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Special Issue Editorial: Construction of High-Voltage Direct Current Architectures and Equipment Technologies for New-Type Power Systems

Graphical AbstractVerified

Power System Automation2026

Special Issue Editorial: Construction of High-Voltage Direct Current Architectures and Equipment Technologies for New-Type Power Systems

The construction of new-type power systems, supporting the secure transmission and efficient utilization of large-scale renewable energy, is a major strategic initiative for China's clean energy transition. With the rapid development of energy bases in the western desert and eastern deep-sea regions, the proportion of renewable energy and DC infeed capacity in sending and receiving grids has increased significantly, leading to profound changes in source-grid structure and stability characteristics. This poses new challenges to the core functions of DC transmission technology. Firstly, large-scale renewable bases often lack conventional AC support, making point-to-point DC uneconomical and AC collection schemes risky. Secondly, the interaction mechanisms among sending/receiving grids, renewables, and DC are more complex, with prominent issues such as wide-band oscillations and cascading commutation failures. Thirdly, existing DC equipment exhibits shortcomings in system performance or economy. To address these challenges, this special issue presents 17 selected papers covering DC collection and networking, system characteristics and control enhancement, and novel converter topologies. Key contributions include a land-sea integrated DC collection scheme for gigawatt-scale offshore wind, a thyristor-based DC transformer for desert renewable bases, virtual power coordination control for urban MMC-MTDC systems, active support control for flexible DC, start-stop strategies for hybrid diode-MMC systems, small-signal stability analysis of hybrid multi-infeed systems, stability enhancement using submodule energy storage, harmonic analysis of controllable current-source converters, low-frequency oscillation suppression, commutation failure prediction, and novel topologies such as hybrid LCC, three-phase asymmetric bridge-arm reuse converters, multi-port hybrid MMC, heterogeneous UHVDC with 37.5% full-bridge submodules, and capacitive partial energy transfer DC transformers. The special issue also reports the world's first RB-IGCT-based HCC demonstration. These studies provide theoretical foundations and engineering solutions for the future development of HVDC systems.

Read Full Abstract10.7500/AEPS20260319004

Transgenerational Toxicity of Acetamiprid in Caenorhabditis elegans

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Environmental Chemistry2026

Transgenerational Toxicity of Acetamiprid in Caenorhabditis elegans

Acetamiprid, a representative neonicotinoid insecticide, persists in soil and water, posing ecological risks. This study evaluated its transgenerational toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to 1, 10, and 100 μg·L−1. Direct exposure (F0) caused neurobehavioral abnormalities, with head swing frequency significantly increased by 23.86% even at 1.0 μg·L−1, correlating with disrupted acetylcholinesterase and γ-aminobutyric acid. Reproduction, development, metabolism, and intestinal barrier were impaired, with reactive oxygen species elevated by 30.42%–48.28%, indicating oxidative stress as a mechanism. Effects transmitted to unexposed T1–T3 generations: at 1.0 μg·L−1, body width inhibition persisted to T2; fat accumulation and intestinal permeability effects intensified with concentration. Among oxidative stress biomarkers, superoxide dismutase showed highest sensitivity and transgenerational persistence. This study reveals multidimensional transgenerational toxicity, informing soil ecological risk assessment of neonicotinoids.

Read Full Abstract10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025101101

Market-Oriented Power Balancing Mechanisms and Methods for New-Type Power Systems: A Special Issue Overview

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Power System Automation2026

Market-Oriented Power Balancing Mechanisms and Methods for New-Type Power Systems: A Special Issue Overview

