in low-dose, long-term exposure data and epidemiological evidence. Future studies should optimize experimental designs, integrate metabolomics and epigenetics, and explore transgenerational effects and combined toxicity mechanisms to inform pollution control policies and mitigate cardiovascular risks.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
Environmental Chemistry•2026

Determination of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Vegetables by Solid-Phase Extraction Combined with Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Authors: MA Qiubing, DING Hao, ZHANG Xuwenqi, SHI Yali, CAI Yaqi

Vegetable consumption is a well-established pathway for human exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). These contaminants are absorbed by vegetables through uptake from soil and irrigation water, leading to bioaccumulation within plant tissues and posing potential risks to human health. Therefore, monitoring PFAS concentrations in vegetables is critical for assessing dietary exposure and associated health risks. In this study, a solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of 24 PFAS compounds in leafy vegetables, including Shanghai Bok Choy, Cabbage, and Water Spinach. The analytical method, incorporating organic solvent extraction followed by SPE cleanup, was optimized with respect to both extraction solvent and SPE sorbent. Alkaline methanol was used as the extraction solvent, and PFAS in vegetables were extracted via vortex-assisted extraction. Tandem mass spectrometry was used for detection in multiple reaction monitoring mode, and quantification was performed by internal standard method. Under optimized conditions, at a spiking level of 2 ng, recoveries ranged from 50.0% to 120.8% with relative standard deviations (RSD) between 1.0% and 26%. Calibration curves showed good linearity with correlation coefficients (r) greater than 0.99. Limits of detection (LOD, S/N=3) were between 0.002 and 0.103 ng·g−1, and limits of quantification (LOQ, S/N=10) were between 0.007 and 0.343 ng·g−1. The method was applied to real samples, detecting 20 PFAS, with 10 compounds showing 100% detection frequency. Total PFAS concentrations ranged from 2.92 to 6.83 ng·g−1 dry weight (dw). Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) was the dominant contaminant, with concentrations from 1.18 to 3.74 ng·g−1 dw. The method demonstrates good sensitivity and accuracy, effectively identifying and quantifying multiple PFAS, thus providing reliable technical support for monitoring PFAS in vegetables.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
Environmental Chemistry•2026

Effect of Water Vapor and Nitrogen Oxides on Electricity Pulse-Sparked Catalysis for Soot Combustion

Authors: SHI Huimin, NIE Weiming, MEI Xueyi, XIE Weiping, ZHANG Yexin, ZHANG Zhaoliang, LI Ying, ZHANG Jian

The rapid combustion of soot at low temperatures is critical for diesel engine cold-start emission control. This study investigates the effects of water vapor (H2O) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) on electricity-pulse-sparked catalysis (EPSC) for soot combustion over a ceramic filter paper-based potassium-supported antimony-doped tin oxide (K/ATO/CP) monolithic catalyst. Under EPSC with 2000 J pulses, the presence of H2O and NOx adversely affected soot combustion performance, yet average reaction rates remained high at 12.0 μmol·gcat−1·s−1 and 9.53 μmol·gcat−1·s−1, respectively, exceeding conventional thermal catalysis (<8 μmol·gcat−1·s−1). In situ Raman and concentration profiles revealed that electricity pulses promote rapid H2O desorption, effectively alleviating H2O poisoning and restoring catalyst activity. In contrast, NOx adsorption forms stable nitrates (e.g., KNO3) that desorb slower than the soot combustion process, leading to incomplete recovery of activity. These findings highlight the importance of adsorbate desorption kinetics in EPSC and suggest that using weakly basic alkaline-earth metals (e.g., Mg, Ca, Sr) with lower nitrate decomposition temperatures could mitigate NOx poisoning. The results provide guidance for advancing EPSC technology in hybrid vehicle exhaust aftertreatment systems.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology•2026

Synthesis of A- and H-type Zeolites from Fly Ash and Their Adsorption Mechanisms for SO2, CO2, and NO

Authors: DAI Ruijia, ZHAO Yongqi, DOU Jinxiao, YU Jianglong

Fly ash, a byproduct of coal combustion, poses severe environmental challenges. This study synthesizes A- and H-type zeolites from fly ash via hydrothermal treatment and evaluates their adsorption performance for low-concentration acidic gases (SO2, CO2, NO) at 1000 mg/m3. The zeolites exhibited pore sizes of 3–5 nm, with specific surface areas of 18.59 m2/g (A-type) and 22.32 m2/g (H-type). At 20 °C, A-type zeolite achieved maximum saturated adsorption capacities of 1.07 mmol/g for SO2, 0.26 mmol/g for CO2, and 0.048 mmol/g for NO; H-type zeolite showed higher capacities: 1.12, 0.29, and 0.053 mmol/g, respectively. In-situ DRIFTS revealed that T–O (T=Si/Al) groups serve as key active sites, with adsorption energies for A-type zeolite calculated as -5.11 kJ/mol (SO2), -4.07 kJ/mol (CO2), and -1.41 kJ/mol (NO). Kinetic analysis indicated conformity to the Arrhenius equation. The results demonstrate that fly ash-based zeolites are promising adsorbents for acidic gas removal, with H-type outperforming A-type due to larger surface area and more silanol sites. This work provides a theoretical basis for utilizing fly ash in gas purification, contributing to the circular economy.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Simultaneous enhancement of mechanical and fatigue properties in 2xxx aluminum alloys via microstructural uniformity induced by cyclic plasticity

Authors: Yong Zhang, Baishan Gong, Zhixin Ba, Lantian Zhang, Le Zong, Lu Jiang, Yuman Zhu, Wenfeng Yang, Zhihong Jia, Wenwen Sun

