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A 'Cooling Balm' for Humid Cities: Cement-Based Integrated Cooling Paint for Passive Radiative and Evaporative Cooling

Graphical AbstractVerified

SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

A 'Cooling Balm' for Humid Cities: Cement-Based Integrated Cooling Paint for Passive Radiative and Evaporative Cooling

Passive radiative cooling dissipates heat through the atmospheric transparency window (8–13 μm) into cold outer space, offering energy-free building cooling. However, its performance degrades substantially in humid environments; for instance, in Singapore, where average relative humidity is ~80%, achievable cooling power can be as low as ~20 W/m², far below the theoretical maximum of ~150 W/m² under dry conditions. Restricted sky view factor on building facades further curtails efficiency. Evaporative cooling, leveraging water's high latent heat of vaporization (~2256 J/g), provides an omnidirectional heat dissipation pathway but porous materials like hydrogels suffer from swelling, poor adhesion, and structural degradation. Here, we report a cement-based integrated cooling paint (CCP) that synergistically combines radiative and evaporative cooling. The paint utilizes a calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) porous network matrix with barium sulfate nanoparticles, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and lithium chloride (LiCl). The optimized formulation (CCP-30) achieves high solar reflectance of ~93% in the dry state and maintains ~89% reflectance when wetted. Its high emissivity (~95%) within the atmospheric window ensures efficient radiative heat dissipation. PVA and LiCl inhibit plastic shrinkage and promote continued hydration, yielding a denser, robust microstructure. The interconnected porous structure and hygroscopic components enable passive water capture from rainfall and ambient moisture, driving sustained evaporative cooling. Field tests in Singapore showed a ~5°C lower surface temperature on CCP-coated facades compared to commercial radiative cooling paint, and an ~8°C reduction on a proximate black absorber, indicating mitigation of local heat island effects. Building energy simulations indicated 30–40% more savings in air conditioning electricity consumption. The paint is prepared via a simple one-pot method compatible with standard production, indicating excellent commercialization potential.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3907-0

Oxygen-Doped Carbon Rings for Pure Violet Light-Emitting Diodes

Graphical AbstractVerified

SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Oxygen-Doped Carbon Rings for Pure Violet Light-Emitting Diodes

High-colour-purity light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are essential for next-generation wide-colour-gamut displays and emerging photonic technologies. While narrow-band blue emitters with high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) have been developed via para-positioned boron and nitrogen doping, extending emission to pure violet (<400 nm) remains challenging. Here, we highlight a breakthrough by Song and coworkers (Nature Synthesis, 2024) who synthesized oxygen-doped carbon quantum rings (OD-CQRs) via a one-step solid-state reaction between 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene and anhydrous SnCl2 at 180 °C. High-resolution STM at 4.7 K revealed a planar hexagonal ring structure (diameter 18.8 Å) with alternating benzene and oxygen-containing five-membered heterocycles. The OD-CQRs exhibit pure-violet emission centered at 393 nm with an ultranarrow full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 18 nm and an exceptional PLQY of 95%—the best combination among carbon-based luminescent materials. The innovative O-π confinement strategy restricts π-electron delocalization and suppresses non-radiative vibrational relaxation, as confirmed by DFT, localized orbital locator (LOL), and nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS) analyses. The root mean square displacement between ground and excited states is only 0.0 Å, indicating minimal structural reorganization. This work provides a simple, scalable route to high-performance violet emitters, addressing a critical bottleneck in display and photonic technologies.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3853-y

A New Era of 2D Semiconductors: From Lab to Fab

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

A New Era of 2D Semiconductors: From Lab to Fab

The pursuit of atomically thin semiconductors has long promised a new era in nanoelectronics. Among them, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), such as MoS2 and WSe2, have emerged as leading candidates for sub-1 nm transistor channels due to their ability to mitigate short-channel effects, positioning them as promising contenders for sustaining Moore's Law. However, industrial-scale application of these 2D semiconductors remains limited by a fundamental bottleneck: the scalable growth of high-quality single-crystal TMDC wafers. Conventional chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods typically produce polycrystalline films containing mirror-twin domains and grain boundaries, which induce non-uniform carrier scattering and severely degrade electronic performance. Consequently, achieving precise control over grain boundaries and realizing wafer-scale single-crystalline 2D films is essential for the development of next-generation integrated circuits and high-performance electronic devices. Very recently, Wang and his collaborators reported a universal and robust epitaxial strategy that realizes wafer-scale growth of single-crystal TMDCs, specifically MoS2, WS2, MoSe2, and WSe2 semiconductors, on 150-mm wafers for the first time. This remarkable achievement bridges the long-standing gap between laboratory-scale synthesis and semiconductor foundry compatibility, marking a historic milestone in the evolution of 2D semiconductors 'from lab to fab'. The core innovation lies in atomic-scale interface engineering. Conventional c-plane sapphire (α-Al2O3) substrates possess a near-central-inversion symmetric surface, leading to two energetically degenerate, antiparallel orientations of TMDC domains. This symmetry inevitably causes twin boundaries. Wang's team overcame this symmetry constraint by introducing a monolayer of lanthanum (La) to passivate the sapphire surface. The La atoms induce surface reconstruction, reducing the symmetry from P3 to P1, and amplify the energy difference between antiparallel domains by nearly two orders of magnitude, thereby enabling unidirectional epitaxial alignment and the elimination of grain boundaries across the entire 150-mm wafer. Using this strategy, Wang's group successfully achieved 150-mm single-crystal wafers of MoS2, WS2, MoSe2, and WSe2 semiconductors grown by both thermal CVD and metal-organic CVD (MOCVD) methods. Wafer-scale second-harmonic generation (SHG), Raman, and photoluminescence (PL) mappings confirmed the excellent uniformity and quality of the films.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3867-1