The deep advancement of carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals has accelerated the construction of new-type power systems, with the installed capacity share of renewable energy approaching half and its electricity generation share rapidly increasing. However, the randomness, intermittency, and volatility of renewable energy output challenge the balancing of supply and demand, necessitating additional regulation resources. Concurrently, advances in communication, control, and artificial intelligence have enabled new regulation entities such as electrochemical energy storage, compressed air energy storage, and concentrating solar power, while the marginal cost of load-side balancing services declines, fostering the rapid development of virtual power plants and flexibility retrofits of conventional power. Accurately evaluating the value of regulation services and providing reasonable compensation are fundamental to incentivizing participation and investment. Yet, current power balancing mechanisms and market models do not fully reflect the true value of these flexible resources, and technical barriers and costs remain high for distributed resources. In 2025, China preliminarily established a unified national electricity market, covering the entire energy market, and attention has turned to valuing regulation services. This special issue, organized by the editorial board of Automation of Electric Power Systems, compiles 14 papers addressing market-oriented balancing mechanisms, capacity adequacy, cost compensation, flexible resource participation, and market applications. Key contributions include a market-oriented regulation responsibility system with 'substitute quantity' and 'regulation quantity' markets, hierarchical coordination mechanisms, capacity adequacy frameworks, cost compensation mechanisms using deep reinforcement learning, inertia pricing, and trading strategies for electric vehicles and building aggregators. Provincial market designs from Guangdong and Gansu provide practical templates. The issue aims to provide theoretical and practical support for market innovation and the construction of new-type power systems and the unified national market.

Read Full Abstract10.7500/AEPS20260311004

Determination of Sulfonamide Antibiotics in Environmental Aqueous Samples by Solid-Phase Extraction–Gel Permeation Chromatography Purification Coupled with Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

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Environmental Chemistry2026

Determination of Sulfonamide Antibiotics in Environmental Aqueous Samples by Solid-Phase Extraction–Gel Permeation Chromatography Purification Coupled with Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

A method for the simultaneous determination of 19 sulfonamide antibiotics in environmental aqueous samples was developed by integrating solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with ultra-performance liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Aqueous samples were filtered through 0.45 μm membranes, adjusted to pH 6, and treated with Na2EDTA at 2.5 mg·L−1 to mitigate matrix effects. Analytes were enriched on Oasis HLB cartridges, purified by GPC, and separated on a Hypersil GOLD C18 column (2.1 mm ID × 100 mm, 1.9 μm) using gradient elution with 0.05% (V/V) formic acid in water and methanol. Detection was performed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with internal standard quantification. Under optimal conditions, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.7–4.4 ng·L−1 and 2.8–17.6 ng·L−1, respectively. Recoveries from spiked real samples at 10, 200, and 400 ng·L−1 were 44.5%–102%, 47.7%–97.5%, and 51.4%–115%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.8%–10%, 0.64%–5.9%, and 0.71%–4.6%, respectively. The method was applied to three surface waters and three municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents, detecting five sulfonamides at concentrations ranging from 1.82 to 3864 ng·L−1. The combined SPE-GPC cleanup effectively reduced matrix suppression, offering high sensitivity, precision, and robustness for routine monitoring of sulfonamide antibiotics in environmental waters.

Read Full Abstract10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024121201

Bioaccumulation and Translocation of Cadmium in Rapeseed in High Cadmium-Contaminated Regions: A Case Study of You County, Hunan Province

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Environmental Chemistry2026

Bioaccumulation and Translocation of Cadmium in Rapeseed in High Cadmium-Contaminated Regions: A Case Study of You County, Hunan Province

Cadmium (Cd) contamination of agricultural soils poses significant economic and health risks. While extensive research has focused on Cd accumulation in staple crops like rice, data on oilseed crops remain scarce, hindering safety assessments of edible oils and oilseed meals. This study investigated Cd accumulation and translocation in rapeseed (Brassica napus) grown in You County, Hunan Province, a region severely contaminated with Cd. Rhizosphere soil and plant tissues (roots, stems, seeds) were collected and analyzed for Cd concentrations. Results showed that approximately 71% of rhizosphere soil samples exceeded the agricultural soil pollution risk screening value for Cd, indicating high ecological risk. Cd concentrations in roots and stems were (0.49 ± 0.39) mg·kg⁻¹ and (0.54 ± 0.31) mg·kg⁻¹, respectively, comparable to or higher than soil Cd levels (0.51 ± 0.31) mg·kg⁻¹, with elevated bioaccumulation and translocation factors. This suggests that improper disposal of rapeseed roots and stems, such as returning them to fields or burning, could lead to secondary Cd pollution. In contrast, Cd bioaccumulation and translocation factors in seeds were less than 1, and Cd concentrations in seeds, oil, and oilseed meals were relatively low. Comparative analysis with sesame, camellia oleifera, and peanut indicated that rapeseed-derived oil and meal contain lower Cd levels, positioning rapeseed as a promising low-Cd-accumulating edible oil crop for cultivation in Cd-contaminated areas.

