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Efficient Recovery of Lithium and Cobalt from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using a ChCl-OA-H2O Deep Eutectic Solvent

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The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering2026

Efficient Recovery of Lithium and Cobalt from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using a ChCl-OA-H2O Deep Eutectic Solvent

The proliferation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in portable electronics and electric vehicles has generated a pressing need for sustainable recycling of spent batteries. Conventional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical routes suffer from low metal recovery efficiencies or require additional precipitants. This study introduces a clean and efficient process for recovering lithium (Li) and cobalt (Co) from spent LiCoO2 cathode materials using a choline chloride-oxalic acid-water (ChCl-OA-H2O) deep eutectic solvent (DES). The method exploits selective precipitation of Co as cobalt oxalate dihydrate (CoC2O4·2H2O) followed by water-content-regulated recovery of Li as lithium oxalate (Li2C2O4) via evaporation crystallization, eliminating the need for external precipitants. Under optimized conditions (molar ratio 1:1:8, solid-liquid ratio 100 g/L, 90 °C, 6.5 h), the leaching efficiency of Li reached 99.4%, with recovery efficiencies of 88.3% for Li and 97.8% for Co. The DES system demonstrated robust cycling stability, maintaining Li and Co recoveries of 78.1% and 92.8% after six regeneration cycles. This work provides a low-pollution, economically viable pathway for LIB recycling, contributing to resource sustainability and offering significant industrial potential.

Read Full Abstract10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225221

Effect of Foaming Agent on the Performance of Phosphogypsum-Based Lightweight Ceramsite

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The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering2026

Effect of Foaming Agent on the Performance of Phosphogypsum-Based Lightweight Ceramsite

Phosphogypsum, a by-product of wet-process phosphoric acid production, poses severe environmental and safety challenges due to its massive annual output and stockpiling. This study addresses the urgent need for resource utilization by employing phosphogypsum as the primary raw material, supplemented with ground granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash, and type II anhydrite. Two foaming agents, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and aluminum powder, were used to regulate pore structure, and their effects on ceramsite performance were compared. Under identical preparation conditions, aluminum powder yielded higher 7-day cylinder compressive strength than NaHCO3. Optimal formulations achieved a maximum cylinder compressive strength of 6.5 MPa with a bulk density of 1020 kg/m3, meeting lightweight aggregate concrete strength requirements. Aluminum powder produced closed pores, reducing bulk density to as low as 765 kg/m3, while NaHCO3 generated interconnected pores leading to higher water absorption. XRD, SEM, and BET analyses revealed that strength-contributing phases are calcium silicate hydrate and calcium aluminate hydrate; trace heavy metals (Mo, Ti) hinder their formation, causing structural defects. This work demonstrates a green, non-fired route for phosphogypsum valorization, offering environmental and economic benefits and a pathway for large-scale utilization.

Read Full Abstract10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225200

Scalable Green Synthesis of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride

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The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering2026

Scalable Green Synthesis of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride

Imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) are foundational materials in sustainable chemical engineering due to their negligible volatility, exceptional thermal stability, and tunable properties. This study details the development, optimization, and analysis of an industrial-scale green synthesis pathway for 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) via quaternization of N-methylimidazole with 1-chlorobutane. Reaction parameters were optimized using orthogonal experimental design, and process intensification strategies were implemented to enhance efficiency and environmental sustainability. The optimal conditions were identified as a reaction temperature of 76 °C, a molar ratio of N-methylimidazole to 1-chlorobutane of 1:1.3, and a reaction time of 36 h, achieving a single-pass yield of 95.6%. Kinetic studies revealed a significant correlation between temperature, molar ratio, and conversion efficiency, with an activation energy (Ea) of approximately 135.7 kJ/mol, indicating pronounced temperature dependence. A closed-loop material recycling system was designed, enabling recovery rates of 99.5% for 1-chlorobutane and 98.1% for ethyl acetate, thereby curtailing raw material consumption and waste generation. This approach aligns with green chemistry principles and propels the process toward near-zero emissions. The pathway offers a scalable model for [Bmim]Cl manufacture and a transferable strategy for synthesizing other ionic liquids, representing a substantial advancement in sustainable process engineering.