Functionally Gradient Ductile Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Ultrahigh-Current-Density Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries

Graphical AbstractVerified

SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Functionally Gradient Ductile Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Ultrahigh-Current-Density Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries

Solid-state lithium metal batteries (SLMBs) are a promising alternative to conventional lithium-ion batteries due to their potential for higher energy density and improved safety. However, the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed at the lithium metal anode/electrolyte interface is often brittle, leading to poor interfacial contact, high impedance, and dendrite growth, which limits cycle life and rate capability. Here, we report a functionally gradient ductile SEI design that incorporates AgF and Ag2S into the SEI layer, creating a composition gradient with a lithiophilic Ag/Ag–Li alloy at the anode surface. This ductile SEI exhibits a low generalized stacking fault energy, as confirmed by density functional theory calculations, and maintains structural integrity even at a bending angle of 150°, unlike brittle SEIs that fracture. The ductile SEI enables a high Li-ion diffusion coefficient of 3.8 × 10−8 cm2 s−1 and low activation energy. Consequently, Li|PALA|Li symmetric cells demonstrate exceptional cyclability over 4500 h at an ultrahigh current density of 15 mA cm−2 and areal capacity of 15 mA h cm−2, and stable operation for over 7000 h at −30 °C under practical conditions (5 mA cm−2, 5 mA h cm−2). Full cells with LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathodes show superior rate performance and capacity retention at both 25 °C and −30 °C. The cumulative capacity reaches 33750 mA h cm−2, an order of magnitude higher than previously reported SLMBs. This work underscores that the mechanical properties of the SEI are as critical as its ionic conductivity and chemical stability, opening a new frontier in interface design for practical, high-energy-density, and safe solid-state batteries.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3849-5

Adsorption Performance and Mechanism of Iron-Modified Sugarcane Bagasse Biochar for Amoxicillin in Aqueous Solution

Graphical AbstractVerified

Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering2026

Adsorption Performance and Mechanism of Iron-Modified Sugarcane Bagasse Biochar for Amoxicillin in Aqueous Solution

The overuse of antibiotics has led to residual amoxicillin (AMX) in aquatic environments, promoting the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and threatening ecological safety. In this study, magnetic iron-modified biochar (Fe-BC) was prepared from agricultural waste sugarcane bagasse via FeCl3·6H2O impregnation and oxygen-limited pyrolysis. The adsorption performance and mechanism of Fe-BC for AMX were systematically investigated. Under conditions of 25 °C, pH 6, and initial AMX concentration of 50 mg·L−1, the adsorption capacity reached 32.61 mg·g−1. Characterization of Fe-BC before and after adsorption, combined with adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamic analyses, revealed that adsorption primarily relied on oxygen-containing functional groups. The mechanisms included pore filling, electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, complexation, and π–π interaction. After six thermal regeneration cycles, the removal efficiency of AMX remained above 76%. The specific surface area of Fe-BC increased from 279.20 m2·g−1 to 481.42 m2·g−1, an enhancement of approximately 72.4%. These results provide a technical reference for the resource utilization of agricultural waste and cost-effective treatment of antibiotic-containing wastewater in rural decentralized areas.

Read Full Abstract10.12030/j.cjee.202512031

Enhanced Nitrogen Removal from Landfill Leachate via a Two-Stage A/O–MBBR System Coupled with Anammox

Graphical AbstractVerified

Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering2026

Enhanced Nitrogen Removal from Landfill Leachate via a Two-Stage A/O–MBBR System Coupled with Anammox

Landfill leachate, characterized by high ammonia nitrogen, high organic load, complex toxic components, and low nitrogen removal efficiency, poses significant environmental challenges. To achieve efficient nitrogen removal, a continuous-flow two-stage anoxic/oxic (A/O) moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) system coupled with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) was constructed and operated for long-term treatment of actual landfill leachate. After biofilm attachment and multi-gradient acclimation, influent concentrations were gradually increased from low levels (NH4+-N ~200 mg·L−1, COD ~2500–3000 mg·L−1) to high levels (NH4+-N ~1800 mg·L−1, COD ~8500 mg·L−1). During stable operation, average removal efficiencies of NH4+-N and COD reached 97.7% and 66.8%, respectively, with total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency improving to 93.9%. Along the reactor, the first A/O stage achieved major organic degradation and ammonia oxidation, while the second stage facilitated nitrite accumulation and promoted Anammox for synergistic nitrogen removal. High-throughput sequencing revealed Proteobacteria as the dominant phylum (>50%), with denitrifying genera such as Azoarcus and Thauera significantly enriched. Planctomycetota abundance increased from 0.6% to 3.7%, and Candidatus Kuenenia was detected, confirming successful Anammox colonization and participation in nitrogen removal. This study validates the efficient combined nitrogen removal mechanism of the A/O–MBBR system with Anammox, providing theoretical basis and technical support for engineering treatment of high-ammonia wastewater.