The 2xxx (Al-Cu-Mg) alloy is widely used in transportation fields due to its excellent strength-to-weight ratio. However, conventional heat treatments such as peak aging (PA) often result in a pronounced strength-ductility trade-off and limited fatigue resistance. To address these limitations, this work presents a comprehensive study on the mechanical properties and fatigue behavior of Al-Cu-Mg alloy subjected to a cyclic plasticity treatment. The cyclic strengthened (CS) samples exhibit a well-balanced combination of strength and ductility due to the formation of nanoscale solute clusters. A systematic and quantitative analysis of the strengthening mechanisms is performed to evaluate the contributions of key microstructural features to the mechanical response. Moreover, the CS samples also demonstrate a significantly higher fatigue ratio and fatigue strength compared to the PA sample, despite exhibiting comparable tensile strength. These improvements are attributed to the absence of weak precipitate-free zones (PFZs) induced as a result of cyclic plasticity, which completely eliminates the pronounced strength differential between the grain interiors and the PFZs observed in the PA state. This microstructural uniformity effect effectively suppresses strain localization under cyclic loading, promotes a more homogeneous strain partitioning, and consequently delays fatigue crack initiation. These findings highlight cyclic plasticity treatment as a promising microstructure design strategy for simultaneously enhancing the mechanical and fatigue properties of high-strength Al alloys.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Selective Area Growth of High-Quality In-Plane InAs Nanowires and Nanowire Networks by Molecular-Beam Epitaxy on Ge Substrates

Authors: Lei Liu, Xiyu Hou, Chenkai Liu, Lianjun Wen, Donghai Li, Miaoling Lin, Ping-Heng Tan, Dong Pan, Jianhua Zhao

In-plane InAs nanowires and nanowire networks are promising platforms for electronics, optoelectronics, and topological quantum computing due to their small electron effective mass, narrow bandgap, high electron mobility, strong spin-orbit coupling, and large Landé g factor. However, their selective area growth on CMOS-compatible group-IV substrates remains challenging. Here, we report the selective area growth of high-quality in-plane InAs nanowires and nanowire networks on Ge(111) substrates by molecular-beam epitaxy. Conventional selective-area epitaxy fails to simultaneously achieve good selectivity and continuity. To overcome this, we developed a metal-sown, single-indium-source two-step growth method, which attains both selectivity and continuity but yields nanowires with rough surfaces and lengths below 10 μm. We then introduced an upgraded metal-sown, dual-indium-source two-step growth method, successfully fabricating in-plane InAs nanowires and nanowire networks with smooth surface morphology and lengths exceeding 60 μm. By optimizing the As beam equivalent pressure, overgrowth at network junctions is effectively suppressed, resulting in uniform nanowire networks. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy confirm the high-quality single-crystalline nature and pure zinc-blende structure of the nanowires and networks. This work establishes a foundation for fabricating high-quality in-plane InAs/superconductor hybrid nanowires and nanowire networks on Ge substrates.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Poly(2-oxazoline) Decorated Lipid Nanoparticles for Robust mRNA Delivery in the Presence of Pre-existing Anti-PEG Antibodies

Authors: LI Minhui, MA Sheng, SHEN Mengjie, WAN Renming, LONG Jiang'ai, JIANG Yuhang, LIANG Hanzhi, GUO Zhaopei, MA Xinpeng, SONG Wantong

Messenger RNA-lipid nanoparticle (mRNA-LNP) vaccines have demonstrated extraordinary efficacy against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, establishing LNPs as the premier platform for mRNA therapeutics. However, the pervasive presence of anti-polyethylene glycol (PEG) antibodies undermines PEGylated LNP performance by diminishing therapeutic efficacy. To address this challenge, we synthesized a panel of lipid-poly(2-oxazoline) (lipid-POx) conjugates as alternatives to lipid-PEG and systematically evaluated how their polymer backbone, degree of polymerization, and lipid tail structure influence LNP physicochemical properties and mRNA delivery performance. Among POx-LNPs formulated with heptadecan-9-yl 8-((2-hydroxyethyl)(6-oxo-6-(undecyloxy)hexyl)amino)octanoate (SM-102) as the base lipid, those constructed with single-tailed C18-POx exhibited smaller particle sizes and superior freeze-thaw stability. These C18-POx-LNPs maintained comparable in vivo transfection efficiency to PEG-LNPs even when fully replacing 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3 (DMG)-PEG. Notably, in mice bearing pre-existing anti-PEG antibodies, C18-POx-LNPs demonstrated over 200-fold higher transfection efficiency than PEG-LNPs. Additionally, repeated administration of POx-LNPs induced dose-dependent anti-POx immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG responses, with antibody titers inversely correlated with POx hydrophilicity. This study underscores the effectiveness of substituting PEG with POx in LNP construction to address the transfection efficiency in populations with pre-existing anti-PEG antibodies, and would inspire the development of more hydrophilic polymers for LNP formulation.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Multiple deformable units enabling superior plasticity and softness in SnS2 van der Waals crystals

Authors: Yifei Liu, Ling Fu, Leping Xu, Haoran Huang, Kunpeng Zhao, Tian-Ran Wei, Xun Shi