Read Full Abstract10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225227

Experimental Study on Classification Performance of Multi-Arm Vortex Separator

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The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering2026

Experimental Study on Classification Performance of Multi-Arm Vortex Separator

The development of efficient catalyst classification technologies is crucial for optimizing fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) and catalytic pyrolysis coupling processes, where distinct particle size distributions are required for different reaction pathways. In this study, a large-scale cold-model experimental platform of a multi-arm vortex separator is established to explore the influence of operating conditions on classification behavior. Systematic experiments are conducted by changing ejection gas velocity (8~20 m/s), inlet particle concentration (30~70 g/m3), and bed linear velocity (0.15~0.25 m/s). The results demonstrate that ejection gas velocity governs classification sharpness by controlling the entrainment of fines within the coarse fraction. The increase in ejection gas velocity enlarges the upward axial gas velocity inside the device, thereby enhancing the entrainment effect on particles near the vortex arm outlets. Increasing the ejection gas velocity from 12 to 16 m/s reduces proportion of fine particles in coarse components from 14% to 12%. The inlet particle concentration imposes competing effects on classification performance: while higher concentrations promote agglomeration and modify turbulence distribution, excessive loading intensifies fine-particle entrainment, thereby diminishing classification selectivity. The system maintains stable pressure drop characteristics under different bed linear velocities, with the pressure drop increasing by maximum of about 15% when the bed linear velocity is raised from 0.15 m/s to 0.25 m/s. Analysis of grade efficiency curves reveals classical S-shaped profiles with cut sizes (dc50) shifting under different operating regimes. Higher particle concentrations reduces dc50, favoring fine-particle removal, while higher ejection gas velocities enlarge dc50, moving the classification boundary toward larger sizes. These findings confirm the synergistic effect of ejection gas velocity and inlet concentration, highlighting that rational parameter matching can simultaneously improve efficiency and selectivity. Beyond the experimental findings, this work emphasizes the broader applicability of multi-arm vortex separators in refining and petrochemical processes. By enabling precise adjustment of particle size distribution, the system offers a promising pathway for enhancing catalyst utilization, extending catalyst lifetime, and facilitating process intensification in coupled FCC-pyrolysis units.

Read Full Abstract10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225246

Improvement of Homogeneity for Direct Cooling Battery Thermal Management System in Electric Vehicles under Dynamic Operating Conditions

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The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering2026

Improvement of Homogeneity for Direct Cooling Battery Thermal Management System in Electric Vehicles under Dynamic Operating Conditions

Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in electric vehicles due to their high energy density, long cycle life, and stability. However, significant heat generation caused by power fluctuations under dynamic driving conditions poses substantial challenges to battery safety and longevity. Existing research often focuses on thermal behavior under fixed ambient temperatures or constant discharge rates, failing to replicate real-world dynamic operations. This study investigates the thermal performance of a 52 Ah battery pack under three typical dynamic operating conditions: steady operation, alternating load operation, and progressive acceleration. Experiments were conducted at ambient temperatures of 25, 30, and 35°C. Results show that the direct cooling thermal management system meets temperature control requirements during steady and alternating load operations at all tested temperatures. However, under progressive acceleration at 35°C, the battery pack's maximum surface temperature reaches 49.8°C with a significant temperature difference of 16.5°C, exceeding safe limits. After installing aluminum fins, the maximum temperature is reduced to 40.9°C, and the temperature difference drops to 5.0°C. Longitudinal temperature difference decreases from 11.2°C to 4.6°C, and transverse temperature difference from 5.9°C to 1.2°C. The fins enhance longitudinal heat conduction and mitigate transverse temperature imbalance. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing thermal management strategies and provide experimental data for developing more effective systems, contributing to improved battery safety and longevity under real-world driving conditions.

Read Full Abstract10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225159

Advancing a Thriving Materials Science Community: The 2026 Emerging Investigator Issue of Science China Materials

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Advancing a Thriving Materials Science Community: The 2026 Emerging Investigator Issue of Science China Materials