Read Full Abstract10.12030/j.cjee.202508006

Cerium-Based Magnetic Y-Type Molecular Sieve for Deep Removal of Fluoride Ions from Water

Graphical AbstractVerified

Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering2026

Cerium-Based Magnetic Y-Type Molecular Sieve for Deep Removal of Fluoride Ions from Water

With increasingly stringent discharge standards for fluoride-containing wastewater, there is an urgent need for cost-effective, easily operable adsorbents capable of rapid adsorption and separation for deep defluorination. In this study, a novel adsorbent, Ce-FMSY, was successfully prepared by co-precipitation of cerium (Ce) and Fe3O4 onto Y-type molecular sieve (MSY). The effects of Ce/Fe mass ratio, adsorption time, initial solution pH, and coexisting anions on adsorption performance were systematically investigated. Results showed that at a Ce loading of 1.0% and Ce/Fe mass ratio of 2:1, Ce-FMSY rapidly adsorbed 86.2% of F− within 30 min, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 4.139 mg·g−1. The saturated magnetization of Ce-FMSY was 13.4 emu·g−1, enabling rapid solid-liquid separation. The adsorbent maintained a stable fluoride removal rate of 77.1%–96.8% over an initial pH range of 3–9. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm fitting indicated that F− adsorption onto Ce-FMSY followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Freundlich model, suggesting chemisorption as the dominant mechanism, involving rapid diffusion, surface complexation, and valence transformation reactions. After five adsorption-desorption cycles, the adsorption capacity slightly decreased and then stabilized, with F− removal efficiency maintained at approximately 72.3% of the initial value. This study provides data support and theoretical reference for deep fluoride removal from wastewater.

Read Full Abstract10.12030/j.cjee.202512064

Catalytic Conversion Behavior and Degradation Mechanisms of Sulfur-Containing Multi-Pollutants such as Thiols and Thioethers: A Review

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Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering2026

Catalytic Conversion Behavior and Degradation Mechanisms of Sulfur-Containing Multi-Pollutants such as Thiols and Thioethers: A Review

The efficient treatment of sulfur-containing volatile organic compounds (S-VOCs) has become a critical task for air pollution control and green low-carbon transition under China's 14th Five-Year Plan. Industrial emissions often contain multiple S-VOC species, whose interactions can complicate degradation pathways, generate uncontrollable byproducts, and deactivate catalysts, limiting practical application. This review systematically summarizes the past decade of research on catalytic degradation of thiols and thioethers in multi-pollutant systems, focusing on competitive adsorption mechanisms, interfacial reaction pathways, and environmental factor regulation. Performance differences and reaction mechanisms across various catalyst systems under coexisting S-VOCs and inorganic sulfur are compared. Key findings indicate that mixed thiol systems exhibit faster deactivation than single-component systems due to temperature-dependent competitive adsorption and pathway switching, governed by molecular size–active site matching. Strategies such as metal–support strong interactions, zeolite confinement, nanocluster effects, and single-atom catalysts have improved activity and stability. However, dynamic competition mechanisms at active sites remain unresolved. Future research should develop atomic/molecular-level characterization techniques and multi-variable kinetic models, and shift from end-of-pipe purification to resource recovery, e.g., converting H2S and thiols into high-value chemicals like methanethiol, achieving dual goals of pollution control and sulfur resource recycling.

Read Full Abstract10.12030/j.cjee.202510044

Dominant Role of Digestate Biochar-Modified Zero-Valent Iron Interfacial Structure in Regulating Nitrobenzene Reduction Efficiency

Graphical AbstractVerified

Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering2026

Dominant Role of Digestate Biochar-Modified Zero-Valent Iron Interfacial Structure in Regulating Nitrobenzene Reduction Efficiency

