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Visualizing hepatic M1 macrophages with a dual-target-recognizing photoacoustic nanoprobe for identifying non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

Graphical AbstractVerified

SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Visualizing hepatic M1 macrophages with a dual-target-recognizing photoacoustic nanoprobe for identifying non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

M1 macrophages (M1φ) are pivotal drivers in the progression from non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Longitudinal monitoring of intrahepatic M1φ could facilitate non-invasive diagnosis of NASH, yet achieving specific and sensitive in vivo imaging of M1φ remains challenging due to the nonspecific phagocytic activity common to all phenotypic macrophages. In this study, we developed a dual-target-recognizing photoacoustic nanoprobe that can target glucose transporters (GLUTs) and be selectively activated by nitric oxide (NO). Benefiting from its enhanced affinity for M1φ and decent responsive capability to NO, the probe exhibited favorable imaging performance toward M1φ in ex vivo experiments. Following systemic administration in diabetic mice, the probe rapidly accumulated in the liver, where it was selectively internalized by M1φ via specific recognition between glucose molecules and GLUTs, further inducing a NO-triggered enhancement of the photoacoustic signal. Distinct photoacoustic signal enhancement patterns were observed between NAFL and NASH livers, enabling non-invasive in vivo discrimination of NASH. This study proposes a novel strategy using a dual-target-recognizing probe to improve the selectivity and sensitivity of in vivo M1φ imaging, while also providing new insights for the non-invasive diagnosis of NASH.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-4080-y

Engineering an Ultrafast Gelling and Low Swelling Hyaluronic Acid Bioadhesive for Stable Wet-Tissue Adhesion and Enhanced Wound Healing

Graphical AbstractVerified

SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Engineering an Ultrafast Gelling and Low Swelling Hyaluronic Acid Bioadhesive for Stable Wet-Tissue Adhesion and Enhanced Wound Healing

Bioadhesives that rapidly and reliably seal wet tissues remain a formidable challenge due to the trade-off between mechanical compliance and swelling-induced instability in physiological environments. To address this limitation, we report a hydrophobic effect-mediated bioadhesive, consisting of methacrylated phenylalanine hyaluronic acid (HA) adhesive (MPAH), which integrates ultrafast photo-crosslinking with strong tissue adhesion and low swelling. Through the synergistic incorporation of hydrophobic phenylalanine groups and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) esters, MPAH forms gelation within 2 s under UV irradiation, significantly outperforming commercial fibrin glues. The adhesive shows a lap shear strength of ~35 kPa on wet porcine casings, an extensibility exceeding 60%, and a compressive strength of ~475 kPa. In contrast to conventional HA hydrogels and commercial fibrin glues, MPAH maintains a low equilibrium swelling ratio below 30% in PBS over 16 days. This behavior is attributed to hydrophobic interactions and π-π stacking within the network, effectively preventing tissue compression and interfacial detachment. In rat wound models of linear incision and full-thickness skin defects, MPAH demonstrated rapid sealing, reduced inflammation, and accelerated re-epithelialization compared to fibrin glue and sutures, highlighting its potential as an effective bioadhesive for wound closure and soft tissue repair.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3996-x

Osteogenic Differentiation of Rat Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Regulated by Varying the Phosphorylation of Polymers

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Osteogenic Differentiation of Rat Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Regulated by Varying the Phosphorylation of Polymers

Bone defects remain a prevalent clinical challenge, and regenerative medicine based on bone tissue engineering offers promising solutions. Traditional osteogenic materials rely on bioactive macromolecules like growth factors, which suffer from poor stability and stringent storage requirements. From a structural perspective, bone tissue resides in a phosphorylated microenvironment, with 65–70% of inorganic components composed of hydroxyapatite. Inorganic phosphorylated materials induce osteogenic differentiation but exhibit high stiffness, brittleness, slow degradation, and limited mechanical tunability. Synthetic phosphorylated polymers with excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility have been developed to address these issues. In this work, we developed a series of phosphorylated polymers derived from poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS), a biocompatible and biodegradable material. Leveraging the hydroxyl-rich backbone of PGS, we demonstrated an efficient method for controllable phosphorylation of PGS side chains, enabling synthesis of PGS-based phosphorylated (PGS-P) polymers with tunable phosphorus contents. The optimized phosphorylated polyester, PGS-P4, exhibited strong ability to promote osteogenic differentiation of rat BMSCs, and its porous three-dimensional scaffolds showed favorable properties for bone regeneration. BMSCs cultured for one week and observed by fluorescence microscopy showed enhanced BSP protein expression on PGS-P2, PGS-P4, and PGS-P6 groups compared with PLGA and PGS, with PGS-P4 displaying the most intense signal. In summary, we present a simple and controllable method for preparation of functionalized polyesters and their porous scaffolds with tunable phosphorus content, validating its effectiveness in promoting osteogenic differentiation of rat BMSCs. All phosphorylated polyesters exhibit enhanced differentiation-promoting effects compared to non-phosphorylated PGS; however, the degree of enhancement does not increase monotonically with phosphorus content. PGS-P4, containing an optimal phosphorus level, shows the most pronounced biological functions.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-4085-9