The 2026 Emerging Investigator Issue of Science China Materials showcases the work of 41 early-career scientists across diverse fields including rechargeable batteries, optoelectronic materials, structural materials, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, ferroelectric materials, and thermoelectric materials. This editorial highlights key contributions: Yuxin Tang et al. review ionic liquids for lithium batteries; Fei Xu et al. achieve 99.9% average Coulombic efficiency over 3500 cycles in Zn half-cells using an ultrathin polydimethylsiloxane interphase; Linfeng Hu et al. report Te vacancy-rich Bi2Te3 nanosheets enhancing zinc ion storage; Ying Zhang et al. convert chlorinated plastic waste into high-performance sodium-ion battery anodes. In optoelectronics, Kai Li et al. develop a TADF-Cu(I) complex for red OLEDs with maximum EQE of 25.9% and negligible roll-off; Zhongyan Huang et al. achieve deep-blue MR-TADF emitters with EQE up to 34.4%. Electronic materials advances include flexible neuromorphic electronics and printed flexible electronics. Structural materials research includes high-entropy carbides with oxidation resistance at 2500°C, precipitation-hardened medium-entropy alloys, and biomimetic composites. The issue also covers photocatalytic hydrogenation and CO2 reduction. This collection underscores the vitality and breadth of materials science research, addressing critical challenges in energy, electronics, and structural applications.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-026-4122-5

SinoGreenTech ResearchThe Chinese Journal of Process Engineering

The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering2026

Optimization Strategies for Thermal Transport Properties in p-Type Mg3Sb2-Based Thermoelectric Materials: A Review

Mg3Sb2-based materials, featuring a unique layered crystal structure, exhibit a favorable combination of low thermal conductivity, high Seebeck coefficient, and decent carrier mobility, establishing them among the most promising mid-temperature thermoelectric systems under active investigation. However, p-type Mg3Sb2 derivatives demonstrate a comparatively lower thermoelectric figure of merit (zT) compared to their n-type counterparts. Enhancing the zT performance of p-type Mg3Sb2 is therefore essential for the development of high-efficiency thermoelectric devices based on this material system. This review systematically summarizes the critical factors governing the thermal transport properties of p-type Mg3Sb2, including intrinsic characteristics such as chemical bonding and crystal structure, as well as extrinsic parameters such as carrier concentration, mobility, point defects, microstructure, and temperature dependence effects. Furthermore, it highlights recent advances in strategies designed to optimize thermal conductivity (κ) and improve zT, mainly including point defect engineering (such as Mg-site doping, Sb-site doping, dual-site co-doping, as well as doping-assisted composite modification), low-dimensional and nanostructural design, and advanced preparation technologies. Experimental studies demonstrate that these targeted strategies, particularly the synergistic introduction of multi-scale defects, can effectively suppress phonon propagation and significantly reduce lattice thermal conductivity (κL). Consequently, substantial improvements in the overall zT of p-type Mg3Sb2-based materials have been realized, providing a robust scientific and technical foundation for accelerating the practical application of Mg3Sb2-based thermoelectric devices.

Read Full Abstract10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225191

Advances in Hydrogen Therapy and Hydrogen Administration Biomaterials for Respiratory Diseases

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Advances in Hydrogen Therapy and Hydrogen Administration Biomaterials for Respiratory Diseases

Molecular hydrogen has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent in respiratory medicine owing to its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Its visibility during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak demonstrated its potential, but the significance of hydrogen therapy extends far beyond a single infection. This review examines pathological features shared across respiratory diseases, with emphasis on viral infections exemplified by SARS-CoV-2, and summarizes advances in hydrogen administration, its biological effects and therapeutic mechanisms. Particular consideration is given to biomaterial-assisted delivery strategies that enable sustained and targeted release in the lung. Clinical studies, including examples from COVID-19, provide evidence for the therapeutic potential of molecular hydrogen and its capacity to support recovery in respiratory diseases. Established administration routes such as inhalation, hydrogen-rich water and hydrogen-enriched saline have been evaluated in both preclinical and clinical settings, while emerging biomaterials provide platforms for controlled release and pulmonary targeting. Future development of hydrogen therapy in respiratory medicine is discussed, with particular focus on optimizing delivery strategies, establishing dose-effect relationships and strengthening long-term clinical evaluation.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3723-4

Towards Sliding Ferroelectricity in Two-Dimensional van der Waals Materials

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Towards Sliding Ferroelectricity in Two-Dimensional van der Waals Materials