Zero-valent iron (ZVI) suffers from surface passivation and low electron utilization in reductive removal of nitrobenzene (NB). To address these issues, a ball-milled iron/digestate biochar composite (BM-Fe/DBC) was prepared and compared with a physically mixed counterpart (PM-Fe/DBC). Characterization revealed that ball milling tightly embedded ZVI particles into the carbon matrix, forming Fe–C chemical bonds and a strong interfacial coupling structure that established efficient electron transfer channels. This structure significantly enhanced the micro-galvanic effect between iron and carbon, yielding superior reduction performance across a wide pH range (3–9). Under optimal conditions (Fe:C mass ratio 2:1, dosage 1.0 g·L−1, pH 5), BM-Fe/DBC achieved 79.9% NB removal, and the generation of aniline (AN) was 1.85 times that of PM-Fe/DBC. Mechanistic studies indicated that the intimate Fe–C interfacial coupling promoted sustained ZVI corrosion and enhanced the production of indirect reducing species, including adsorbed Fe(II) and atomic hydrogen (H*). Electrochemical analyses showed that BM-Fe/DBC exhibited a lower corrosion potential, a higher corrosion current density (approximately 2.15 times higher), and lower charge transfer resistance, kinetically confirming its superior electron transfer capability. These findings reveal that constructing strong interfacial coupling in iron–carbon composites via mechanochemical methods can effectively overcome key limitations of ZVI in reduction reactions, providing a theoretical basis and practical pathway for designing high-performance water treatment materials.

Read Full Abstract10.12030/j.cjee.202511043

Empowering a Chinese-Characteristic Waste Classification Model with Mid-End Intelligent Sorting

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Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering2026

Empowering a Chinese-Characteristic Waste Classification Model with Mid-End Intelligent Sorting

Given China's escalating municipal solid waste (MSW) generation and the limitations of current classification schemes, this study proposes a novel waste classification model centered on mid-end intelligent sorting technology. The approach integrates targeted pretreatment with multimodal visual recognition and robotic grasping to efficiently sort complex household waste, while compact equipment innovations adapt to the low-value characteristics of recyclables. An engineering demonstration case shows that the technology can effectively recover low-value recyclables comprising 15%–30% of mixed MSW. If applied at 5% of a case city's waste transfer stations, approximately 5×10^4 t of recyclables could be sorted annually. Preliminary estimates indicate a 20% return on investment for operators at an 80 t·d−1 scale. The study demonstrates that mid-end intelligent sorting offers a technically feasible and economically sustainable solution to reduce fiscal expenditure on waste classification while improving efficiency.

Read Full Abstract10.12030/j.cjee.202510042

Electrocatalytic Degradation of Phenol by Sn-Sb Co-doped Ti/SnO2 Electrode: Performance and Mechanism

Graphical AbstractVerified

Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering2026

Electrocatalytic Degradation of Phenol by Sn-Sb Co-doped Ti/SnO2 Electrode: Performance and Mechanism

To optimize the anode structure of Ti/SnO2-based electrodes in electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) and enhance their electrocatalytic activity and stability, Sn-Sb co-doped Ti/SnO2 electrodes were fabricated via a sol-gel method. The degradation performance and mechanism were evaluated using phenol as a model pollutant. Three electrodes were prepared with different Sn/Sb molar ratios: Ti/SnO2 (10:0), Ti/Sb (0:10), and Ti/SnO2-Sb (9:1). Characterization by XRD, SEM, and electrochemical tests revealed that the Sn-Sb co-doped electrode exhibited a dense surface, higher oxygen evolution potential (OEP), larger electrochemically active surface area, and lower charge transfer resistance compared to single-doped counterparts. In constant-current electrolysis experiments (20 mA·cm−2, pH=5, 0.1 mol·L−1 Na2SO4), the co-doped electrode achieved superior phenol and TOC removal efficiencies and higher apparent rate constants, with the lowest specific energy consumption per unit TOC removal. Radical quenching and intermediate analysis indicated that hydroxyl radicals (·OH) were the dominant reactive species. The degradation pathway involved aromatic ring hydroxylation, ring opening, and further mineralization of short-chain carboxylic acids. Sn-Sb co-doping enhanced the generation of ·OH by increasing surface adsorbed oxygen and defect site density. This synergistic doping strategy significantly improved the electrocatalytic activity and service life of Ti/SnO2-based anodes, providing a basis for the rational design of anode materials for EAOPs in treating refractory organic wastewater.

Read Full Abstract10.12030/j.cjee.202512045

Conformational Engineering Overcomes Multi-Mode Degradation in Perovskite Solar Cells

Graphical AbstractVerified

SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Conformational Engineering Overcomes Multi-Mode Degradation in Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved certified efficiencies exceeding 27%, rivaling silicon-based technologies, yet their operational stability under real-world conditions remains a critical barrier to commercialization. Exposure to full-spectrum sunlight, particularly ultraviolet (UV) radiation, coupled with diurnal temperature fluctuations and ingress of moisture and oxygen, induces multi-mode degradation pathways, including lattice distortion, defect accumulation, and interfacial strain. Conventional stabilization strategies typically address single degradation routes and rely on static passivation or fixed strain compensation, failing to adapt to the dynamic stress fields arising from thermal expansion-contraction cycles at buried interfaces. Here, we highlight a recent breakthrough by Zhou et al. that introduces a stepwise conformational engineering strategy to design multifunctional molecules capable of simultaneous UV shielding, dynamic strain regulation, and defect passivation. Starting from 1,1-diphenylethylene (DPE), which exhibits intrinsic UV absorption, a flexible octyl alkyl chain is incorporated to yield 1-octyl-2-(1-phenylvinyl)benzene (OPVB). The conformational freedom of the alkyl chain enables reversible thermal expansion and contraction, allowing in situ modulation of interfacial stress. Further functionalization with hydroxyl and carbonyl groups produces diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB), which integrates all three targeted properties. This molecular design addresses the bottleneck of multi-mode degradation by providing dynamic stress management, UV protection, and defect healing, thereby enhancing device stability and performance. The work establishes a new paradigm for fabricating stable PSCs under realistic operating conditions, with implications for accelerating industrial deployment.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3923-x