Two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) crystals, stacked via atomically thin layers, exhibit rich functionalities and tunable stacking orders. Their mechanical behaviors are crucial for flexible and miniature electronics. While some vdW crystals show superior plasticity, the mechanical properties of SnS2 bulk crystals remain largely unexplored. Here, we synthesize high-quality SnS2 crystals via the Bridgman method and comprehensively investigate their mechanical properties. SnS2 bulk crystals exhibit remarkable plasticity and softness: bending and compression strains exceed 20% and 45%, respectively, without fracture, while tensile fracture strains reach up to ~12% (range 9%–16%). Scanning/transmission electron microscopy reveals multiple deformation units, including layer segments, interlayer/cross-layer slip, twisting, and twinning-like structures. These units provide multiple pathways to release strain energy, promoting plasticity. Alongside weak interlayer vdW interactions, relatively ionic and weak intralayer Sn–S bonds contribute to the softness. This work fills the knowledge gap on SnS2 mechanical properties, advancing its processing and application in diverse electronic devices. Further studies may focus on balancing plasticity and strength by tuning microstructure to activate but confine deformation units.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
New Carbon Materials•2026

Changing the carbon framework to produce low-expansion silicon-carbon composites for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

Authors: Ye Lin, Huang Qiang, Peng Gongchang, Tian Guilei, Bai Hongyou, Zhou Xiaoqing, Wang Junkuo

Silicon-carbon (Si/C) composites are promising high-capacity anode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries, but their commercialization is hindered by severe volume expansion during cycling. We report a chemical vapor deposition method using the pyrolysis of silane, in which ultrafine nano-Si enters a porous carbon framework to produce kilogram-scale Si/C composites. The carbon framework with abundant micropores (~1.9 nm) confines the amorphous silicon and accommodates the volume changes of nano-Si during both lithiation and de-lithiation. The resulting Si/C composites have a 56.76% Si content and have a specific capacity of 2179 mAh g–1, a high initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 93.5%, and a low specific surface area (1.32 m2 g–1). In addition to the nanoconfinement effect, the median particle size (D50, 7.3-13.0 μm) of the carbon framework was shown to control the mechanical strength, coating uniformity and Li+ transport. A D50 of 8.2 μm endows the Si/C composites with outstanding comprehensive properties. They have an excellent rate performance with a 97.0% retention at 3 C relative to 0.1 C, show only minor variations in ICE difference at 60 ℃/-20 ℃ compared with room temperature, and have a low expansion of 35.8% from the delithiated to the lithiated state. The composite was then mixed with graphite to prepare the anode, which was then paired with an NCM523 cathode to assemble pouch cells. The pouch cell retained 87.46% of its initial capacity after 1000 cycles at 1 C. Because of the low expansion of the electrode, the material avoids structural degradation during cycling and thus has an excellent long-term stability.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
New Carbon Materials•2026

Improving the porous carbon matrix to suppress the formation of surface silicon for improved cycling stability

Authors: Yang Fei, Huang Qiang, Yi Zonglin, Ye Lin, Xie Lijing, Chen Jingpeng, Su Fangyuan

Silicon-carbon composites prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are promising anode materials for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. However, the influence of the pore structure of the porous carbon (PC) carrier on silicon deposition behavior, and the impact of surface silicon on cycling stability, remain unclear. This study systematically investigates these effects using nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Porous carbons with varying pore architectures were synthesized by adjusting KOH activator ratios. Results show that increased micropore volume facilitates higher silicon mass loading, but also elevates the content of surface floating silicon due to greater silane exposure. Moderately increasing mesopores in high-microporosity carbon promotes deeper silicon deposition, reducing surface floating silicon. Excessive surface floating silicon hinders lithium-ion diffusion kinetics, leading to accumulation of active lithium, accelerated SEI growth, and electrode degradation. Electrochemical testing reveals that the optimized silicon-carbon composite maintains a high specific capacity of 693.1 mAh/g after 150 cycles at 0.5 C (900 mA/g). This work provides new insights into the development and failure mechanisms of CVD-derived silicon-carbon composite anodes, emphasizing the critical role of pore structure in mitigating surface silicon and enhancing cycling stability.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
New Carbon Materials•2026

A molecular dataset for the shear deformation of thermoplastic structural materials

Authors: Gao Yuzhao, Li Chaochao, Zhang Rui, Ma Yuanyuan, Lu Kuan

The first molecular dynamics (MD) simulation dataset is reported for the interfacial shear behavior of carbon fiber/thermoplastic composites (CFRTPs), aimed at overcoming the critical interfacial problem that limits their high-end applications such as aerospace and new energy vehicles. The study features two key advances. First, we use the newly developed CHONSi-2024 reactive force field (ReaxFF), which provides high-precision parameters specifically for CFRTP interfacial systems. Second, the atomic models are constructed based on experimental characterization data and rigorously validated across multiple parameters, including shear modulus, yield behavior, stress-strain curves, and fracture morphology, ensuring quantitative agreement with experimental results. This dataset provides a complete record of the simulations, encompassing atomic trajectories, local structural changes, interfacial stress-strain responses, and system thermodynamic behaviors. These data offer direct atomic-scale insights into the interfacial strengthening mechanisms. The generated trajectories are compatible with mainstream software for visualization and analysis. Moreover, the dataset constitutes a high-quality resource for developing machine learning force fields, building structure-property relationships, and enabling the predictive modeling and high-throughput screening of composite interfaces. This dataset is anticipated to advance the fundamental understanding of composite interfaces and facilitate the rational design of high-performance CFRTPs.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering•2026

Water Quality Trend Analysis of the Sanshenggong Section of the Yellow River from 2011 to 2024 Based on Mann-Kendall Test and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation

Authors: YU Yongkun, ZHANG Lieyu, DU Caili, GAO Shengwang, BAI Yangwei, WEI Yimei, TIAN Zhenjun, JU

