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4D Printable Semi-Interpenetrating Networks with Robust Tissue Adhesion for Smart Self-Deployable Vascular Closure

Authors: Kun Luo; Qiang Luo; Jing Guo; Zhong-Ming Xia; Mao Chen; Li Tang; Ke-Ke Yang

DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4086-4Status: Verified Translated Edition
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Key Findings in This Report

• • The PTD/PCC sIPN achieves a maximum shear strength of 150.5 kPa under physiological conditions, outperforming conventional biological glues and providing robust tissue adhesion critical for withstanding intravascular pressure. • • The device exhibits autonomous self-deployment at 37 °C, enabling on-demand shape recovery triggered by body temperature, which simplifies deployment procedures and reduces the risk of migration. • • In vitro hemocompatibility is exceptional with hemolysis below 3%, and cell migration is enhanced by up to 38.9%, indicating excellent biocompatibility for vascular applications. • • In vivo, the material promotes angiogenesis with CD31 expression increased by 162.18% and αSMA by 154.93% compared to control, demonstrating its potential to accelerate vascular healing.