Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica•2026•DOI: 10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.202608_9716
This study investigates local scour around monopile foundations at an offshore wind farm in Dafeng, Jiangsu, China, using four multibeam bathymetric surveys conducted between December 2021 and September 2022. The scour pits exhibit a funnel-shaped three-dimensional morphology with an elliptical planform, the major axis aligned with the NNE-SSW tidal current direction. Maximum scour depths reach 7–8 m at turbine position 25# (pile diameter 8.0 m) and 5–6 m at position 55# (pile diameter 6.5 m), consistently occurring on the leeward side facing the ebb current. A strong linear correlation exists between scour pit length and maximum scour depth. The evolution from December 2021 to September 2022 shows initial scour followed by deposition, with net scour overall; scour concentrates at the pit periphery while deposition occurs near the pile. Typhoon Muifa in September 2022 caused partial backfilling. Given the substantial dimensions and depths of the scour pits, extending bathymetric monitoring to all turbine positions and implementing timely scour protection measures are recommended to prevent further pit development. The findings provide a reliable field-data basis for understanding local scour mechanisms in similar offshore wind projects.
Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica•2026•DOI: 10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.202608_9708
Large-scale renewable energy bases in desert-gobi-wasteland regions, typically connected to load centers via long-distance weak tie-lines and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) corridors, face significant challenges in accurately and efficiently evaluating renewable energy accommodation rates and transmission corridor utilization. This study addresses the computational inefficiency of probabilistic time-series production simulation under dual uncertainties—stochastic renewable generation and planning variables such as installed capacity and peak load. A dimension-adaptive sparse grid interpolation (DASGI) surrogate model is proposed to approximate the complex original time-series production simulation model. The method integrates Monte Carlo sampling with the surrogate model to enable rapid probabilistic analysis and risk assessment. Experimental results demonstrate that the DASGI surrogate model achieves high fidelity with the original model while substantially reducing computation time. Furthermore, incorporating additional configuration points enhances the model's ability to precisely identify potential violation risks. The proposed approach offers a computationally efficient tool for uncertainty quantification in the planning of large-scale renewable energy bases and their HVDC transmission corridors, providing theoretical support for coordinated planning studies.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4426-y
Biomedical Mg alloys are candidate biodegradable metals for orthopedic and cardiovascular implants, yet their in vivo service life is governed by coupled mechanical-chemical attack that accelerates loss of mechanical integrity. This review consolidates recent advances in stress-assisted degradation of Mg alloys under physiological conditions, focusing on stress corrosion cracking (SCC), flow-induced corrosion, and corrosion fatigue. Biomechanical-chemical coupling test methods are assessed for their capacity to reproduce physiological loading, fluid shear, and electrolyte chemistry. Mechanistic pathways are analyzed, including anodic dissolution, hydrogen-induced cracking, passivation film rupture, and flow-induced shear stress. Modification strategies for enhancing resistance to stress-assisted degradation are categorized into alloying design, microstructure regulation, and surface treatments. The review further evaluates computer-aided predictive models and multi-physics coupling frameworks that link pit-to-crack transitions, phase-field damage localization, and mechano-chemical peridynamics. Empirical data from the cited literature demonstrate that SCC and corrosion fatigue in chloride-containing media reduce fatigue strength by 40–70% relative to air, while flow-induced shear stresses above approximately 1 Pa disrupt protective films and elevate degradation rates. These findings establish quantitative benchmarks for alloy design and surface engineering. The review concludes that integrating multi-physics modeling with physiologically relevant testing is essential for predicting implant service stability and accelerating clinical translation of high-performance biomedical Mg alloys.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3628-3