The Sanshenggong section of the Yellow River is a critical hydrological monitoring and control point, whose water quality directly affects the ecological safety and sustainable water resource utilization of the middle and lower reaches. This study analyzed water quality monitoring data from 2011 to 2024 using the Mann-Kendall test to identify abrupt change years, combined with single-factor evaluation and a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method improved by CRITIC-entropy weight combination to systematically assess water quality evolution. The Mann-Kendall test identified 2013 and 2019 as abrupt change points, with non-significant improvement from 2013 to 2015 and significant improvement after 2016. Single-factor evaluation indicated that total phosphorus (TP) was the primary exceeding factor in 2011–2012, and its declining concentration drove the water quality upgrade from Class III to Class II in 2013. The CRITIC-entropy weight combination assigned the highest weight (28.96%) to permanganate index, whose decline was the core driver of water quality improvement. The improved fuzzy evaluation showed that the membership degree of Class III water dropped to zero in 2013, indicating stable improvement, but periodic rebounds in Class II membership suggested potential degradation risks. This study provides scientific evidence for ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering•2026

Biosurfactant-Enhanced Electrokinetic-Biobarrier Remediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil from an Industrial Site

Authors: HAN Yana, LI Jingming, LI Bingni, TONG Menghan, XI Kailu, LI Fengmei

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in industrial soils pose significant risks due to their hydrophobicity and low bioavailability, limiting the efficacy of bioremediation. This study investigated the enhancement of an in-situ electrokinetic-biological barrier (EK-BB) system for PAH-contaminated soil using biosurfactants. Three biosurfactants—rhamnolipid (RL), alkyl polyglycoside (APG), and saponin (SAP)—were applied individually and in combinations at 10× critical micelle concentration (CMC), and the optimal RL+APG mixture was further tested at 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10× CMC. Results showed that biosurfactant application improved soil electrical current, moisture retention, and PAH removal. Combined surfactants outperformed single ones, with the 10× CMC RL+APG treatment (Exp IV) achieving the highest average current intensity and moisture content, 1.31 and 1.12 times that of the control (CK), respectively, and a PAH removal of 106.02 mg·kg⁻¹. Biosurfactants also promoted bacterial growth in both contaminated soil and the biobarrier layer; the 10× CMC RL+APG treatment increased bacterial counts by 6.24-fold and 44.8%, respectively. However, excessive surfactant concentrations led to PAH accumulation in the biobarrier and clean soil. The 5× CMC RL+APG treatment provided optimal balance, maximizing PAH removal while maintaining barrier effectiveness. These findings confirm that appropriate biosurfactant concentrations can enhance EK-BB remediation, offering technical support for PAH-contaminated site remediation and safe reuse.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering•2026

Mechanical Properties and Pore-Forming Mechanism of Porous Ceramsite Prepared from Multi-Source Granite Solid Waste

Authors: JIN Jiaxu, JU, QIU Xiaolei, WANG Ping, LIU Lei, WU Pengfei

Granite mining areas generate large quantities of abandoned soil and rock powder, posing environmental challenges and resource waste. This study investigates the synergistic preparation of porous ceramsite from two typical granite solid wastes—weathered granite soil (high Al2O3) and granite waste rock powder (high SiO2)—with waste glass powder as a fluxing agent. Single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (Box-Behnken) were employed to optimize the process and elucidate the pore-forming mechanism. The optimal conditions were a mass ratio of weathered granite soil:granite waste rock powder:waste glass powder of 5.6:2.4:2, a preheating temperature of 480 °C, a sintering time of 32 min, and a sintering temperature of 1140 °C. Under these conditions, the resulting porous ceramsite achieved a compressive strength of 1.74 MPa. The ceramsite effectively immobilized heavy metals, ensuring environmental safety. This research demonstrates that multi-component complementarity and multi-factor coupling optimization can produce porous ceramsite with favorable mechanical properties and stable pore structure, providing a theoretical basis and technical support for high-value utilization of granite solid waste.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology•2026

Effect of Calcium-Sodium Composite Flux on Ash Fusibility and Mineral Transformation of Pingshuo High Ash Fusion Temperature Coal

Authors: ZHANG Qihui, GAO Longfei, GUO Zhenxing, KONG Lingxue, LI Huaizhu, CAO Yang, WANG Kun, BAI Jin, BAI Zongqing, LI Wen

Pingshuo coal ash, characterized by high silicon-aluminum content (Si+Al >85%) and low Si/Al ratio (<1.5), exhibits ash fusion temperatures (AFTs) exceeding 1550 °C, rendering it unsuitable for entrained-flow gasifiers. This study investigates the effect of calcium-sodium composite flux on ash fusibility and mineral transformation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FactSage thermodynamic simulations were employed to analyze mineral evolution, while molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed the underlying melting mechanism. Results show that adding 20% composite flux (CaO/Na2O) lowers AFTs more effectively than equivalent additions of CaO or Na2O alone, indicating a synergistic effect. At a CaO/Na2O ratio of 3:7, the flow temperatures (FT) of two Pingshuo coal ashes decreased to 1377 °C and 1279 °C, respectively. The composite flux promotes reactions between quartz and Na2O/CaO, forming low-melting-point minerals such as nepheline, albite, and gehlenite, while inhibiting mullite formation. Additionally, Na+ disrupts the silicate network, inducing Ca2+ to preferentially coordinate with [AlO4]5- tetrahedra, further breaking Si-O-Si bonds. MD simulations show that atomic diffusion, quantified by mean square displacement (MSD), is significantly enhanced below 1600 K with composite flux addition compared to single fluxes. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for optimizing flux formulations to enable efficient gasification of high-AFT coals.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
Environmental Chemistry•2026

Pollution Characteristics and Ecological Risks of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Qiantang River Basin (Fuchun River)

Authors: WANG Xinyu, YANG Chenglong, DING Hao, CHEN Feng, YE Yonggen, ZHANG Feng, SHI Yali, CAI Yaqi

