Bridging the scalability-stability gap in perovskite photovoltaics via solution-processed coating
Perovskite photovoltaics offer exceptional promise for next-generation solar energy, yet their commercialization is impeded by a critical scalability-stability gap: scalable solution-processed coating methods introduce distinct fluid dynamics and crystallization kinetics, yielding varied film morphologies and unstable degradation behaviors. This review addresses this challenge by re-examining stability exclusively through scalable solution-based fabrication. Degradation mechanisms in scalable processing are dissected, emphasizing precursor ink design—solute purity, ink aging, and solvent engineering—which collectively govern film uniformity and reproducibility. Intrinsic instabilities exacerbated under scalable processing are analyzed via crystal and compositional design, defect generation and passivation, and ion migration in large-area devices. Stable device architectures suitable for scalable manufacturing are explored, comparing n-i-p and p-i-n configurations and advancements in charge transport layers. Encapsulation is critically evaluated as the ultimate barrier for commercial modules, covering scalable techniques and material selections, alongside an assessment of operational stability under real-world environments including moisture ingress, thermal cycling, and UV-induced degradation. By integrating these insights, this review establishes a holistic framework for co-designing process scalability and operational longevity, outlining a coherent pathway toward durable and commercially viable perovskite solar modules.