Donor-acceptor engineered aza-BODIPY fluorophore with intramolecular charge transfer-enhanced NIR-II emission for tumor phototheranostics

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Donor-acceptor engineered aza-BODIPY fluorophore with intramolecular charge transfer-enhanced NIR-II emission for tumor phototheranostics

Organic fluorophores operating in the second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000–1700 nm) window are highly attractive for cancer phototheranostics. Yet, the advancement of aza-BODIPY-based NIR-II dyes remains challenging due to their limited spectral tunability and diminished fluorescence quantum yields (FLQY) under physiological conditions. Herein, we propose a rational donor-acceptor (D-A) molecular engineering strategy to construct an aza-BODIPY fluorophore, TPACN, featuring intramolecular charge transfer (ICT)-enhanced NIR-II emission and balanced photothermal performance. By introducing electron-rich triphenylamine (TPA) donors and peripheral cyano (–CN) acceptors, the optimized D-A coupling significantly strengthened the ICT effect, leading to broadened NIR absorption, a markedly red-shifted fluorescence peak at 1086 nm, and an exceptional fluorescence quantum yield of 1.55% in dichloromethane (DCM). When encapsulated in F127, TPACN nanoparticles (TPACN NPs) maintained a high aqueous FLQY of 0.20%, accompanied by a notable photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) of 39% under 808 nm irradiation. The sterically twisted TPA units effectively alleviated aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) and fine-tuned the excited-state energy dissipation pathways, realizing a synergistic balance between radiative (fluorescence) and non-radiative (heat) relaxation. Benefiting from these optimized photophysical properties, TPACN NPs achieved high-resolution NIR-I photoacoustic and NIR-II fluorescence dual-modal imaging, enabling accurate tumor visualization and efficient photothermal ablation in vivo. This work introduces a general design paradigm that exploits ICT modulation and steric engineering to overcome the intrinsic fluorescence bottleneck of aza-BODIPY systems, offering new molecular insights for the advancement of high-performance NIR-II dyes for precision phototheranostics.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-4031-6

Inhibition of Residual Kynurenine Pathway Activity Boosts Antitumor Immune Responses

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Inhibition of Residual Kynurenine Pathway Activity Boosts Antitumor Immune Responses

Immunosuppressive metabolites are major drivers of tumor immune suppression. Among these, kynurenine (Kyn) is produced through the catalysis of tryptophan (Trp) 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) in hepatocellular carcinoma. However, TDO inhibition alone is often insufficient because residual pathway flux sustains the accumulation of the downstream immunosuppressive metabolite quinolinic acid (QA). Here, we propose a strategy to disrupt residual kynurenine pathway activity to enhance metabolism-driven tumor immunotherapy. We develop acid-responsive metal-organic complex nanoparticles (APAP@TDOi-Zn, ATZn) that integrate the TDO inhibitor (TDOi) and Zn2+, while encapsulating acetaminophen (APAP) to inhibit 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase (HAAO), thereby limiting QA production and simultaneously suppressing the residual immunosuppressive metabolite. QA suppression limits M2 macrophage polarization, whereas Kyn inhibition and Zn2+ supplementation promote T cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. Consequently, ATZn rewires Trp-Kyn metabolism and augments antitumor immunotherapy. This work enhances the efficacy of metabolic checkpoint blockade and provides a strategy to overcome metabolism-driven immune resistance.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-4039-1

pH-Triggered Visible Indicator Dressing for Early Diagnosis of Bacterial Wound Infection

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

pH-Triggered Visible Indicator Dressing for Early Diagnosis of Bacterial Wound Infection

Cutaneous wound infections affect millions of patients annually worldwide, and early diagnosis is critical for timely anti-infection treatment. Bacterial infections alter wound pH, offering a promising diagnostic approach. Here, a diagnostic smart dressing (CMC-PDBI) is developed by ultraviolet-initiated crosslinking of a pH-responsive indicator coating, incorporating modified bromothymol blue, onto a carboxymethyl cellulose substrate. The dressing exhibits superior pH-triggered color-changing performance in both phosphate buffer solution and bacterial cultures across the pH range associated with wound infection (orange at pH 6.0, green from pH 6.5 to 7.5, blue at pH 8.0). In a murine wound infection model, CMC-PDBI indicates infection two days before symptomatic manifestation. Early therapy guided by the dressing accelerates wound healing and reduces inflammation. A smartphone application (InfectSense) assists in identifying infection risk. This work presents a novel early-warning platform for qualitative visual diagnosis of wound infections before clinical symptom onset, with high potential for clinical and home care settings.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-4052-0