Sliding ferroelectricity arises from lateral interlayer shifts in stacked two-dimensional van der Waals materials, where relative sliding of one layer over another breaks inversion symmetry and generates switchable polarization. This novel mechanism enables intrinsically nonpolar crystals to exhibit ferroelectric behavior via specific stacking arrangements, expanding the pool of potential ferroelectrics. Distinctive features include ultralow switching barriers, exceptional endurance over millions to trillions of cycles, and ultrafast polarization reversal on sub-nanosecond timescales, surpassing conventional ferroelectrics. This review begins with theoretical models of sliding ferroelectricity, followed by experimental verification and characterization techniques. It then discusses recent advances in polarization-switching kinetics, domain wall dynamics, topological polar structures, multiple polarization states, optical probing, and active modulation strategies. Finally, challenges and future prospects for two-dimensional sliding ferroelectric materials are addressed.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3884-1

Protonation-Mediated Multifunctional Silk Fibroin Hydrogel Adhesives for Epidermal Interface Sensing

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Protonation-Mediated Multifunctional Silk Fibroin Hydrogel Adhesives for Epidermal Interface Sensing

Silk fibroin (SF)-based hydrogels are promising for biological interfaces, yet achieving multifunctionality—mechanical robustness, adhesion, conductivity, and stability—often requires chemical modification that compromises biocompatibility. Here, we report a protonation-mediated SF/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel adhesive that retains natural silk properties while gaining tailored functionalities. The physically crosslinked network is formed solely via molecular interactions, with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as a protonation agent to modulate hydrogen bonding, enabling precise control over adhesion, mechanical strength, and electronic conductivity. Glycerol (Gly) is incorporated as a moisturizing agent to enhance long-term stability for skin applications. The resulting hydrogel exhibits excellent performance in monitoring electrophysiological signals, including electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG), and electroencephalogram (EEG), demonstrating its potential as a platform for advanced biological interfaces. This work addresses the critical challenge of developing SF-based hydrogels that combine natural advantages with multifunctionality, offering a promising route for wearable health monitors and human-machine interfaces.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3935-1

Ultrathin hydrophobic anode/electrolyte interphase for stable zinc-metal anode

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Ultrathin hydrophobic anode/electrolyte interphase for stable zinc-metal anode

Aqueous Zn-ion batteries (AZIBs) are promising for next-generation energy storage due to high safety and low cost, but their practical use is limited by Zn dendrite growth and side reactions. An ideal anode/electrolyte interphase should block water contact while enabling fast Zn2+ transport, yet conventional thick interphases increase ionic resistance and polarization. Here, we report a hydrophobic yet ultrathin (~5 nm) polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) artificial interphase fabricated via conformal coating. The oxygen-rich PDMS layer selectively coordinates Zn2+ while its superhydrophobicity excludes water, and the ultrathin nature enables rapid Zn2+ conduction, enhancing the Zn2+ transference number by 2.28-fold. This synergistic design suppresses dendrites and mitigates hydrogen evolution. The PDMS-modified anode achieves 99.9% Coulombic efficiency over 3500 cycles, 880-hour symmetrical cell operation at 60% depth of discharge, and 2500-cycle full-cell endurance under lean Zn conditions (N/P ratio 5.7). Proof-of-concept pouch cells sustain 1400 cycles with a 0.01% decay rate. This molecular-scale interphase strategy provides a feasible pathway toward practical AZIB implementation.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3485-0

Organic Solar Windows with Full Visual Aesthetics

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Organic Solar Windows with Full Visual Aesthetics

Visual aesthetics is a key metric of semi-transparent organic photovoltaics (ST-OPVs) for building-integrated solar windows, yet previous studies have primarily focused on the compromise between efficiency and transparency. This work addresses the overlooked aspect of full visual aesthetic control, particularly the bidirectional reflected color for architectural harmony, via designing ST-OPVs with double-sided ultra-thin Ag/TeO2 transparent electrodes. This design facilitates full-spectrum color tunability covering the whole standard color gamut of CIE coordinates on both surfaces, achieved simply by adjusting layer thicknesses. The resulting devices exhibit neutral transparency (16.6%–27.0% average visible transmittance) and competitive power conversion efficiencies (8.1%–9.2%). Additionally, the devices demonstrate strong flexibility, with flexibility-adaptive coloration and curvature-enhanced aesthetics. This work presents an ST-OPV design featuring full visual aesthetics and considerable performance, paving the way for commercialization of organic solar windows for building and vehicle integration.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3451-2