Characteristics of Autumn–Winter Daily Atmospheric Dustfall Pollution in the Core Area of Beijing

Graphical AbstractVerified

Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering2026

Characteristics of Autumn–Winter Daily Atmospheric Dustfall Pollution in the Core Area of Beijing

To address the low temporal resolution of conventional monthly dustfall monitoring and the lack of component information, this study proposed a daily dustfall measurement method that adds a filtration step to the Chinese standard method, referencing international standards. Using a sand-core filtration device with quartz or mixed cellulose ester membranes, the method achieved a spiked recovery of 101.1% ± 1.2%, good parallelism (y = 0.95x + 0.28), and satisfactory temporal closure. During autumn–winter (November 2020 to March 2021) at a representative site in Xicheng District, Beijing, daily dustfall ranged from 0.06 to 2.33 t·(km²·d)−1. Days with daily dustfall exceeding 0.7 t·(km²·d)−1 accounted for only 4% of the sampling days but contributed 25% of the total dustfall, with high values mainly occurring in January, March, and December. The insoluble fraction averaged 83% ± 12%, and a logarithmic model (y = 9.36ln(x) + 99.98) was established to estimate the insoluble proportion from insoluble dustfall (x, ≤1.00). Daily dustfall showed a strong positive correlation with average wind speed, and an exponential prediction model (y = 0.06e0.61x) was derived. Windy conditions (≥3 on the Beaufort scale) significantly amplified dustfall. The study recommends suspending earthwork, covering bare ground, and increasing watering frequency during high-wind alerts to mitigate dust pollution. This work provides a reliable method for high-resolution dustfall monitoring and insights for targeted pollution control in urban core areas.

Read Full Abstract10.12030/j.cjee.202511095

Numerical Simulation of Water Environment in the Mountainous River of the Upper Heihe River Based on MIKE21

Graphical AbstractVerified

Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering2026

Numerical Simulation of Water Environment in the Mountainous River of the Upper Heihe River Based on MIKE21

To systematically investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of hydrodynamics and water quality under cascaded hydropower development in the upper Heihe River, a MIKE21-based water environment model was constructed for the mountainous reach. The model simulated the dynamic changes of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) from January to August 2023. Calibration and validation against field data showed good performance: the hydrodynamic model achieved a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.89 and a mean relative error (MRE) of 11.3%; the water quality model achieved an average R2 of 0.86 and an average MRE of 14.21%. Hydrodynamic simulations revealed average flow velocities of 1.78, 0.72, and 0.36 m·s−1 during wet, normal, and dry periods, respectively. Natural river sections exhibited high velocities up to 4.3 m·s−1, while reservoir sections had near-stagnant flow due to hydraulic structures. Water quality simulations indicated that TN and NH3-N concentrations were higher in dry and normal periods, whereas TP was higher in the wet period. Spatially, concentrations in reservoir sections exceeded those in natural sections: natural sections had TP, TN, and NH3-N concentrations of 0.07–0.10, 0.25–0.50, and 0.025–0.250 mg·L−1, respectively, while reservoir sections had 0.12–0.17, 0.60–0.80, and 0.10–0.45 mg·L−1. These findings provide scientific references for water environment management in the Heihe River and similar inland river basins.

Read Full Abstract10.12030/j.cjee.202511055

Serpentine Shape Memory Alloy-Based Skin-Attachable Haptic Interface for Multimodal Tactile Feedback in Wearable Systems

Graphical AbstractVerified

SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Serpentine Shape Memory Alloy-Based Skin-Attachable Haptic Interface for Multimodal Tactile Feedback in Wearable Systems

Conventional haptic interfaces are constrained by rigid mechanical structures, limiting wearability and multimodal feedback. This study presents a skin-attachable haptic device based on a serpentine shape memory alloy (SMA) structure, addressing these bottlenecks through material and design innovation. Nitinol was micromachined via ultraviolet laser into a serpentine geometry, integrated with four actuators in an opposed layout around a central UV-cured probe. The system, encapsulated in a 3D-printed flexible finger cap, enables multimodal actuation: single-set activation produces lateral traction, two adjacent sets yield diagonal sliding, cyclic four-set activation induces rotation, and full activation simulates normal press, generating 11 distinct tactile modes. Wireless control via an ESP32 WROOM module (WiFi) eliminates cables. Safety is ensured by limiting driving current to 0.8 A and single-drive duration to 0.1 s, keeping skin contact temperature below 36°C. Experimental results show stable tactile forces of 0.5–0.85 N (exceeding the 0.1 N finger threshold) with response times ≤0.5 s. Durability tests demonstrated >95% displacement retention after 100 cycles at conventional frequency, with reversible high-frequency decay. Subject tests achieved 100% recognition accuracy for low-frequency patterns. Practical validation in VR interaction, navigation, and assistive technology confirmed utility, including millimetre-level positioning accuracy and target location by blindfolded users in under 15 s. This work provides a lightweight, wireless, multimodal haptic paradigm, though cooling efficiency and material fatigue require further optimization.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3896-7