Buried Interface Engineering with Starburst-Shaped Self-Assembled Monolayer Enhances Efficiency and Stability of Tin Perovskite Solar Cells

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Buried Interface Engineering with Starburst-Shaped Self-Assembled Monolayer Enhances Efficiency and Stability of Tin Perovskite Solar Cells

Tin-based perovskite solar cells (TPSCs) are the leading candidate for lead-free perovskite photovoltaics, yet their efficiency lags behind lead-based counterparts due to interfacial losses. This highlight analyzes a recent breakthrough by Li et al. (Nature Publishing Group, 2025) that addresses these losses via a triphenylamine-based starburst-shaped D-D-p-A self-assembled monolayer (SAM) molecule, MBP, anchored on nickel oxide (NiOx) as a buried hole-transport layer. The MBP molecule features a cyanoethyl phosphate anchoring group, enabling homogeneous adsorption on NiOx, and an expanded conjugated structure that yields a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of -4.95 eV, closely matching the valence band maximum of tin perovskites. This alignment reduces energy mismatch, while the push-pull electron system enhances hole extraction. Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) and steady-state photoluminescence (PL) measurements confirm faster hole extraction and reduced non-radiative recombination at the NiOx/MBP interface. Contact angle measurements demonstrate super-wettability of the perovskite precursor on NiOx/MBP, promoting high-quality film growth. Devices incorporating NiOx/MBP achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.6% (as reported in the original paper), with significantly improved long-term shelf stability and operational stability under illumination. This work underscores the potential of tailored SAM molecules to overcome energy-level and wettability bottlenecks, advancing TPSCs toward practical application.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3953-5

Breakthrough in Centimeter-Scale Fullerene-Free Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Breakthrough in Centimeter-Scale Fullerene-Free Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells

Tin (Sn)-based perovskite solar cells (TPSCs) are a leading candidate for next-generation photovoltaics due to their ideal optical bandgap, high carrier mobility, and excellent light absorption, yet their performance lags behind lead-based counterparts. The primary limitations include the inherent oxidation sensitivity of Sn2+ and rapid crystallization kinetics, as well as the reliance on fullerene-based electron transport layers (ETLs) such as ICBA and PCBM, which suffer from low electron mobility, weak interfacial interaction, high synthesis costs, and poor stability against moisture and light. These drawbacks impede charge extraction and transport, exacerbating interfacial non-radiative recombination. To address this, Liang and coworkers designed a novel series of non-fullerene polymer ETLs based on fluorinated tri-receptor polymers (P1, P2, and P3), featuring simplified synthesis, low cost, and strong structural tunability. Among these, P3-based devices achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.06% on 0.04 cm2 cells and maintained high performance on 1 cm2 cells, demonstrating significant breakthroughs in efficiency, stability, and large-area scaling. The non-fullerene ETLs exhibit enhanced electron mobility, improved energy-level alignment, and stronger interaction with the perovskite interface, effectively suppressing non-radiative recombination. This work provides a promising strategy to replace fullerene-based ETLs, advancing the commercial viability of TPSCs.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3954-9

Clean and Green: Harnessing Long Persistent Luminescence for Advanced Catalysis

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Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology2026

Clean and Green: Harnessing Long Persistent Luminescence for Advanced Catalysis

Long persistent luminescence materials (LPLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in photo- and electro-catalysis due to their unique capability of storing and controllably releasing photogenerated charge carriers. These materials offer innovative solutions for environmental remediation and sustainable energy technologies. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the application of LPLs in photo- and electro-catalysis, outlining their developmental history and underlying mechanisms. Emphasis is placed on their applications in organic pollutant degradation, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, and photovoltaic cells. Furthermore, design strategies and research frameworks for LPLs are discussed. The current limitations and challenges in this field are examined, and future research directions are proposed to facilitate the transition of LPLMs from fundamental research to practical applications in energy and the environment. Key materials such as SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+ exhibit afterglow lasting up to 30 hours, enabling round-the-clock catalytic activity. Composite systems like g-C3N4@Au@SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+ and Cu|CuO/SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+ have achieved efficient degradation and simultaneous hydrogen evolution. Z-scheme heterojunctions, e.g., Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+,Dy3+/Ag3PO4, demonstrate enhanced performance. The review highlights the potential of LPLMs to overcome the limitation of intermittent light sources, providing a pathway for continuous catalytic processes.