This study investigated the occurrence and distribution of 27 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface water and sediment of the Fuchun River, a tributary of the Qiantang River Basin. Surface water samples were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Total PFAS concentrations (∑PFAS) in surface water ranged from 30.04 to 105.26 ng/L, with mean and median values of 59.64 ng/L and 51.43 ng/L, respectively. The dominant compounds were perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX), and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA). Concentrations generally decreased from upstream to downstream, consistent with previous studies. Notably, GenX levels were significantly elevated compared to earlier reports. In sediment, ∑PFAS concentrations ranged from not detected (ND) to 0.59 ng/g dry weight, with mean and median values of 0.14 ng/g and 0.11 ng/g, respectively. PFOA and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) were the primary sediment contaminants. Source apportionment indicated that industrial wastewater discharge and sewage treatment plant effluents were the main sources of PFAS in the river. Risk assessment using risk quotients suggested low ecological risks to aquatic organisms for most detected PFAS. However, the presence of short-chain and novel PFAS warrants further investigation due to potential unknown risks.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
Environmental Chemistry•2026

Formation and Emission of Hexachlorobutadiene during Chlorinated Chemical Production and Its Impact on the Surrounding Environment

Authors: XU Tianyi, TANG Junhao, ZHANG Haiyan, LI Gang, YANG Qiuting, GAO Ruoran, CHEN Siyao, ZHENG Minghui, LIU Guorui

Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) regulated under the Stockholm Convention. Chlorinated chemical production processes are major sources of unintentional HCBD emissions, posing potential threats to ecosystems and human health. This study systematically reviews the formation, emission, and environmental impact of HCBD from such processes. HCBD is widely generated as a by-product during chlorination stages of producing carbon tetrachloride, dichloroacetylene, tri-/tetrachloroethylene, and chlorobenzene, via free-radical mechanisms. It is released through waste gas, wastewater, and solid waste. In the environment, HCBD exhibits multimedia distribution, undergoing long-range atmospheric transport and adsorbing onto soil and sediments, thereby becoming secondary pollution sources. HCBD shows significant bioaccumulation and food-chain magnification; it is toxic to aquatic organisms and causes hepatic and renal damage with potential carcinogenicity in mammals. Effective pollution control requires combined process improvements and end-of-pipe treatments, supplemented by stringent emission standards and life-cycle management. Future research should focus on developing precise emission inventories, elucidating multi-media transport and transformation mechanisms, and assessing composite ecotoxicological effects, thereby providing scientific support for implementing international conventions and formulating effective prevention strategies.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology•2026

A Standardized Dataset of CO-TPD Spectra on Transition-Metal Single-Crystal Surfaces

Authors: YANG Lin, WU Jianghong, WANG He

Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) is a fundamental technique in surface science and heterogeneous catalysis for characterizing adsorption behavior and extracting key parameters such as adsorption energy. However, the majority of existing TPD data is accessible only in the form of published images, lacking structured and quantitative datasets, which constrains rigorous quantitative analysis and computational modeling. Using carbon monoxide (CO) as a widely adopted probe molecule, we constructed a curated and standardized dataset of CO-TPD spectra encompassing 14 transition-metal single-crystal surfaces, including copper (Cu) and ruthenium (Ru). By systematically extracting numerical data points from published spectra and applying normalization, essential spectral features such as peak shape are fully preserved. The dataset also documents relevant experimental parameters, including heating rates, and was developed using a standardized protocol for data collection and quality control. This resource serves as both a reference library to support the deconvolution of TPD spectra from complex catalysts and an experimental benchmark for calibrating parameters in theoretical models. By providing a reliable and accessible data function, this work advances the microscopic understanding and rational design of catalyst active centers.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
Environmental Chemistry•2026

Effect of Activated Carbon Replacement Ratio in Drinking Water Treatment Plant Activated Carbon Filters on the Removal of Disinfection By-Product Precursors and Pesticide-Related Emerging Contaminants

Authors: QIU Fuguo, DU Yanlong, JI Wenxiang, JIA Tingfang, WANG Zhenyu, JIANG Ling, LIANG Hong, JIANG Caifang, DONG Huiyu

Activated carbon (AC) filters in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) experience significant adsorption performance decline over extended operation, yet complete media replacement is a major cost. To evaluate cost-effective strategies, pilot-scale column experiments with five AC replacement ratios (0%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100%) were conducted to assess removal of disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors and pesticide-related emerging contaminants. For dissolved organic matter (DOM), all fractions except low molecular weight compounds (LMWC) achieved >85% of the removal obtained with full replacement when 70% new AC was used, with UV254 removal reaching 70%. LMWC, due to small molecular size and low adsorption energy, required higher replacement ratios or full replacement for substantial removal. For DBPs, removal of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) was insensitive to replacement ratio, while haloacetaldehydes (HALs) removal improved markedly with increasing ratio, indicating structural selectivity. For pesticide-related contaminants, all except triazoles achieved >95% removal at 70% replacement; triazoles, due to high water solubility, high polarity, and low octanol-water partition coefficient, achieved only ~60% removal. Overall, replacing 70% of AC restored treatment performance to >80% of that with full replacement, ensuring effluent quality while saving ~30% of new carbon cost. Molecular structure, polarity, and pore size matching are key determinants of removal efficiency; optimizing replacement ratio balances water quality and economic benefits.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
Environmental Chemistry•2026

Pollution Characteristics of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Coastal Seawater of Dalian

Authors: WANG Jufang, CAO Rong, QU Jian, GAO Yuan, ZHU Xiuhua, ZHANG Haijun, CHEN Jiping

