Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology•2026•DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605005
Water quality prediction is essential for river basin management, yet existing models often struggle with non-stationary, noisy monitoring data. This study collected water quality data from two city-level control sections in southern China from December 2020 to June 2024, including eight indicators: water temperature, turbidity, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), total phosphorus (TP), and permanganate index (CODMn). To predict four key indicators (DO, NH4+-N, TP, CODMn), we developed hybrid models combining seasonal trend decomposition (STD), Bayesian hyperparameter optimization, and either random forest (RF) or XGBoost. STD smoothed and denoised the data while extracting seasonal factors; Bayesian optimization tuned model hyperparameters. Evaluation showed that the STD-Bayesian-XGBoost model achieved smaller bias errors and higher prediction accuracy than STD-Bayesian-RF. Specifically, XGBoost reduced root mean square error (RMSE) by 15-20% across all four indicators and improved the coefficient of determination (R²) to above 0.90, compared to RF's 0.85-0.88. The models were validated on southern river data, but the methodology is generalizable to other climatic and hydrological settings. This work provides a technical reference for pollution reduction and carbon management in regional watersheds.
Environmental Chemistry•2026•DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025041405
Microplastics, as a class of emerging environmental contaminants, pose global concerns due to their potential ecological and human health impacts. Accurate identification and quantification of microplastics in environmental matrices are essential for assessing their environmental fate and ecological risks. Pyrolysis-based analytical methods, which decompose macromolecules into smaller fragments followed by gas chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection, offer high sensitivity and accuracy, making them significant for microplastic analysis. Despite these advantages, their application remains nascent, with limited comprehensive understanding of their applicability across diverse environmental media. This review systematically compares three pyrolysis-based techniques—pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC), and thermal extraction-desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS)—for microplastic detection in various matrices. The effectiveness of each method is evaluated in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and matrix compatibility. Critical challenges, including lack of standardized protocols, complex sample pretreatment requirements, and limitations in quantifying mixtures, are identified. Future research directions emphasize the need for standardization, optimization of pretreatment for complex matrices, and integration with complementary techniques such as FTIR and Raman spectroscopy to enhance comprehensive microplastic characterization. This review provides a critical framework for selecting appropriate pyrolysis-based methods and highlights areas requiring further methodological development.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3366-9
Organic solar cells (OSCs) have transitioned from <1% initial power conversion efficiency (PCE) to a benchmark exceeding 20% in single-junction and tandem architectures, marking a critical milestone for solution-processable photovoltaics. This review consolidates recent reports (2022–2025) on OSCs with PCE >20%, analyzing key strategies: photoactive material innovation (wide-bandgap polymer donors, narrow-bandgap non-fullerene acceptors), multi-component system construction, deposition protocol optimization, solid/solvent additive engineering, and hole/electron transport layer development. Empirical data from 15 high-impact studies reveal PCEs of 20.0–20.6% in single-junction devices and 20.2–26% in perovskite/organic tandem cells, with interfacial engineering (e.g., yttrium phosphotungstate, carbazole-modified 2PACz, naphthalene diimide interlayers) suppressing bimolecular recombination and enabling scalable large-area fabrication. Operational stability remains a bottleneck: amide-based cathode interlayers achieve 20% PCE with dual-modification mechanisms, while self-assembled monolayers enable hole transport layer-free devices with 18% efficiency and improved stability. The review identifies next-stage challenges: reducing voltage losses (to <0.5 V), scaling deposition uniformity beyond 100 cm², and achieving cost parity with silicon (<$0.30/Wp). These issues are critical for flexible and wearable power suppliers, where mechanical durability (<5% PCE degradation after 1000 bending cycles) and low-temperature processing (<150°C) are mandatory. The analysis provides a roadmap for industrial translation, emphasizing that material–device co-optimization, rather than isolated breakthroughs, will determine commercial viability.
SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2025•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3493-x
Bacterial infections impose a substantial clinical burden, with antibiotic resistance diminishing the efficacy of conventional therapeutics. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers a noninvasive antibacterial modality, yet existing photosensitizers suffer from insufficient free radical generation and limited functionality. This study reports a π-conjugated viologen derivative, 3TPhDPyMeOTf, incorporating multiple thiophene units to extend visible-light absorption and multiple pyridine structures to promote radical formation. Experimental and theoretical analyses confirm broad-spectrum antibacterial activity in vitro and in vivo. At 0.5 μM, the photosensitizer achieves over 60% eradication of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In an MRSA-infected wound model, it accelerates healing with 93% efficacy within 12 days, significantly exceeding controls. The compound also exhibits excellent bacterial membrane staining, enabling bacterial imaging. This molecular design addresses the dual bottlenecks of weak visible-light absorption and inefficient radical generation in viologen-based photosensitizers, providing a promising strategy for potent PDT agents.