The solution aggregation structures of conjugated polymers are pivotal in determining their film morphology and optoelectronic properties, yet the relationship between solution aggregation and device performance remains elusive in organic photodiode (OPD) systems. Herein, we introduce the first examination of solution aggregation structures of all-polymer OPD blends, with a focus on how molecular entanglement modulates aggregation behavior and subsequent photodiode performance of low-cost poly(3-pentylthiophene). Using small-angle neutron scattering and freeze-dried imaging, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the solution-state aggregation behavior of poly(3-pentylthiophene) and its evolution in the blend, revealing profound impacts on film morphology and device performance. With finely optimized aggregation, the resulting all-polymer OPD achieves a record-high specific detectivity of ~4×10^13 Jones at zero bias, outperforming all bulk heterojunction (BHJ)-type self-powered OPDs reported to date. This device also demonstrates remarkable thermal stability, with negligible performance degradation after over 800 h of thermal annealing at 85 °C. Furthermore, the self-powered OPD exhibits excellent performance across a broad spectral range, enabling its application in both water quality monitoring and biosensing. This work offers new insights into the solution aggregation behavior of conjugated polymers in OPDs and highlights the importance of resolving solution aggregation in optimizing device function.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3637-6
Traditional optical fiber communication encryption methods lack sufficient dynamic adaptability and hardware flexibility, while reconfigurable logic gates can overcome this limitation, thereby significantly improving the flexibility of encryption systems. This study reports a reconfigurable optoelectronic logic gate (OELG) system based on hafnium-zirconium oxide (HZO) ferroelectric thin films. Through ultra-low temperature atomic layer deposition technique, the fabricated HZO thin films demonstrate an exceptional pyroelectric coefficient of 1835.91 μC m−2 K−1 and robust multi-level polarization stability, enabling efficient broadband photon-to-current conversion. By leveraging the pyroelectric effect and tunable polarization states, the OELG device achieves dynamic optical signal modulation and logic processing. The OELG device supports five fundamental logic operations (AND, OR, NAND, NOR, NOT) via electrical bias and polarization control, without requiring hardware modifications. The OELG device demonstrates stable performance over 10^9 cycles with no degradation, meeting practical application requirements. Furthermore, a convolutional neural network (CNN)-integrated image encryption-decryption framework was validated, achieving 95.01% recognition accuracy on decrypted data, while unauthorized decryption attempts resulted in significant feature loss. This study addresses security challenges in optical communication networks by proposing an innovative solution that integrates pyroelectric materials with reconfigurable logic gate technology, offering a new pathway to enhance physical-layer security.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3744-9
The high-value utilization of industrial wastes is critically important for environmental protection and sustainable development. In this work, amorphous NaFeP2O7 (NFPO) and NaFeP2O7/rGO (NFPO/rGO) composite are synthesized via a selective chemical precipitation approach, utilizing industrial jarosite residue as the iron source. The sodium storage performance and mechanism of this amorphous NFPO/rGO composite as a novel cathode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are explored for the first time. The as-synthesized amorphous NFPO/rGO composite exhibits outstanding long-term cycling performance of 79.1 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 0.1 A g−1, while the crystalline NFPO/rGO composite does not work. Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique and in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis demonstrate that the amorphous NFPO/rGO composite has high Na+ diffusivity and fast kinetics. In-situ X-ray diffraction analysis reveals the structure change from amorphous NaFeP2O7 to triclinic Na2FeP2O7 during the first discharge process and then evolves to a highly disordered structure in the subsequent charge/discharge cycles. The present work not only provides an avenue for the high-value utilization of jarosite residue but also offers theoretical guidance for the structural design and development of NaFeP2O7-based cathode materials for SIBs.
