Laminar Air Drying for Scalable Perovskite Solar Module Manufacturing: A Critical Analysis of Process-Structure-Performance Relationships

• • The LAD method enables fabrication of square meter-sized perovskite modules with high efficiency and stability, but the geometric design of the drying apparatus is decisive for achieving uniform drying and film quality. • • Perovskite solar modules currently exhibit operational lifetimes of approximately 9 years, which is significantly lower than the ~15-year lifespan of silicon modules and the >20-year T90 lifespan expected for PV modules, highlighting a critical stability gap. • • Alternative scalable drying methods, such as multi-flow air knife (yielding large-area high-efficiency cells) and vacuum flash-assisted solution processing (demonstrated on high-efficiency large-area cells), offer competing approaches but each has trade-offs in complexity and scalability. • • The crystallization process in perovskite films is highly sensitive to drying conditions; understanding the formation of vertical orientation in 2D perovskites and the cracking behavior in drying films is essential for optimizing film morphology and device performance.