Power Automation Equipment•2026•DOI: 10.16081/j.epae.202605019
The high-inertia energy-storage synchronous condenser (SC-HI-ES) can provide reactive power support by adjusting excitation current and active power support by actively varying rotor speed. However, the absence of a prime mover makes its control capability difficult to quantify, preventing coordinated active and reactive power support for grid voltage. This paper analyzes the factors influencing SC-HI-ES power control capability, derives rotor current equations considering stator and rotor circuit constraints, and establishes the power controllable range (PCR) under rotor current constraints and speed variations. The relationship between the PCR and voltage support power demand is parsed, and a coordinated active-reactive power voltage support control method is proposed. Case studies validate the method's effectiveness. Results show that the proposed method enhances voltage support and avoids rotor current over-limit. Compared with methods ignoring speed variation or controlling only reactive power, the proposed method dynamically calculates PCR-based power demand under current speed, and through coordinated active and reactive power control, maximally satisfies the point of common coupling voltage target while ensuring rotor current does not exceed allowable values. This provides effective technical support for SC-HI-ES application in new-type power systems. Frequency control capability characterization and frequency-coordinated control are identified as future research directions.
Power Automation Equipment•2026•DOI: 10.16081/j.epae.202603019
The integration of high-penetration renewable energy and power electronic converters has intensified the dynamic complexity of modern power systems, imposing stringent demands on simulation accuracy and computational efficiency. This paper proposes a distributed simulation architecture based on Data Distribution Service (DDS) that leverages dispersed computing resources to enhance scalability and efficiency while preserving numerical fidelity. The power system model is mathematically decoupled into multiple independently solvable basic subsystems, and a generic data transmission interface is designed using DDS. A time-consumption balancing scheme groups and distributes these subsystems across multiple devices, and a two-layer synchronization strategy enables efficient parallel simulation. The architecture is validated on a two-area four-machine system, the IEEE New England 10-machine 39-bus system, and the WECC 29-machine 179-bus system. Compared with centralized simulation, the average error on the two-area four-machine system remains below 1.05%. Simulation efficiency improvement reaches approximately 10% on the 10-machine 39-bus system and about 48% on the 29-machine 179-bus system. The results confirm high accuracy across different system scales and demonstrate that efficiency gains become more pronounced as system size increases, validating the architecture's scalability and compatibility. The proposed framework offers a promising pathway for large-scale power system simulation and supports future integration with edge computing and cross-platform deployment.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4212-x
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal interstitial lung disease with limited therapeutic options. Current treatments, such as nintedanib and pirfenidone, target downstream fibrosis but fail to address the upstream drivers, including persistent alveolar epithelial injury and abnormal repair. This study presents an inhalable, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive liposomal system (SAB/GC-1@Lip-cRGD) that co-delivers the antioxidant salvianolic acid B (SAB) and the thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) agonist Sobetirome (GC-1). The liposomes are surface-modified with cRGD peptides for targeted delivery to fibrotic lesions and possess a negative surface charge to enhance mucus penetration. In the high-ROS fibrotic microenvironment, the liposomes destabilize, releasing SAB and GC-1. SAB scavenges ROS to remodel the fibrotic niche, while GC-1 reactivates TRβ signaling, driving the differentiation of stalled Krt8+ transitional epithelial cells into functional alveolar type I (AT1) cells. In a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, SAB/GC-1@Lip-cRGD significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and TGF-β1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung homogenates. The proportion of CD206+ M2 macrophages decreased from 27.4% in the model group to 6.2% after treatment, indicating potent anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. This synergistic strategy of microenvironment remodeling and epithelial regeneration achieved robust collagen depletion, restoration of alveolar integrity, and recovery of pulmonary function, outperforming single-drug or non-targeted formulations. The work provides a generalized paradigm for integrating microenvironment regulation with regenerative repair in pulmonary diseases.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3653-2
Designing photosensitizers with efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) and long-lived triplet excited states is critical for photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, conventional molecular design principles often rely on heavy-atom effects or specific donor-acceptor architectures, limiting generality. Here, we report a facile and rational strategy to convert intrinsically non-photosensitizing fluorophores into effective reactive oxygen species (ROS) generators by introducing guanidinium substituents. The modified photosensitizers exhibit prolonged triplet excited state lifetimes and considerable ROS production, in stark contrast to unmodified fluorophores which show intense fluorescence and negligible ROS generation. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry confirm the formation of stable nitrogen-centered radical cations on the guanidinium moiety, stabilized by p-π conjugation. Mechanistic studies indicate that these radicals promote ISC and prolong triplet state lifetimes. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that guanidinium-modified photosensitizers induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) and elicit potent anti-tumor immunity. This work provides a universal and facile strategy for designing organic photosensitizers through stable radical cation-containing building blocks, expanding the scope of PDT agents.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3354-3
Nanocrystallization of glasses is a critical pathway for designing advanced materials with superior properties. This study investigates the crystallization behavior of lunar glasses retrieved by the Chang’E-5 mission. Solar wind irradiation induces abundant Fe nano-clusters (~2 nm) within a ~4 μm surface layer. Upon heating, these defects act as nucleation sites, facilitating homogeneous and dense Fe nanocrystals. In contrast, the unirradiated interior crystallizes into coarse Fe crystals. Inspired by these findings, advanced magnetic nanocrystalline alloys are designed based on Fe86B14 metallic glass via H+ ion irradiation. After H+ irradiation and nanocrystallization, the surface nanocrystals are 5–8 nm, significantly smaller than the deep interior (15–20 nm). Permeability at 10 kHz increases by ~10.2%. These results provide insights into the thermal stability of lunar glasses and present a novel strategy for designing advanced soft magnetic materials with enhanced performance.