Environmental Chemistry•2026•DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025041105
Online measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were conducted in the central urban area of Shenyang from June 1 to August 31, 2022, to analyze concentration levels and ozone formation potential (OFP). The initial concentrations of VOCs were estimated using the photochemical age parameter method to correct for photochemical losses. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied for source apportionment. The average mass concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) was (27.29 ± 15.96) μg·m−3, with alkanes (50.3%) as the dominant component; key species included propane, ethane, methanethiol, and ethylene. The OFP of TVOCs was (64.30 ± 66.41) μg·m−3, with alkenes (63.5%) as the main contributor; key reactive species were ethylene, propylene, m/p-xylene, toluene, and isoprene. Daytime photochemical loss of VOCs reached 2.40 μg·m−3, with alkenes (67.1%) dominating. PMF based on initial concentrations identified five major sources: vehicle emissions (56.2%), solvent usage (21.5%), combustion sources (8.9%), industrial emissions (7.5%), and natural sources (5.9%). Compared to PMF results based on directly monitored concentrations, contributions from vehicle emissions, combustion sources, and solvent usage decreased, while industrial emissions increased. The organic chemical industry source was not identified, and a new natural source contribution was recognized. These findings underscore the importance of photochemical loss correction in source apportionment and highlight key species and sources for ozone pollution control in Shenyang.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4164-3
Lithium metal anodes (LMAs) are pivotal for next-generation high-energy batteries, yet their commercialization is hindered by dendrite growth and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Here, we report a dual-layered artificial SEI (ASEI) comprising an inner LiF-rich inorganic layer and an outer perfluoropolyether (PFOE) organic layer, fabricated via a scalable roll-pressing technique. The LiF-rich layer lowers Li-ion diffusion barriers and provides mechanical robustness, while the PFOE layer chemically stabilizes the interface against electrolyte oxidation. Symmetric cells with PFOE-LiF@Li anodes achieve over 1400 h of stable cycling at 30 mA cm−2 and 5 mAh cm−2. Full cells paired with LiFePO4 cathodes deliver 350 cycles at 1 C and over 550 cycles at 2 C with high capacity retention and Coulombic efficiency. This work establishes a design principle for interfacial engineering, combining inorganic rigidity with organic functionality, and offers a promising route for practical LMBs.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4169-9
Transition metal fluorides (TMFs) are promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high theoretical capacity and energy density, yet their practical application is hindered by low utilization rates stemming from particle sizes exceeding the effective Li+ transport distance (<20 nm). This work introduces a multiphase metal fluoride composite (MMFC) synthesized via a hydrothermal method, leveraging high-entropy concepts and interface engineering to enhance electrochemical performance. The MMFC, after annealing at 400°C (MMFC-400), exhibits high specific capacity, excellent rate capability, and cycling stability. The multiphase interfaces accelerate Li+ migration kinetics and provide additional active sites, addressing the limitations of conventional TMF cathodes. This study proposes a multiphase interfacial energy storage strategy for advanced TMF cathodes, offering a pathway to high-performance LIBs.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4229-6
The escalating retirement of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) necessitates efficient recycling technologies to recover cathode materials, particularly lithium iron phosphate (LFP), which dominates the traction battery market. Conventional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods are energy-intensive and environmentally burdensome. Here, we report a fluorine doping-assisted direct regeneration strategy for spent LFP (SLFP) cathodes, yielding a regenerated LFP-F (RLFP-F) with a hybrid structure of ordered crystalline and disordered domains. Fluorine doping reduces the Li+ diffusion energy barrier, as evidenced by density functional theory calculations, and strengthens Fe–O bonding, suppressing Fe migration and anti-site defect formation. The O 2p band center shifts downward, increasing the Fe 3d–O 2p energy separation from 3.23 eV in pristine LFP to 3.46 eV in RLFP-F, enhancing structural stability and electronic conductivity. Electrochemical tests demonstrate that RLFP-F delivers a high-rate capability and excellent cycling stability. Life-cycle assessment reveals that direct regeneration consumes only 9.986 MJ kg−1 and emits 0.324 kg CO2-equivalent per kg of cell, significantly outperforming pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy. Economic analysis based on 2025 Chinese market prices indicates a net profit of $397.15 per ton of SLFP battery recycling, attributed to the closed-loop cathode-to-cathode design. This work provides a sustainable and economically viable route for upcycling spent LFP batteries.