• • Fluorine doping in regenerated LFP reduces Li+ diffusion energy barrier and increases Fe 3d–O 2p band separation from 3.23 eV to 3.46 eV, enhancing rate capability and structural stability.
• • Direct regeneration achieves energy consumption of 9.986 MJ kg−1 and greenhouse gas emissions of 0.324 kg CO2-equivalent per kg of cell, outperforming pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy.
• • The closed-loop cathode-to-cathode process yields a net profit of $397.15 per ton of spent LFP battery recycling, based on 2025 Chinese market prices.
• • Fluorine doping suppresses Fe migration and anti-site defect formation, as confirmed by density of states analysis, contributing to prolonged cycle life.