Stable precursor engineering for large and high-quality MAPbBr3 single crystal toward efficient high-energy radiation detection

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Stable precursor engineering for large and high-quality MAPbBr3 single crystal toward efficient high-energy radiation detection

Methylammonium lead tribromide (MAPbBr3) single crystals (SCs) are promising for room-temperature gamma-ray and X-ray detection, but scaling their size often compromises crystal quality. Here, we report a strategic precursor stoichiometry engineering approach to grow inch-sized, high-quality MAPbBr3 SCs via a constant-temperature evaporation method. We show that constructing a robust electrical double layer through organic cation modulation effectively stabilizes the colloidal precursor. This is achieved by synergistically suppressing MA+ deprotonation while promoting MA+ adsorption as counterions on the [PbBrn]2−n complexes, which collectively strengthens interparticle repulsion and raises the nucleation barrier. This multifaceted approach yields MAPbBr3 SCs with lateral dimensions up to 2 inches and an exceptional X-ray diffraction rocking curve full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 0.0093° at the (002) face. Consequently, the SCs enable spectroscopic-grade gamma-ray detection, achieving energy resolutions (ER) of 8.4% for the 57Co source (122 keV) and 11.1% for the 137Cs source (662 keV), along with a high X-ray sensitivity of 1.65 × 10^4 μC Gy−1 cm−2. This work paves the way for the practical application of MAPbBr3 SCs in high-performance gamma-ray and X-ray detection.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3930-3

Tellurium vacancy-rich Bi2Te3 as a high-performance cathode material for aqueous zinc ion storage

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Tellurium vacancy-rich Bi2Te3 as a high-performance cathode material for aqueous zinc ion storage

Layered transition metal tellurides (TMTs) are promising cathode materials for aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) due to their graphite-like layered structure and weak van der Waals interactions, which facilitate rapid ion transport. However, their holistic performance—specific capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability—remains insufficient for practical applications. Here, we report a straightforward NaBH4-assisted chemical etching method to introduce abundant Te vacancies on the surface of Bi2Te3 (denoted H-Bi2Te3). Experimental and theoretical analyses reveal that these Te vacancies refine the band structure, enhance electrical conductivity, and significantly reduce the diffusion barrier for Zn2+ ions. Additionally, the vacancies provide increased storage sites for Zn ions. Consequently, H-Bi2Te3 exhibits superior zinc storage performance: a high Zn2+ diffusion coefficient of 3.98×10−11 cm2 s−1, a specific capacity of 325 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, a rate capability of 217 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1, and exceptional cycling stability with 70 mAh g−1 retained after 10,000 cycles at 1 A g−1. This work introduces a novel vacancy defect engineering strategy for TMT-based cathodes in AZIBs and expands the potential applications of vacancy-rich TMT materials.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3599-5

Flexoelectricity in Ferroelectrics: From Fundamentals to Applications

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Flexoelectricity in Ferroelectrics: From Fundamentals to Applications

Flexoelectricity, the generation of electrical polarization in response to a strain gradient, is a fundamental electromechanical coupling mechanism that has gained significant attention due to its enhanced effects in ferroelectric materials, which exhibit large dielectric permittivities. This review comprehensively examines the classical theories and recent advances in flexoelectricity, with a primary focus on ferroelectric materials. We discuss the advantages and limitations of various characterization techniques, computational models for determining flexoelectric coefficients, and the mechanisms that enhance flexoelectricity in different ferroelectric systems. Furthermore, we explore the applications of flexoelectricity in devices, highlighting its potential to overcome the dimensional and stability limitations of piezoelectricity, particularly at the micro- and nanoscale. The review concludes by outlining future research directions, aiming to provide valuable insights for advancing both the fundamental science of flexoelectricity and the development of high-performance practical devices.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3872-3

Growth of quasi-1D PtSe2 semimetallic nanowire for high-performance bi-directional photodetection

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Growth of quasi-1D PtSe2 semimetallic nanowire for high-performance bi-directional photodetection