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic pollutants with environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity, posing significant threats to marine ecosystems and human health. This study developed an analytical method using anhydrous sodium sulfate-alumina composite column chromatography coupled with gas chromatography-orbitrap mass spectrometry to quantify mono- to deca-BDEs in coastal seawater of Dalian, China. The total PBDE concentrations (∑PBDEs) ranged from not detected to 511.96 pg·L−1, with a mean of 163.96 pg·L−1. BDE-209 was the dominant congener, contributing 24.1% to ∑PBDEs. Spatial distribution exhibited distinct heterogeneity, with higher abundances of highly brominated PBDEs near sewage discharge outlets. Partial least squares discriminant analysis indicated that anthropogenic activities, particularly sewage discharge, were the primary sources. Ecological risk assessment revealed extremely low risk, with the highest risk quotient of 0.013 for BDE-17. These findings provide baseline data for PBDE contamination in Dalian coastal waters and underscore the need for continued monitoring of emerging contaminants.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology•2026

Fe2O3-Based Microbial Hybrids for Enhancing Dark Fermentation Hydrogen Production: Performance and Mechanistic Insights

Authors: GONG Junsha, SONG Jingwen, HOU Yanan, LIU Zhihua, LI Haibo, WU Liping, HUANG Cong

Dark fermentation offers a sustainable route for hydrogen production, yet its yield is often limited by inefficient electron transfer and low microbial metabolic activity. This study engineered a mixed microbial biohybrid system incorporating Fe2O3 nanoparticles to overcome these bottlenecks. At an optimal Fe2O3 concentration of 300 mg/L (S300), the hydrogen yield reached 2.94 mol H2 per mol glucose, equivalent to 73.5% of the theoretical maximum and 1.59 times higher than the control (S0). Mechanistic analyses revealed that Fe2O3 nanoparticles stimulated microbial metabolism, as evidenced by a 4.09-fold increase in ATP content and a 1.30-fold rise in total protein concentration. Hydrogenase and dehydrogenase activities were enhanced by 24.62% and 63.11%, respectively, while electron transfer system activity increased by 3.44-fold, accompanied by a significant reduction in charge transfer resistance. Notably, the gradual release of Fe2+ ions from Fe2O3 reduction by dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria (DIRB) was identified as a key factor in stimulating enzyme activity and electron transfer. Microbial community analysis showed that the relative abundance of Clostridium, a key hydrogen-producing genus, increased by 9.75 percentage points to 42.60% in S300. This study demonstrates that Fe2O3-based biohybrids offer a promising strategy to enhance dark fermentation hydrogen production, providing both performance improvements and mechanistic insights into nanomaterial-microbe synergies.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering•2026

Research Progress on CO2 Hydrogenation to Aromatics: Catalyst Design, Kinetic Modeling, and Reactor Engineering

Authors: Jie ZHANG, Zixuan GONG, Maoming GONG, Hui WANG

Amid the global pursuit of carbon neutrality, the catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into high-value-added aromatics represents a critical frontier in sustainable chemistry. This process offers the dual benefit of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions while establishing a non-petroleum route for the production of indispensable platform chemicals. However, the practical realization of CO2 conversion is hindered by formidable challenges originating from the thermodynamic stability of CO2 and the kinetic challenges in C-C bond formation. This review provides a critical and comprehensive analysis of recent progress on CO2 hydrogenation to aromatics, focusing on the development of catalyst design, reaction kinetics, and reactor engineering, with the goal of accelerating industrial application. The two dominant reaction pathways, i.e., the methanol-intermediate and the olefin-intermediate routes, are summarized and progress in the design of efficient multifunctional catalysts for each pathway is given. A key point in bifunctional catalyst development is the challenge of balancing the synergy and separation of hydrogenation sites and acidic aromatization active sites. Synergy is crucial for driving the reaction equilibrium forward by rapidly consuming intermediates, whereas separation, often achieved through sophisticated architectures like core-shell structures, is vital for preventing deactivation, such as the migration of alkaline promoters into the zeolite (the aromatization component). Also, this review analyzes the kinetic modeling progress proposed for this complex, multi-step reaction system. For the initial CO2 conversion step, the authors highlighted the evolution of kinetic models, particularly the ongoing efforts to accurately quantify the critical water inhibition effect in methanol synthesis. For the subsequent aromatization stage, this review critically compares two distinct modeling strategies: the use of lumping models, which simplify the reaction network for robust engineering simulations, and the single-event microkinetic (SEMK) models, which offer profound mechanistic insights by considering elementary reaction steps. Furthermore, it is pointed out that these kinetic models serve as indispensable inputs for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, which guide the design, optimization, and scale-up of industrial reactors. These simulations can address practical engineering challenges such as thermal management to control hotspots and fluid dynamics to mitigate excessive pressure drop. By systematically bridging the conceptual gap from atomic-level catalyst design to macro-scale reactor optimization, this review provides theoretical guidance aimed at accelerating the engineering scale-up of this vital carbon utilization technology.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering•2026

Measurement and Correlation of Rheological Properties of Molten Plastics and Their Blends

Authors: MA Shaoping, HAN Ying, WU Shuang, XIAO Yafeng, DONG Zhongtian, WANG Zhihui, ZHANG Qinghua, YANG Chao