Read Full Abstract10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60692-5

Crystal Facet Effect of WO3 in Heterogeneous Catalysis: A Review

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Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology2026

Crystal Facet Effect of WO3 in Heterogeneous Catalysis: A Review

Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is a transition metal oxide of significant interest in heterogeneous catalysis due to its environmental friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and favorable electrical properties. The catalytic performance of WO3 is strongly dependent on its exposed crystal facets, which exhibit distinct physicochemical properties including charge separation efficiency, reactant adsorption capacity, and redox activity. These differences arise from variations in atomic arrangement, electronic structure, and surface energy. This review systematically examines the facet effect of WO3 across photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, and thermal catalysis. Theoretical calculations are integrated to elucidate the intrinsic mechanisms underlying facet-dependent behavior from an atomic structure perspective. The paper synthesizes general rules governing the WO3 facet effect across these applications, critically assesses current research limitations, and outlines future directions. Key findings highlight that facet engineering enables precise tuning of catalytic activity and selectivity, with specific facets such as {001}, {110}, and {010} demonstrating enhanced performance in various reactions. The review underscores the importance of morphology control in optimizing WO3-based catalysts and identifies challenges in achieving facet-selective synthesis and stability under operational conditions. Future research should focus on advanced characterization techniques and computational modeling to further unravel facet-dependent mechanisms and guide rational catalyst design.

Read Full Abstract10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60684-6

Research Progress on Cobalt-Based Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Ethanol

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Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology2026

Research Progress on Cobalt-Based Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Ethanol

The catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to ethanol is a pivotal technology for carbon neutrality and high-value chemical production. Cobalt-based catalysts, with their unique electronic structure and tunability, are promising for this reaction, yet challenges persist: low single-pass CO2 conversion, ethanol selectivity below 60%, and rapid deactivation. This review systematically analyzes recent progress, establishing the thermodynamic and kinetic framework, and dissecting molecular-level mechanisms, particularly C–C bond formation and controlled oxygen removal. It critically evaluates synergistic effects among metallic Co, Co2C, CoOx, and bimetallic configurations, emphasizing structure-activity relationships influenced by supports and promoters. Inverse catalysts and tandem systems are reviewed, along with water's role as a hydrogen source. The review identifies shortcomings and advocates for advanced in situ/operational characterization and theoretical modeling to guide next-generation catalyst design. Key findings from cited studies include: Co/La4Ga2O9 achieving high selectivity (reference [85]); K-loaded Cu/CoOx boosting ethanol production (reference [86]); Ga-promoted CuCo catalysts with Cu-CoGaOx interfacial sites (reference [88]); and Mo-tailored CoFe alloys suppressing over-carburization (reference [89]). These insights provide a framework for developing efficient cobalt-based systems, deepening mechanistic understanding, and accelerating sustainable ethanol production.

Read Full Abstract10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60666-4

A Review of Methane Photocatalytic Systems

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Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology2026

A Review of Methane Photocatalytic Systems

Methane (CH4), the primary component of natural gas, is an ideal feedstock for producing high-value chemicals and clean fuels due to its high hydrogen-to-carbon ratio. However, its chemical inertness poses significant challenges, and traditional thermal catalytic reforming processes suffer from long reaction pathways and high energy consumption. Photocatalytic technology enables highly selective CH4 conversion under mild conditions, even at room temperature, offering environmental and economic benefits. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in room-temperature photocatalytic systems for direct CH4 conversion. It begins by elucidating the mechanisms, product distributions, and inherent challenges of four key reaction pathways: partial oxidation, non-oxidative coupling, oxidative coupling, and oxidative carbonylation. The discussion then addresses the critical role of catalyst architecture, focusing on semiconductor supports, metal site modulation, and advanced porous frameworks. Furthermore, reactor design and process intensification strategies are examined, including batch and continuous-flow reactors, novel structured reactors, and photo-electro and photo-thermo synergistic approaches. Finally, reaction mechanisms are summarized. Despite progress, challenges remain in fundamental understanding, performance evaluation, and technological integration. Future efforts should focus on mechanistic studies, standardization of evaluation protocols, development of non-noble metal catalysts, system optimization, and comprehensive sustainability assessments.