One-dimensional (1D) and quasi-1D platinum diselenide (PtSe2) exhibit enhanced quantum confinement and surface effects, leading to distinctive electronic and optical properties. However, efficient synthesis of high-quality quasi-1D PtSe2 with controlled dimensionality and orientation remains challenging. Here, we report the first successful synthesis of quasi-1D PtSe2 via a carrier-gas-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) approach. By optimizing hydrogen concentration, we achieved highly oriented and crystalline quasi-1D PtSe2, which exhibits exceptional thermodynamic stability along the (110) crystal plane. Electrical characterization reveals that 2D few-layer PtSe2 exhibits p-type semiconductor properties, while quasi-1D multilayer PtSe2 displays semimetallic behavior. Due to quantum confinement effects, both materials exhibit similar carrier mobilities. In photodetection at 1550 nm, 2D PtSe2 exhibits conventional positive photoresponse with a maximum responsivity of 97.0 A/W. In contrast, quasi-1D PtSe2 demonstrates unique negative photoresponse, achieving a maximum responsivity of 194.2 A/W, attributed to its semimetallic nature and significant surface traps. Temperature-dependent photoresponse measurements at various power levels further confirm that the negative response originates from a defect-assisted photogating effect, the strength of which exhibits significant temperature dependence under high-power illumination. This work not only fills a gap in the synthesis of 1D PtSe2 but also provides a novel material platform for developing advanced infrared optoelectronic devices.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3881-y

Steric Encapsulation of Multi-Resonance TADF Emitters Enabling Narrowband Deep-Blue OLEDs with High Efficiency and High Brightness at Elevated Doping Levels

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Steric Encapsulation of Multi-Resonance TADF Emitters Enabling Narrowband Deep-Blue OLEDs with High Efficiency and High Brightness at Elevated Doping Levels

Deep-blue multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) emitters with high efficiency, high color purity, and high brightness are critically important for next-generation OLED displays, yet remain challenging due to severe aggregation and host-guest interactions in the solid state. Herein, we report a core-encapsulating molecular design strategy in which bulky and non-conjugated peripheral groups are introduced to sterically encapsulate a blue-emitting MR core, thereby suppressing intermolecular π-π interactions without perturbing its intrinsic electronic structure. Two new emitters, DNa-BN and QNa-BN, featuring half-encapsulated and fully encapsulated MR-core architectures, respectively, were developed. Owing to its fully encapsulated structure, QNa-BN exhibits pronounced aggregation resistance at high doping concentrations, maintaining photoluminescence quantum yields exceeding 96%, radiative decay rate constants on the order of 10^8 s−1, and fast reverse intersystem crossing rates (~10^5 s−1). Consequently, sensitizer-free OLEDs based on QNa-BN deliver narrowband deep-blue emission at 458 nm with a full width at half maximum of 22 nm, CIE coordinates of (0.142, 0.085), a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE_max) of 34.4%, and a maximum luminance exceeding 20,000 cd m−2. Furthermore, by adopting a hyperfluorescence architecture, the EQE_max is further boosted to 38.7% with significantly suppressed efficiency roll-off. This work demonstrates that steric encapsulation of the MR core provides an effective and general approach to achieving aggregation-resistant, high-efficiency, and high-brightness deep-blue MR-TADF emitters for OLED applications.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-026-4094-8

Short-lived TADF-Cu(I) complex for red OLEDs with EQE max of 25.9% and <2% roll-off at 10,000 cd m−2

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Short-lived TADF-Cu(I) complex for red OLEDs with EQE max of 25.9% and <2% roll-off at 10,000 cd m−2

Cu(I) complexes exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) have emerged as promising alternatives to noble-metal-based emitters for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, the development of red-emitting Cu(I) complexes has been hindered by slow radiative decay and fast nonradiative decay. In this study, a linear two-coordinate Cu(I) complex, ICuTMC, was designed and synthesized. By pairing a pyrazine-fused N-heterocyclic carbene and a tetra-methylcarbazolyl ligand, a strong ligand-to-ligand charge transfer excited state is generated. Single-crystal structure authenticates close intramolecular C–H···Cu contacts, providing good steric shielding to the metal center. C–H···π interactions between ligands are also revealed. The complex exhibits highly efficient red TADF with emission maximum at 622 nm, photoluminescence quantum yield of 76%, and short delayed fluorescence lifetime of 0.24 μs. This is enabled by a large oscillator strength from the coplanar donor-Cu-acceptor conformation, a small singlet-triplet energy gap from spatial separation of frontier molecular orbitals, and strong spin-orbit coupling from the metal center. Vacuum-deposited OLEDs based on ICuTMC achieve a peak external quantum efficiency of 25.9% and a significantly small roll-off of 1.9% at 10,000 cd m−2. These performances demonstrate a way to overcome the energy gap law for linear coinage metal complexes toward red OLEDs.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3595-7