Preparation of Slag-Based Carbon Powder-Sodium Alginate Composite Membrane and Its Efficient Adsorption of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solutions

Graphical AbstractVerified

Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering2026

Preparation of Slag-Based Carbon Powder-Sodium Alginate Composite Membrane and Its Efficient Adsorption of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solutions

A novel slag-based carbon powder-sodium alginate composite membrane was fabricated by incorporating purified slag-derived carbon powder into a sodium alginate matrix, followed by dual crosslinking with polyethyleneimine and glutaraldehyde. The membrane was designed to achieve waste-to-treat-waste objectives, enhance the resource value of industrial slag, and provide an efficient, regenerable adsorbent for Cr(VI) removal from water. Adsorption performance was systematically evaluated. Optimal adsorption occurred at pH 2, with elevated temperature and initial Cr(VI) concentration favoring uptake; equilibrium was reached at approximately 73 h. The adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model, and isotherm data fitted the Langmuir model, yielding a theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of 471.970 mg·g−1. Thermodynamic analysis indicated a spontaneous, endothermic process. In simulated wastewater containing multiple metal ions, competitive effects moderately reduced adsorption capacity. After three adsorption-desorption cycles, the membrane retained good structural stability despite a decline in capacity. Characterization via SEM-EDS, FTIR, and XPS revealed a porous structure and the involvement of functional groups such as –COOH and –NH2, with partial reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). The adsorption mechanism was attributed to synergistic electrostatic interaction, chemical coordination, and redox reactions.

Read Full Abstract10.12030/j.cjee.202512057

Interpretation of the National Standard GB/T 19515—2023: Requirements and Calculation Methods for Recyclability Rate and Recoverability Rate of Road Vehicles

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Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering2026

Interpretation of the National Standard GB/T 19515—2023: Requirements and Calculation Methods for Recyclability Rate and Recoverability Rate of Road Vehicles

The national standard GB/T 19515—2023, titled "Road vehicles - Recyclability and recoverability - Requirements and calculation methods," has been officially released and implemented. This standard is crucial for guiding automotive manufacturers in selecting recyclable materials for new products and enhancing the potential recyclability and recoverability of vehicles. This paper provides a comprehensive interpretation of the standard, covering its background, significance, technical requirements for the two rates (recyclability rate and recoverability rate), and the calculation methods. The standard aims to assist automotive enterprises in establishing a calculation system for these rates, thereby improving the recyclability performance of vehicles, reducing waste from end-of-life vehicles, and promoting the circular economy within the automotive industry. Key aspects include the alignment with international standards such as ISO 22628 and EU directives, the historical evolution of the standard from 2004 to 2023, and the detailed calculation methodology based on four stages of end-of-life vehicle processing: pre-treatment, dismantling, metal separation, and treatment of non-metallic residues. The paper also highlights the importance of design-phase considerations and the need for manufacturers to collect accurate material data from their supply chains. Future improvements to the standard are discussed, including expanding vehicle type coverage and refining material identification requirements.

Read Full Abstract10.12030/j.cjee.202504023

Coupling of Supramolecular Chemistry with Dynamic Covalent Chemistry for Circular Polymers

Graphical AbstractVerified

SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Coupling of Supramolecular Chemistry with Dynamic Covalent Chemistry for Circular Polymers

The escalating environmental burden of plastic waste necessitates innovative chemical recycling strategies that circumvent the energy-intensive and catalytic limitations of conventional depolymerization. This study highlights a seminal advance by Qi Zhang, Da-Hui Qu, Ben L. Feringa, and co-workers, published in Nature Nanotechnology, which integrates supramolecular self-assembly with dynamic covalent chemistry to achieve catalyst-free, solvent-free polymer-to-monomer transformation. The system employs thioctic amide (TAA), a derivative of α-lipoic acid featuring reversible disulfide bonds and hydrogen-bonding amide groups. Notably, TAA monomers resist ring-opening polymerization upon melting due to cross-stacked packing driven by amide hydrogen bonds, which kinetically separates the 1,2-dithiolane rings. Introduction of formic acid (FA) as a supramolecular modulator disrupts the hydrogen-bond network, enabling dynamic disulfide ROP. Subsequent solvent removal yields nanocrystalline poly(disulfide) (Nc-poly(TAA)), which upon annealing at 120 °C reorganizes into a semicrystalline polymer (Sc-poly(TAA)) with a Young's modulus of 3.9 GPa, comparable to Nylon 6. The semicrystalline polymer exhibits hierarchical order with densely packed spherulites and periodic lamellae stabilized by reticular hydrogen bonds, conferring exceptional mechanical robustness and resistance to humidity (80% RH for six days). Rheological analyses reveal a relaxation time exceeding 90 years at room temperature, indicating a kinetically trapped, metastable state. Remarkably, the polymer reverts quantitatively to monomeric crystals under mild heating (120 °C, 24 h) without catalyst or solvent, achieving >90% purity and quantitative yield. The recovered monomer can be repolymerized to virgin-quality polymer, establishing a closed-loop cycle. Life-cycle assessment shows a carbon footprint of only 0.36 kg CO2 per kg product, underscoring the environmental benefits. This work demonstrates a fundamentally new route to circular polymers, merging supramolecular chemistry with dynamic covalent bonds for sustainable materials.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3855-8