Read Full Abstract10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60721-9

Catalytic conversion of CO2-rich syngas to high-quality gasoline hydrocarbons over In2O3-ZrO2/SAPO-11 catalysts

Graphical AbstractVerified

Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology2026

Catalytic conversion of CO2-rich syngas to high-quality gasoline hydrocarbons over In2O3-ZrO2/SAPO-11 catalysts

The conversion of CO2 into gasoline-range hydrocarbons represents a sustainable pathway to achieve deep decarbonization in the transportation sector. Nevertheless, the traditional Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) suffers from a broad product distribution, which restricts the achievable selectivity toward C5−C11 gasoline-range hydrocarbons to roughly 45%. This study presents the development of a bifunctional catalyst that integrates In2O3/ZrO2 metal oxides with SAPO-11 molecular sieves, aiming at efficiently converting CO2/CO mixtures into C5−C11 gasoline hydrocarbons. Catalysts with varying In/Zr ratios were prepared via co-precipitation. By employing a COx (CO/CO2) co-feeding strategy (CO/COx = 0.5), the formation of by-product CO was significantly suppressed, thereby enabling the selectivity for gasoline hydrocarbons to exceed the maximum predicted by the Anderson-Schulz-Flory (ASF) model. Notably, under identical reaction conditions, the In2Zr1Ox/SAPO-11 catalyst exhibited higher performance compared with In2O3/SAPO-11 and ZrO2/SAPO-11. The COx conversion was elevated by 1.7% and 0.2%, while the selectivity toward C5–C11 hydrocarbons was enhanced by 8.0% and 16.0%, respectively. Furthermore, the In2Zr1Ox/SAPO-11 catalyst delivered a single-pass performance of 24% COx conversion and 68% selectivity for C5−C11 hydrocarbons at 380 °C, 3 MPa and a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 2400 mL/(min·g). Within this product distribution, isoparaffins accounted for 32.6% of the total components, corresponding to an isoparaffin/neoparaffin ratio of 12.3. After 150 h of stability testing, the catalyst maintained a single-pass COx conversion of 23% and a C5−C11 selectivity of ~65%, demonstrating excellent catalytic activity and promising potential for industrial application.

Read Full Abstract10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60671-8

Switching Hydrogenation Pathways of Furfural via Reduction-Degree Engineering of Ni-Based Catalysts

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Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology2026

Switching Hydrogenation Pathways of Furfural via Reduction-Degree Engineering of Ni-Based Catalysts

The selective hydrogenation of biomass-derived furfural (FAL) to high-value chemicals such as furfuryl alcohol (FOL) or tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (HFOL) is pivotal yet challenging due to the need for precise control over reaction pathways. In this study, a Ni2Al-LDO (layered double oxide) catalyst with highly dispersed surface NiO was synthesized via structural topological transformation of layered double hydroxides. The catalyst exhibited excellent performance in furfural hydrogenation, achieving a 91.42% yield of FOL at 160 °C and 1.4 MPa H2. Gradual reduction of Ni2Al-LDO produced Ni/NiO mixtures, enabling a tunable shift from FOL to HFOL as NiO content decreased and metallic Ni content increased. After reduction at 700 °C for 2 hours, the HFOL yield reached 93.95% under identical conditions. CO2-TPD, NH3-TPD, and FT-IR analyses revealed that variations in reduction degree influenced furfural adsorption behavior. NiO species selectively adsorb the C=O group of furfural, with isopropanol serving as the hydrogen source via the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley (MPV) pathway, yielding FOL. In contrast, metallic Ni0 surfaces facilitate flat adsorption, enabling simultaneous activation of both the furan ring and carbonyl group, and can activate both H2 and isopropanol, with H2 as the primary hydrogen source, leading to complete hydrogenation to HFOL. This work elucidates a clear structure-activity relationship centered on the metal oxidation state and provides a practical reduction-engineering approach for designing adaptable catalysts in biomass upgrading.

Read Full Abstract10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60664-0

Mechanistic Insights into Low-Temperature CO2 Methanation over LaNiO3/CeO2 Perovskite Catalyst

Graphical AbstractVerified

Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology2026

Mechanistic Insights into Low-Temperature CO2 Methanation over LaNiO3/CeO2 Perovskite Catalyst

Perovskite-type catalysts show promise for CO2 methanation, yet their low-temperature performance and mechanisms remain unclear. Here, a LaNiO3/CeO2 catalyst was synthesized via sol-gel and impregnation. In situ reduction decomposed the perovskite into highly dispersed Ni0 particles (average 12.6 nm) on CeO2, which provided abundant oxygen vacancies (Ce3+/(Ce3++Ce4+) = 9.2%) and weak/moderate basic sites. This synergy enhanced CO2 adsorption and activation. At 200–300 °C, the catalyst achieved ~100% CH4 selectivity and CO2 conversion up to 23.6% at 300 °C. Comparative studies with LaNiO3, LaCeNiO4, Ni/CeO2, and La-Ni/CeO2 revealed that the perovskite pre-structuration and in situ reduction optimize Ni dispersion and metal-support interactions, stabilizing Ni0 and tuning surface basicity and oxygen vacancies. This work provides a design strategy for efficient low-temperature CO2 methanation catalysts.