Aqueous-Isopropanol-Based Green Ink Formulation of Single-Crystalline Transition Metal Chalcogenides for Fully-Printed Strain-Insensitive Flexible Sensing Electronics

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Aqueous-Isopropanol-Based Green Ink Formulation of Single-Crystalline Transition Metal Chalcogenides for Fully-Printed Strain-Insensitive Flexible Sensing Electronics

Inkjet printing of two-dimensional transition metal chalcogenides (TMDs) is promising for low-cost, large-scale flexible electronics, yet challenges persist due to poor crystallinity and toxic solvents. Here, we report a green ink formulation using zwitterionic cocamidopropyl betaine (CAB) as a dispersant and surfactant for liquid-phase exfoliation of single-crystalline TMDs in water and isopropanol (IPA). The dispersions contain no additives or binders, enabling direct production of stable (over one month) and concentrated (2 mg/mL) inks for MoS2, MoTe2, WS2, WSe2, and WTe2. Fully-printed MoSe2/CAB humidity sensors exhibit superior sensitivity (ΔI/I0 = 468.1) and rapid response/recovery times (27 s/0.42 s) under bending. Inkjet-printed WTe2/CAB pads on 6-μm-thick substrates demonstrate exceptional mechanical stability, with resistance variations of 1.4% under single bending and 2% after 1,000 cycles, and acquire high-quality electrocardiogram (ECG) and electromyography (EMG) signals. This strategy enables scalable fabrication of TMD-based flexible electronics, advancing industrial integration.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3470-6

Temperature-Mediated Morphological Control of Organic Semiconductor Crystals for Organic Field-Effect Transistors

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Temperature-Mediated Morphological Control of Organic Semiconductor Crystals for Organic Field-Effect Transistors

Organic semiconductor crystals with well-defined morphologies are highly desirable for high-performance optoelectronic devices, yet precise control over their growth remains a challenge. Here, a novel donor-acceptor (D-A) molecule, TQDPT, has been successfully developed, featuring a rigid π-conjugated acceptor core composed of thiazoloquinoxaline and naphthalene, coupled with phenylphenothiazine donors. This study presents a temperature-mediated crystallization strategy for precisely controlling the morphology and carrier transport properties of TQDPT single crystals. By systematically investigating the growth kinetics across a controlled temperature range (15–35°C), we reveal a distinct transition from needle-like structures to plate-like crystals, with tunable average widths spanning from around 2.8 to 30.1 μm. This morphological evolution is driven by temperature-dependent molecular diffusion and nucleation kinetics. Significantly, the plate-like crystals grown at 25°C exhibit an order-of-magnitude enhancement in mobility compared to needle-like counterparts, while higher temperatures of 35°C yield broader crystals with improved carrier mobility and device stability. This work highlights the critical role of temperature as a pivotal parameter in the dimensional and electronic optimization of organic crystals, offering an attractive approach to optimize functional materials for advanced optoelectronics.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3882-y

Recycling polyvinyl chloride plastics into hard carbon: influence of functional groups on structural and electrochemical properties

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Recycling polyvinyl chloride plastics into hard carbon: influence of functional groups on structural and electrochemical properties

The global surge in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waste demands urgent technological solutions that address both environmental persistence and resource recovery. Here, we present a triple-functionalization strategy that converts chlorinated plastic waste into high-performance sodium-ion battery anodes through molecular-level control of carbon architectures. Sequential dichlorination, sulfonation, and N-doping collaboratively reconfigure precursor reactivity, steering pyrolysis toward hierarchically porous hard carbon with tailored defect chemistry. Sulfonic groups stabilize 3D carbon skeletons during carbonization, enabling closed-pore formation with an average diameter of ~2.55 nm while N-doping expands interlayer spacing (0.382 nm) and creates adsorption-active pyrrolic-N sites. This defect-engineered synergy delivers unprecedented sodium storage metrics: 355 mAh g−1 reversible capacity at 0.1 A g−1 (95.4% of graphite’s Li-ion capacity), a capacity retention of 216 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1 (70.1% capacity retention), and 188 mAh g−1 even at a high current density of 5.0 A g−1. Operando analyses reveal a potential-dependent storage hierarchy: surface-dominated adsorption transitions to intercalation/filling-dominated behavior with defect-buffered structural integrity. The process simultaneously achieves 25% carbon yield from PVC and avoids toxic dioxin emissions, establishing a scalable prototype for sustainable energy storage systems.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3778-8