The non-Newtonian rheological properties of plastic melts are critical for regulating plastic processing, molding, and recycling processes, ensuring processing stability and product performance. However, rheological data for commonly used plastics and their blends remain incomplete. This study combined experimental testing and theoretical modeling to investigate the rheological behaviors of four pure plastics—polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS)—and three binary blend systems: PE/ABS, PP/ABS, and PS/ABS. Rheological tests were conducted using a rheometer over a shear rate range of 0.1–100 s⁻¹ and temperatures from 180°C to 250°C. Results showed that the flow behavior index n was less than 1 for all samples, and apparent viscosity decreased significantly with increasing shear rate, indicating clear shear-thinning behavior. The consistency coefficient K followed the Arrhenius relationship with temperature, and melt viscosity decreased as temperature increased. The study quantitatively characterized the relationship between the mass fraction m (0.5 < m ≤ 1) of the main component in binary blends and melt viscosity. Based on experimental data, a component correction term was introduced into the traditional power-law model to construct a constitutive equation that simultaneously describes the effects of shear rate, temperature, and component fraction on melt viscosity. The average relative error between model predictions and experimental values was only 5.90%. These rheological data and the modified constitutive equation provide important theoretical support and data reference for optimizing process parameters in waste plastic recycling and injection molding.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering•2026

Study on Anti-poisoning Property and Mechanism of Rare Earth Superlattice Hydrogen Storage Alloys

Authors: Tianmeng HE, Yajie ZHANG, Xiaoyi XUE, He ZHANG, Shubin ZHANG, Jinpeng WANG, Hao WANG, Yanrong LIU

The high cost of high-purity hydrogen necessitates the utilization of low-cost industrial by-product hydrogen as an alternative gas source to reduce hydrogen storage costs. Industrial by-product hydrogen typically contains impurities such as H2S and CO, yet the poisoning mechanisms of these gases on superlattice hydrogen storage alloys during hydrogen absorption/desorption remain poorly understood. This study systematically investigates the poisoning effects and regeneration behavior of La0.65Mg1.32Ca1.03Ni9Y0.17 superlattice hydrogen storage alloy in atmospheres containing 10^-3 H2S and CO. The experimental protocol comprised 10 poisoning cycles followed by 1 regeneration, repeated to total 20 poisoning cycles and 2 pure hydrogen regenerations. Results show that in pure hydrogen, the alloy's hydrogen storage capacity gradually decreases after 22 cycles but is effectively restored after dehydrogenation at 473 K. In the presence of impurity gases, the hydrogen storage capacity retention rates after 10 poisoning cycles with H2S and CO are 3.56% and 2.71%, respectively; after 20 cycles, these decrease to 3.68% and 1.73%, respectively. After dehydrogenation at 473 K, retention rates recover to 40.35% and 98.27%, respectively. This indicates that poisoning severity follows the order CO > H2S, while regeneration difficulty follows H2S > CO. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that after poisoning, the main phase transforms from AB3 to AB3H, but reverts to AB3 after high-temperature dehydrogenation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that after H2S poisoning, CaS and CaSO4 form on the alloy surface, indicating irreversible chemical adsorption. In contrast, after CO poisoning, no new substances are detected, indicating reversible adsorption. This study clarifies the differentiated poisoning mechanisms of impurity gases and provides theoretical support for the application of rare-earth superlattice hydrogen storage alloys in complex atmospheres.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering•2026

Hydrogen-bonded networks and N2O/N2 adsorption separation performance of pyridinecarboxylate guanidinium HOFs

Authors: Lina JIA, Shiyao CHEN, Guoying ZHAO, Changyu SUN

Efficient capture of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) is critical for climate change mitigation and resource recovery. In this study, two guanidinium-based hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) with pyridyl nitrogen site isomerism, namely G-5,5'-BPyDC and G-4,4'-BPyDC, were constructed using 2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid and 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid as ligands. The effects of ligand structure on hydrogen-bonded network, pore environment, and N2O/N2 adsorption separation performance were systematically investigated via single-crystal X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, and gas adsorption experiments. Both frameworks are built via N-H...O hydrogen bonds. The asymmetric unit of G-5,5'-BPyDC contains two methanol molecules, resulting in larger free volume and surface area compared to G-4,4'-BPyDC, which exhibits more compact packing. Both materials show decomposition temperatures above 290°C, indicating good thermal stability. Hirshfeld surface analysis reveals that the total contribution of O-H/H-O and N-H/H-N hydrogen bonds in G-5,5'-BPyDC (32.0%) is higher than that in G-4,4'-BPyDC (29.7%). At 25°C and 4.0 MPa, the N2O adsorption capacity of G-5,5'-BPyDC is 2.32 mmol/g, surpassing that of G-4,4'-BPyDC (2.02 mmol/g). IAST calculations show that the selectivities of G-5,5'-BPyDC for N2O/N2 (50:50 and 10:90) mixtures reach 29.26 and 111.32, respectively, significantly superior to those of G-4,4'-BPyDC (6.61 and 17.03). Pyridyl nitrogen site isomerism effectively optimizes N2O/N2 adsorption and separation by modulating pore polarity and hydrogen-bonded network, offering a new strategy for isomer design.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Unraveling the Origin of Circularly Polarized Luminescence by First-Principles Calculations

Authors: CHEN Jiabin, ZHAO Wenkai, ZHANG Li, LONG Guankui, ZHONG Yu-Wu, YAO Jiannian

Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) is a phenomenon where chiral molecules emit light with distinct left or right circular polarizations upon excitation. Unlike conventional luminescent materials, chiral materials produce light with inherent helicity, leading to unique applications in chiral optoelectronics, quantum technologies, and biophotonics. This review systematically explores the theoretical and computational foundations of CPL, focusing on the interplay between molecular chirality, transition dipole moments, and photoluminescence quantum yield. A major challenge in designing efficient CPL-active materials is optimizing the luminescence dissymmetry factor (g_lum) while maintaining high photoluminescence efficiency. This review comprehensively summarizes how first-principles computational methods, by establishing robust predictive frameworks, have significantly advanced the design of CPL molecules. Even though significant progress has been made in modeling monomeric systems, the effective integration of first-principles calculations to describe CPL in aggregated states remains an ongoing challenge. The review also highlights the promising synergy between computational models, experimental validation, and emerging data-driven techniques such as machine learning (ML) for guiding the design of novel high-performance CPL materials. In conclusion, further research is needed to overcome current computational limitations and develop more effective strategies for CPL material design.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Non-Perovskite Ionic Metal Halide Hybrids: Emerging Platforms for High-Efficiency Circularly Polarized Luminescence