Read Full Abstract10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60662-7

Enhancement of ZnO-ZrO2 Solid Solution Catalyst via Cu Addition for CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol

Graphical AbstractVerified

Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology2026

Enhancement of ZnO-ZrO2 Solid Solution Catalyst via Cu Addition for CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol

The introduction of an appropriate amount of Cu effectively enhances the catalytic performance of ZnO-ZrO2 solid solution catalysts in CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. However, systematic studies on the effect of Cu content in ZnO-ZrO2 solid solution catalysts remain limited. In this work, a ZnO-ZrO2 solid solution and a series of Cu/ZnO/ZrO2-x catalysts (x = 0.3, 0.7 and 0.9, denoting the molar ratio of Cu/(Cu+Zn+Zr)) were prepared by co-precipitation method. Among these catalysts, the Cu/ZnO/ZrO2-0.7 catalyst exhibited the optimal catalytic performance, with a space-time yield of methanol (162.7 g/(kg·h)) that was 6.6 times higher than that of the ZnO-ZrO2 solid solution catalyst (24.8 g/(kg·h)) at 250 °C. Structural characterizations reveal that the introduction of an appropriate amount of Cu led to the coexistence of a solid solution and individual metal oxides, and promoted the formation of medium-strength basic sites. In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) results further confirm that Cu introduction facilitated the conversion of key reaction intermediates. This work provides a systematic investigation of the influence of Cu content on the methanol synthesis performance of ZnO-ZrO2 solid solution catalysts and elucidates the promotional mechanism induced by Cu incorporation.

Read Full Abstract10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60667-6

Advances in Heterogeneous Catalysis for Hydrogen Production via Steam Reforming of Biomass-Derived Alcohols: Catalytic Structure-Activity Relationships from Ethanol to Glycerol Systems

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Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology2026

Advances in Heterogeneous Catalysis for Hydrogen Production via Steam Reforming of Biomass-Derived Alcohols: Catalytic Structure-Activity Relationships from Ethanol to Glycerol Systems

Steam reforming of biomass-derived alcohols (ethanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, etc.) represents a critical pathway for sustainable hydrogen energy systems. This review systematically examines recent advances in heterogeneous catalysis, elucidating structure-performance correlations between alcohol molecular structures and catalyst requirements. Ethanol is prone to dehydration and methanation side reactions, while ethylene glycol leverages its dihydroxy structure to enhance dehydrogenation and C–C cleavage, improving H2 selectivity. In contrast, glycerol suffers from intensified reaction network complexity and carbon-induced deactivation due to its trihydroxy configuration. The unified catalyst design strategy involves precisely modulating metal electronic structures (e.g., alloying/atomic-level dispersion) and support oxygen mobility (e.g., rare-earth modification) to synergistically optimize dehydrogenation and carbon resistance. Ni-based catalysts dominate owing to low cost and high C–C bond activation capability, yet their stability requires synergistic enhancement via alloying (Fe, Co, Cu, etc.) or rare-earth modification (Ce, Pr, La, etc.). Noble metal systems (Pt, Rh, Ir, etc.) exhibit low-temperature activity advantages, but are transitioning strategically toward single-atom catalysis and high-entropy-oxide-based multicomponent architectures under cost constraints. Future efforts are suggested to integrate in situ/operando characterization with theoretical modeling to uncover dynamic structure-activity relationships, establish elementary reaction databases for data-driven rational catalyst design, and achieve cross-scale catalyst-reactor synergy, thereby providing a scientific foundation for efficient sustainable hydrogen production.

Read Full Abstract10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60685-8

Radial multiphase integration boosting capacity and stability for low-nickel cathodes

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Radial multiphase integration boosting capacity and stability for low-nickel cathodes

Nickel-rich layered cathodes (Ni≥80%) offer high discharge capacity for lithium-ion batteries but face sustainability and structural stability challenges. This study presents a radially multiphase integrated low-nickel (Ni<60%) cathode material, Li(Li0.05Ni0.57Mn0.31Co0.07)O2 (LNC), which achieves high capacity and long-term cycling stability by leveraging highly reversible anionic redox chemistry. The cathode comprises three distinct radial phases: an outermost epitaxial rock-salt phase with lithium-percolation channels, an intermediate lithium-rich manganese-rich phase with delocalized superlattice ordering, and an inner nickel-rich layered phase. The rock-salt phase suppresses interfacial side reactions and structural degradation, while the superlattice enhances lattice oxygen redox reversibility, as evidenced by resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (mRIXS) showing persistent spectral features at 4.5 V even after 100 cycles. The inner nickel-rich phase provides high discharge capacity via nickel-ion redox. This synergistic integration minimizes lattice variations and nickel oxidation state changes during cycling, as demonstrated by in-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction. Compared to commercial N60, N70, N80, and N90 cathodes, LNC delivers superior discharge capacity, cycling stability, and rate performance while reducing nickel dependence, offering a sustainable pathway for high-energy-density batteries.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3955-0