Integrating toughness and thermal insulation in oxide ceramics

Graphical AbstractVerified

SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Integrating toughness and thermal insulation in oxide ceramics

The advancement of extreme-condition equipment, such as hypersonic vehicles and next-generation gas turbine engines, imposes stringent requirements on thermal barrier materials, particularly high fracture toughness and low thermal conductivity. However, these properties are often mutually exclusive in oxide ceramics due to their intrinsic ionic and covalent bonding. Conventional strategies to reduce thermal conductivity, such as introducing point defects or porosity, typically degrade mechanical properties, while toughening methods like second-phase or phase transformation toughening can adversely affect thermal transport. Rare earth tantalates and niobates, which exhibit ferroelastic phase transitions, offer promise for ultra-high-temperature applications (>1500°C) due to their unique domain structures that enhance toughness. Yet, weak grain boundary bonding limits the full potential of ferroelastic toughening. Li et al. proposed a high-density dislocation engineering strategy to overcome this trade-off. By introducing dislocations with densities of 10^8–10^10 mm^-2 into (YTaO4)1-x/(Y3TaO7)x (x=0.1–0.6) composite ceramics via spark plasma sintering and subsequent heat treatment, they achieved significant reductions in thermal conductivity through phonon scattering while simultaneously enhancing fracture toughness via crack deflection and energy dissipation. This work successfully decouples thermal and mechanical performance, offering a new paradigm for microstructural design in thermal protection materials.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-026-4115-9

Construction of Thiol-Functionalized Chitin and Its Adsorption Performance and Mechanism for Pd(II)

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Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering2026

Construction of Thiol-Functionalized Chitin and Its Adsorption Performance and Mechanism for Pd(II)

Recovery of palladium from Pd-bearing wastewater is economically and environmentally significant. Adsorption is a promising method due to its simplicity, low cost, and high efficiency. In this study, a novel thiol-modified adsorbent (CHT-SH) was synthesized via one-step functionalization of inexpensive chitin (CHT) with thioglycolic acid. At room temperature and pH=2, CHT-SH exhibited an experimental adsorption capacity of 223.67 mg·g−1 for Pd(II), which was approximately 7 times higher than that of pristine CHT (30.6 mg·g−1). Kinetic and isotherm studies indicated that the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum theoretical adsorption capacity of 248.89 mg·g−1, suggesting monolayer chemisorption. Characterization (FTIR, SEM, XPS, XRD) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the adsorption mechanism primarily involved synergistic coordination of nitrogen and sulfur atoms, along with electrostatic interactions. Furthermore, CHT-SH demonstrated good reusability, retaining stable adsorption capacity after five adsorption-desorption cycles. Compared to other adsorbents that rely on redox mechanisms and are costly, CHT-SH offers comprehensive advantages. This work provides a cost-effective and efficient adsorbent for Pd(II) recovery from wastewater, offering technical support and theoretical reference for practical applications.

Read Full Abstract10.12030/j.cjee.202512059

Performance of Iron-Carbon-Manganese Ore Composite Substrate Constructed Wetland for Simultaneous Removal of Nitrogen and Tetracycline

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Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering2026

Performance of Iron-Carbon-Manganese Ore Composite Substrate Constructed Wetland for Simultaneous Removal of Nitrogen and Tetracycline

Constructed wetlands (CWs) with conventional substrates often exhibit limited removal of nitrogen and antibiotics from secondary effluent. This study developed an iron-carbon-manganese ore (Fe-C-Mn) composite substrate CW to enhance simultaneous removal of nitrogen and tetracycline (TC). Under influent TC of 2 mg·L−1 and total nitrogen (TN) of 15 mg·L−1, the Fe-C-Mn system achieved average TC removal of 91.3%, significantly higher than the gravel control (27.2%). TN and nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) removals reached 71.7% and 83.3%, respectively, versus 7.8% and 1.2% in the control. Substrate analysis revealed increased surface roughness and synergistic generation of active components (Fe(II)/Fe(III) and Mn(II)), driving autotrophic denitrification and TC biodegradation/chemical degradation. Microbial community analysis indicated reduced overall diversity but selective enrichment of potential TC degraders (e.g., Trichosporon, Bacillota) and denitrifiers (e.g., unclassified_f_Rhodocyclaceae). TC degradation pathways included demethylation, hydroxylation, and ring-opening, ultimately yielding small metabolites. These findings provide theoretical and technical support for enhanced removal of antibiotics and nitrogen from secondary effluent using CWs.

