• • The tri-layer model discretizes charging into 15-minute intervals, enabling CPLEX to solve the microgrid mixed-integer linear program while the antelope optimization algorithm handles the BSS-truck subproblem; this decomposition matters industrially because monolithic stochastic formulations for coupled vehicle-grid systems typically exceed tractable solve times beyond 96 intervals.
• • Service fee adjustment is the sole control lever for reshaping truck arrival rates; the BSS layer optimizes charging power to track renewable output and balance supply-demand, then translates that schedule into a fee signal. This indirect mechanism avoids direct command-and-control over drivers, a critical design constraint for commercial fleet operations where driver autonomy is contractually protected.
• • The objective function F1 maximizes net revenue by subtracting eight cost terms—operation and maintenance, gas turbine start-stop, fuel, grid purchase, battery degradation, waiting compensation, environmental, and communication—from BSS revenue. The explicit inclusion of waiting compensation cost (Cd,i) ties driver inconvenience to system economics, a parameter absent from prior BSS dispatch models that treated queue time as exogenous.
• • The framework assumes uniform battery specifications across trucks and station inventory, constant charging power, and fixed cost parameters over the optimization horizon. These simplifications enable deterministic solution but exclude battery degradation heterogeneity and market price volatility; industrial deployment would require receding-horizon updates to cost coefficients at minimum daily frequency.