Pyrrolic Polysquaraine: A Promising Polymer Semiconductor for Short-Wavelength Infrared Organic Photodetector and Imager

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Pyrrolic Polysquaraine: A Promising Polymer Semiconductor for Short-Wavelength Infrared Organic Photodetector and Imager

Short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) organic photodetectors (OPDs) have attracted considerable attention due to their potential to overcome the limitations of inorganic counterparts. However, developing organic semiconductors with strong SWIR detection remains a significant challenge. Herein, we design and synthesize a new conjugated pyrrolic polysquaraine (PSQ-COT) by integrating a pyrrolic squaraine unit with a strong electron-donating moiety, achieving an absorption onset extending to 1.2 μm. To evaluate its detection performance, we fabricated two types of PSQ-COT-based SWIR OPDs with PC61BM and BTP-eC9 as the electron acceptors, respectively. The resulting PSQ-COT:PC61BM OPD exhibited superior detection performance compared with the BTP-eC9 counterpart, achieving an impressive specific detectivity of 1.08 × 10^12 Jones at 1030 nm under zero bias. This enhanced performance is due to the lower degree of energetic disorder and reduced trap density in the PSQ-COT:PC61BM device. Furthermore, we successfully integrated the PSQ-COT:PC61BM OPD into a high-pixel-density image array (640 × 512 pixels), enabling clear matter identification under SWIR light irradiation. This work provides valuable insights into designing high-performance organic semiconductors for SWIR light detection and imaging applications.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3745-1

A precipitation-hardened medium-entropy alloy with low thermal expansion and high ductility

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

A precipitation-hardened medium-entropy alloy with low thermal expansion and high ductility

Alloys with low thermal expansion are vital for precision components in aerospace, cryogenics, optics, and electronics, where dimensional stability under thermal cycling is essential. As these applications face harsher mechanical and thermal conditions, materials must offer not only low thermal expansion but also high strength and ductility. Achieving all three remains difficult, as their underlying microstructural requirements often conflict. Here, we present a medium-entropy alloy, Fe54Ni34Co6Ti3Al3 (at.%), designed to overcome this challenge through tailored precipitation engineering. The alloy forms coherent L12 nanoprecipitates that not only provide substantial precipitation strengthening but also modulate the composition of the face-centered cubic matrix. This tuning induces a low coefficient of thermal expansion and metastability in the matrix, enabling transformation-induced plasticity that enhances ductility and strain hardening. As a result, the alloy achieves a tensile yield strength of (1036±21) MPa, uniform elongation of 18.4%±1.1%, and a coefficient of thermal expansion of 5.8×10−6 °C−1. This work demonstrates a precipitation-driven pathway to reconcile strength, ductility, and thermal stability, offering a new strategy for designing multifunctional structural materials for advanced engineering environments.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3891-5

Identification and Evolution Analysis of Research Hotspots on Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Soil

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Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering2026

Identification and Evolution Analysis of Research Hotspots on Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Soil

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent organic pollutants with high environmental stability and bioaccumulation potential, posing risks to soil ecosystems and human health. To systematically map research hotspots and evolutionary trends, a bibliometric analysis was conducted on 1,459 publications from the Web of Science Core Collection and CNKI (1985–2025) using VOSviewer and Python. Keyword clustering identified four primary research themes: (1) transport and transformation of PFAS in soil, (2) bioaccumulation and toxic effects, (3) environmental fate and risk assessment of novel PFAS, and (4) remediation strategies for legacy PFAS. Temporal trend analysis using a trend factor (T) revealed a shift from early toxicological studies to policy-driven growth post-2006, with recent emphasis on remediation technologies, migration mechanisms, and bioconcentration. Future research priorities include understanding the fate of novel substitutes in complex media, developing green and sustainable remediation technologies, and establishing robust validation frameworks. The study provides a comprehensive knowledge map to guide scientific prevention and efficient governance of PFAS contamination.

Read Full Abstract10.12030/j.cjee.202508092