Single Metal Atom Breaks Low-Frequency and High-Temperature Absorption Barrier

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Single Metal Atom Breaks Low-Frequency and High-Temperature Absorption Barrier

The advancement of 5G/6G communications and hypersonic vehicle technology imposes stringent requirements on electromagnetic wave absorbing materials, demanding efficient low-frequency (C-band, 4–8 GHz) response and stable performance above 500°C in oxidizing environments. Traditional absorbers face inherent contradictions: carbon-based composites suffer oxidation, magnetic materials lose function above Curie temperature, and ceramics like SiOC exhibit poor low-frequency absorption due to single dielectric loss. Zeng et al. (Adv Mater, 2026) propose a nitrogen-induced evolution from Fe nanoparticles to Fe single atoms within SiOC ceramic fibers. Through electrospinning of polycarbosilane, PVP, and iron(III) acetylacetonate, followed by curing at 200°C and pyrolysis at 1000°C with dicyandiamide as nitrogen source, they achieve Fe-N4 single-atom coordination. EXAFS confirms Fe-N peak at ~1.5 Å and absence of Fe-Fe peak at ~2.2 Å, ruling out clusters. This design leverages strong Fe-N covalent bonds and unique electronic structure, retaining magnetic contribution to low-frequency response while preventing nanoparticle agglomeration and oxidation. The work achieves synergistic breakthrough in low-frequency absorption and high-temperature stability, pioneering design for extreme environments.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-026-4221-y

From Monolayers to Matrices: Redefining Buried Interfaces in Scalable Perovskite Photovoltaics

Graphical AbstractVerified

SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

From Monolayers to Matrices: Redefining Buried Interfaces in Scalable Perovskite Photovoltaics

Metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved power conversion efficiencies exceeding 27%, rivaling crystalline silicon photovoltaics. Among device architectures, the inverted p-i-n configuration offers excellent reproducibility, negligible hysteresis, and compatibility with silicon bottom cells, making it promising for scalable tandem integration. As the field shifts toward industrial viability, key challenges focus on interfacial stability, process reproducibility, and large-area manufacturability. The buried interface between the perovskite absorber and charge transport layers dictates nucleation, crystallization, charge extraction, and recombination dynamics. Imperfect interfacial contact or mismatched energy alignment leads to trap states, increased nonradiative recombination, and rapid degradation. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have revolutionized interface control, offering tunable energy levels, minimized parasitic absorption, and reduced defects. However, SAM-based interfaces face scale-up challenges due to molecular aggregation, incomplete coverage, and hydrophobicity, causing nonuniform nucleation and pinhole formation. Co-assembled monolayers (Co-SAMs) have been explored but remain limited to small areas. Addressing this bottleneck, Zhao et al. proposed a 'SAM-in-matrix' strategy embedding SAM molecules within a tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF) matrix. This BCF framework disrupts π–π stacking, suppressing aggregation and producing an amorphous, uniform, and highly wettable hole transport layer, potentially enabling scalable manufacturing.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3924-x

A Hetero-Cross-Linking Strategy for Versatile Artificial Muscles with Superior Electromechanical Sensitivity

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

A Hetero-Cross-Linking Strategy for Versatile Artificial Muscles with Superior Electromechanical Sensitivity

Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) are promising artificial muscle technologies due to their large actuation strains, high energy density, and fast response. However, their practical application is hindered by a trade-off between increasing the relative dielectric constant (εr) and decreasing the Young's modulus (Y), which limits electromechanical sensitivity (εr/Y) to below 110 MPa⁻¹. Here, we report a hetero-cross-linking strategy to fabricate a semiseparated biphasic bicontinuous dielectric elastomer (SBE) using two commercial silicone elastomers: Elastosil P7676 (mechanical phase, M-phase) and Sylgard 170 (dielectric phase, D-phase). The M-phase provides an ultralow Young's modulus (~10 kPa), while the D-phase offers a high dielectric constant (3.6). With only 10% D-phase content (SBE-1), the material achieves a record-high electromechanical sensitivity of 360 MPa⁻¹. Under an electric field of 35 V μm⁻¹ without prestretching, SBE-1 exhibits a 90% area strain, significantly outperforming pure phases and previously reported DEAs. The interpenetrating phase structure also enhances breakdown strength. SBE-based artificial muscles demonstrate large displacement at high frequencies, achieving a power density of 2250 W kg⁻¹ at resonance (>200 Hz), surpassing natural muscle and prior DEA artificial muscles. A human-like robotic arm with one rotational joint and four pure-shear SBE-based artificial muscles was developed, capable of extending and bending actions. This work provides a versatile strategy for high-performance DEAs, advancing soft robotics applications.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3970-1