Read Full Abstract10.12030/j.cjee.202512052

Stratification of Persulfate in Porous Aquifers and Its Impact on Remediation of Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid Contamination

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Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering2026

Stratification of Persulfate in Porous Aquifers and Its Impact on Remediation of Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid Contamination

Persulfate (PS) is a common oxidant in in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) for groundwater organic contamination, but its vertical concentration stratification may lead to inefficient remediation of light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs). To investigate the vertical stratification characteristics of PS in porous aquifers and its impact on LNAPLs remediation, static water column experiments and flowing water sand tank experiments were conducted. The migration behavior of PS under non-slow-release and slow-release conditions was compared, with Br− as a reference tracer and benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) as LNAPLs contaminants. Results showed that in static water columns, Br− exhibited weak vertical migration, short migration distance, and a low decay rate (0.009 d−1), consistent with a stable tracer. In contrast, PS showed strong vertical migration, with concentrations increasing with depth; under slow-release conditions, the concentration difference between the top and bottom of the column could reach two orders of magnitude. Br− migration was dominated by molecular diffusion (effective diffusion coefficient 2.2×10−9 m2·s−1), while PS migration was driven by both diffusion and density. Under slow-release conditions, the average PS decay rate was 0.072 d−1, slightly higher than the non-slow-release rate (0.059 d−1). In both column and sand tank experiments, BTX exhibited a distinct shallow-layer distribution, contrasting with PS. When the aquifer thickness is large, PS stratification limits its contact with LNAPLs contaminants, increasing remediation cost and difficulty. These findings provide theoretical reference for PS-based ISCO remediation of LNAPLs in porous aquifers.

Read Full Abstract10.12030/j.cjee.202512025

Nitrogen Removal Performance of Tidal Flow Constructed Wetlands Based on α-Fe2O3/Volcanic Rock Mixed Substrate

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Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering2026

Nitrogen Removal Performance of Tidal Flow Constructed Wetlands Based on α-Fe2O3/Volcanic Rock Mixed Substrate

To enhance the adsorption performance of volcanic rock for nitrogen in water, an α-Fe2O3/volcanic rock composite was successfully prepared via ferric citrate impregnation and calcination. Its adsorption characteristics for NH4+-N and NO3−-N and application in tidal flow constructed wetlands (TFCWs) were systematically investigated. Results showed that the adsorption kinetics of both nitrogen forms followed a pseudo-second-order model, indicating chemisorption dominance. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models both fitted the data, suggesting coexistence of monolayer and multilayer adsorption. The saturated adsorption capacities of α-Fe2O3/volcanic rock for NH4+-N and NO3−-N were 0.055 mg·g−1 and 0.067 mg·g−1, respectively. In TFCWs using this composite as substrate, average removal efficiencies for NH4+-N and NO3−-N reached 72.51% and 68.13%, respectively. Furthermore, microbial community abundance and diversity in the wetland system significantly increased, indicating that α-Fe2O3 introduction effectively enhanced microbial activity, thereby improving nitrogen removal efficiency.

Read Full Abstract10.12030/j.cjee.202511005

Stabilization Efficiency and Mechanisms of Iron-Manganese Phosphate Modified Biochar for Cadmium, Lead, and Zinc Co-Contaminated Soil

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Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering2026

Stabilization Efficiency and Mechanisms of Iron-Manganese Phosphate Modified Biochar for Cadmium, Lead, and Zinc Co-Contaminated Soil

The co-contamination of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in agricultural soils near mining areas poses significant risks to ecosystems and human health. Conventional stabilization materials often exhibit insufficient performance for Zn, particularly in multi-metal systems. This study synthesized a novel composite biochar (PFMBC) by loading phosphate and iron-manganese oxides onto biochar via phosphoric acid impregnation followed by secondary pyrolysis at 600 °C. The stabilization efficiency of PFMBC was evaluated against pristine biochar (BC) and iron-manganese modified biochar (FMBC) in a soil collected from a lead-zinc mining area (total Cd: 43.77 mg·kg−1, Pb: 3355.94 mg·kg−1, Zn: 1296.57 mg·kg−1). After 60 days of incubation with 5% PFMBC, the DTPA-extractable (bioavailable) fractions of Cd, Pb, and Zn decreased by 73.44%, 90.10%, and 69.33%, respectively, significantly outperforming BC and FMBC. Sequential extraction indicated that PFMBC promoted the transformation of Cd, Pb, and Zn from acid-soluble and reducible fractions to more stable residual fractions. Characterization via FTIR, SEM, and XRD revealed enhanced surface functional groups and the formation of stable mineral phases. The synergistic effects of phosphate precipitation, iron-manganese oxide adsorption, and surface complexation contributed to the superior stabilization, particularly overcoming the challenge of Zn immobilization. These findings demonstrate that PFMBC is a promising amendment for the remediation of Cd-Pb-Zn co-contaminated soils, offering high efficiency and long-term stability.

Read Full Abstract10.12030/j.cjee.202512015