Bridging the scalability-stability gap in perovskite photovoltaics via solution-processed coating

• • Scalable coating methods (e.g., roll-to-roll) induce distinct crystallization kinetics, leading to non-uniform film morphologies that accelerate degradation; precursor ink design (solute purity, aging, solvent) is critical for reproducibility and stability. • • Intrinsic instabilities (ion migration, defect generation) are exacerbated in large-area devices; crystal and compositional engineering, along with passivation strategies, are essential to mitigate these effects. • • Device architecture selection (n-i-p vs. p-i-n) and charge transport layer advancements significantly impact stability under scalable manufacturing; p-i-n configurations show promise for improved operational longevity. • • Encapsulation is the ultimate barrier for commercial modules; scalable techniques and material choices must withstand moisture ingress, thermal cycling (e.g., -40°C to 85°C), and UV-induced degradation to achieve 20-25 year lifetimes.