• • PGS-P4, with an optimal phosphorus content, exhibited the most intense BSP protein expression in rat BMSCs after one week of culture, outperforming PLGA, PGS, PGS-P2, and PGS-P6, indicating a non-monotonic dose-response relationship that is critical for designing osteoinductive scaffolds.
• • The phosphorylation method allows tunable phosphorus content by varying the molar ratio of POCl3 to PGS, enabling precise control over the degree of modification, which is essential for optimizing osteogenic activity while maintaining mechanical integrity.
• • All phosphorylated polyesters (PGS-P2, PGS-P4, PGS-P6) enhanced osteogenic differentiation compared to non-phosphorylated PGS, but the enhancement peaked at PGS-P4, suggesting an optimal phosphate release rate that balances osteoinduction and cellular toxicity.
• • The PGS-P4 porous 3D scaffolds demonstrated favorable properties for bone regeneration, combining biocompatibility, biodegradability, and osteoinductivity, offering a promising alternative to inorganic phosphorylated materials that suffer from brittleness and slow degradation.