Catching an Optical Photograph via a Focus-Tunable Real-Time Imaging System

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Catching an Optical Photograph via a Focus-Tunable Real-Time Imaging System

Visual systems are the primary interface for humans to perceive the external environment. Mimicking the human eye, which integrates adjustable lenses with a curved retina, bio-inspired curved image sensors effectively mitigate field curvature and vignetting. To realize focus-tunable imaging, sensors must possess dynamic curvature while maintaining high sensitivity and mechanical stability. However, transitioning from rigid architectures to flexible devices often results in poor surface conformity through simple bending. Flexible sensors have explored intrinsic and structural designs for better flexibility and less stress concentration. Recent advances suggest that ultrathin devices with mesh-inspired designs offer a superior strategy, achieving seamless alignment with the curved surface without compromising optoelectronic performance. He et al. have developed a focus-tunable real-time curved imaging system inspired by the human visual system, based on an ultrathin perovskite curved image sensor with a hierarchical mesh architecture. They introduced an ultrathin image sensor with 5.4 μm thickness and soft interconnections, enabling it to be readily deformed into a hemispherical geometry. The ultrathin structure significantly reduces intrinsic mechanical behaviors, while interconnections effectively release twisting and stretching stress among pixels under various curvature conditions. As a result, the curved sensor array achieves a low detection limit of 10 nW cm−2, approaching the light sensitivity level of human photoreceptors. The focus-tunable imaging system integrates a curved image sensor with a shape-tunable convex lens, forming a conformal, skin-like architecture on a hemispherical surface. Finite element analysis revealed that when deformed to a curvature radius of 17.8 mm, the maximum strain on the Parylene C substrate reaches 5.72% and is primarily localized at pixel interconnections and edge regions. The curved image sensor achieves an overall thickness of approximately 5.4 μm and integrates a perovskite photodetector array comprising 127 pixels, enabling mechanically robust operation under pronounced curvature.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3958-8

Generative AI Empowers Minimalist Wearable Personalized Human-Machine Interface

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Generative AI Empowers Minimalist Wearable Personalized Human-Machine Interface

The seamless integration of electronics with the human body is pivotal for next-generation human-machine interfaces (HMI) and personalized healthcare. Traditional high-density sensor arrays, while capable of capturing complex biomechanical data, impose significant power and comfort penalties. This study introduces the Generative EMG Network (GenENet), a framework that synergizes generative artificial intelligence with soft bioelectronics to reduce hardware complexity. By leveraging a 32-channel stretchable sensor array as a 'teacher' dataset, GenENet employs a masked autoencoder architecture to learn spatiotemporal correlations within high-density electromyography (EMG) data. The trained model enables a simplified 6-channel wearable band to replicate the performance of the full 32-channel array. The sensor device utilizes a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate, liquid metal (EGaln) interconnects, and a conductive PEDOT:PSS hydrogel interface, achieving low skin-contact impedance and high signal-to-noise ratios under mechanical strain. This approach addresses the bottleneck of data throughput and power consumption in wearable HMIs, offering a path toward minimalist, personalized devices for applications such as sign language decoding and gait analysis. The findings underscore the potential of generative AI to transform wearable bioelectronics by shifting computational burden from hardware to software.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3911-7

Control Strategy for Mercury Emissions from Coal-Fired Flue Gas in China

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Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology2026

Control Strategy for Mercury Emissions from Coal-Fired Flue Gas in China

Mercury emissions from coal combustion are highly toxic, volatile, and bioaccumulative, posing long-term threats to ecosystems and human health. This review systematically examines the current status and control policies of mercury emissions from coal combustion in China, analyzing distribution characteristics and transformation mechanisms during combustion, with emphasis on collaborative removal in pollution control devices after ultra-low emission retrofitting. A progressive strategy of 'synergistic enhancement–deep purification–resource recycling' is proposed, comprising three tiers: optimizing operational parameters of existing control systems to enhance synergistic mercury removal; developing efficient adsorption and catalytic oxidation technologies for industrial application; and advancing integrated mercury removal and recovery technologies, such as magnetosphere-based sorbents and recovery processes, focusing on high-value utilization. The paper also outlines future research directions aligned with international compliance and domestic environmental tax policies, providing theoretical and technical support for China's commitments to near-zero emissions of coal combustion pollutants.

Read Full Abstract10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60708-6