Design and Implementation of a Distributed Simulation Architecture for Modern Power Systems Based on Data Distribution Service

• • Average simulation error remains below 1.05% on the two-area four-machine system, ensuring that distributed decoupling does not compromise numerical fidelity for transient stability studies. • • Simulation efficiency improvement reaches approximately 10% on the IEEE New England 10-machine 39-bus system, demonstrating tangible speedup even at moderate scales. • • On the WECC 29-machine 179-bus system, the efficiency gain escalates to about 48%, confirming that the architecture's advantage grows with system size and complexity. • • The DDS-based dynamic discovery mechanism enables automatic interconnection of subsystems, allowing seamless integration of new subsystems without prior knowledge of the complete system, which reduces deployment friction and supports incremental expansion.