Authors: Cui-Mi Shi, Xue-Xia Lu, Xu Zhang, Zhong-Ning Chen, Liang-Jin Xu

Metal halide hybrids have emerged as a highly promising class of optoelectronic materials owing to their rich chemical and electronic diversity, high luminescence efficiency, and tunable photophysical properties. Incorporating chirality into these systems imparts pronounced circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) activity, creating new opportunities for advanced smart optoelectronic and spintronic applications. Although numerous reviews have been dedicated to CPL-active perovskites, their non-perovskite ionic counterparts have yet to be systematically and comprehensively reviewed. Given the rapid advancements in this burgeoning field, such a work is both timely and crucial to chart its future course. This review summarizes recent progress in non-perovskite ionic metal halide hybrids exhibiting CPL emission, highlighting four aspects: (1) the intrinsic correlations among different characterization techniques; (2) the strategic advantages of these materials for CPL applications; (3) methodologies for enhancing their CPL performance; (4) the prerequisites and mechanisms underlying CPL generation in achiral metal halide hybrids. Finally, we discuss their emerging applications in light-emitting devices, information encryption, anti-counterfeiting technologies, and scintillators, and provide perspectives on the remaining challenges and future directions in this rapidly evolving field.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

From Structural Chirality to Coined Biomedical Function: Recent Advances in Chiral Polyoxometalate-Based Materials

Authors: Zhibo Tong, Junlin Ya, Yue Sun, Jinsong Ren, Xiaogang Qu

Chirality is a fundamental determinant of molecular recognition and biological function, yet its integration into inorganic clusters remains a formidable challenge. Polyoxometalates (POMs), characterized by atomic precision, structural tunability, and versatile redox properties, provide an exceptional platform for investigating chirality at the interface of inorganic chemistry and biomedicine. Over the past two decades, substantial progress has been made in constructing chiral POM-based materials through diverse strategies, including chirality induction by external environments, intrinsic structural chirality, spontaneous symmetry breaking, and the design of self-assembled supramolecular architectures. The distinctive combination of redox activity, stability, and chirality in these systems has unlocked new avenues for biomedical applications, spanning antibacterial and anticancer therapies to potential interventions in neurodegenerative disorders. This review comprehensively overviews recent advances in the synthesis and biomedical applications of chiral POM-based materials, while outlining key challenges and opportunities that will guide future research in this emerging field.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Chiral Helical Aromatic Foldamers: Construction Strategies and Applications

Authors: CHEN Jiaxin, DONG Zeyuan

The tertiary spatial structure of biological macromolecules determines their physiological functions. In the formation of the tertiary structure, the secondary structure serves as the assembly foundation, and interactions between secondary structures play a critical role in driving and stabilizing the tertiary architecture. Synthetic foldamers, characterized by their modifiability and structural diversity, can adopt various helical conformations, enabling them to mimic natural protein secondary structures such as the α-helix, while also providing chemical models for studying interactions between secondary structures. This review outlines recent advances in aromatic foldamers and supramolecular helical assemblies formed by helical polymers, with particular attention to unique chiral phenomena observed during the formation of helical secondary structures. It provides a detailed summary of their applications in molecular recognition, ion channels, and circularly polarized luminescence, among others, and discusses future challenges facing aromatic foldamers. The review emphasizes the hierarchical nature of chirality—from primary atomic asymmetry to quaternary higher-order structures—and highlights the importance of understanding non-covalent interactions between helical secondary structures for regulating chiral assembly. Key strategies for constructing chiral helical aromatic foldamers include the use of chiral side chains, terminal groups, and solvent effects, as well as the sergeants-and-soldiers effect and majority-rules principle for chirality amplification. The applications of these foldamers in asymmetric catalysis, chiroptical materials, and biomimetic ion transport are also discussed, underscoring their potential in advanced functional materials.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Chemically Recyclable Chiral Polyesters Synthesis via Kinetic Resolution Polymerization Strategies

Authors: Huan Wang, Guangqiang Xu, Xuanhua Guo, Rulin Yang, Qinggang Wang

Chiral polyester materials that integrate chemical recyclability with high performance have become a focal point in sustainable polymer research. Their thermal and mechanical properties are intrinsically linked to polymer microstructure, with stereoregular chiral polyesters typically exhibiting superior crystallinity and performance relative to atactic counterparts. Asymmetric kinetic resolution polymerization (AKRP) has emerged as a powerful method for synthesizing stereoregular chiral polyesters from racemic monomers, utilizing chiral catalysts to selectively recognize and polymerize one enantiomer while leaving the other unreacted. Recent advances have expanded AKRP scope to include targeted recognition of specific substrate sites based on chiral discrimination. This review summarizes recent progress in AKRP across representative monomer systems, categorized by ring size, highlighting breakthroughs in catalyst design, mechanistic understanding, and material properties. Key metrics such as kinetic resolution coefficient (k_rel) and selectivity factor (s-factor) are discussed as quantitative measures of stereoselective control. The review underscores the potential of AKRP to circumvent costly enantiomer separation, offering a promising route to advanced chiral polyesters with tailored properties for applications ranging from biodegradable plastics to biomedical materials.

Peer ReviewedView Paper→