Read Full Abstract10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010302

Progress in Design, Preparation and Application of Ion Chromatography Stationary Phases for Analysis of Anions in Water

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Environmental Chemistry2026

Progress in Design, Preparation and Application of Ion Chromatography Stationary Phases for Analysis of Anions in Water

Ion chromatography (IC) is the core analytical method for qualitative and quantitative determination of anions in complex water environments, and its separation efficiency highly depends on the performance of the stationary phase. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in the preparation and functionalization of IC stationary phases, addressing the urgent need for high selectivity and sensitivity in water anion analysis. The characteristics of organic polymer-based and inorganic-based matrices are compared, highlighting the advantages of polymer matrices such as poly(methacrylate), poly(vinyl alcohol), polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB), and ethylvinylbenzene-divinylbenzene (EVB-DVB) in terms of wide pH tolerance (e.g., pH 0–14 for PS-DVB) and organic solvent compatibility, which allow the use of strong acid or base eluents. Various functionalization strategies are discussed, including the introduction of quaternary ammonium groups, hydrophilic modifications, and grafting of functional layers, which enhance separation selectivity and detection capability. The review also covers the development of hybrid stationary phases and the application of IC in monitoring trace pollutants in water, such as bromate, chlorite, chlorate, fluoride, and nitrate, as regulated by Chinese standards (GB 5749—2022). Future trends are projected, focusing on novel materials for precise identification and high-throughput monitoring. The paper provides a comprehensive reference for the design of high-performance stationary phases, emphasizing the importance of matrix selection and surface chemistry in achieving robust and sensitive anion analysis.

Read Full Abstract10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025121001

River Ecological Health Assessment Based on Microbial Integrity Index and Water Quality Index

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Environmental Chemistry2026

River Ecological Health Assessment Based on Microbial Integrity Index and Water Quality Index

Urban river ecosystems are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic activities, necessitating comprehensive health assessments beyond conventional water quality metrics. This study evaluates the ecological health of the Zhongshan South Road reach in Wuhu, China, by integrating microbial community integrity with physicochemical parameters. Nine monitoring sections were established, considering land use, pollution sources, and seasonal hydrology. Over four seasons, eight water quality parameters and microbial indicators were systematically monitored. A Microbial Index of Biotic Integrity (M-IBI) was developed through candidate parameter screening, interference response analysis, and discriminant ability assessment. Core metrics included Chao1 index, Sobs index, and relative abundances of Acinetobacter and hgcl-clade genera. M-IBI scores were standardized and classified into health levels, with results compared against the Water Quality Index (WQI). Findings revealed seasonal M-IBI variation: winter > autumn > summer > spring, with downstream water quality superior to upstream. Spatial and seasonal patterns of WQI and M-IBI were largely concordant, though discrepancies arose from differential microbial responses to environmental factors and heightened sensitivity to human disturbance. The M-IBI approach demonstrated robust applicability for river health assessment, offering a sensitive, integrative tool for urban water management.

Read Full Abstract10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024110703

Efficiency and mechanisms of tetracycline removal from water by enhanced peroxymonosulfate activation via carboxylated Fe2+

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Environmental Chemistry2026

Efficiency and mechanisms of tetracycline removal from water by enhanced peroxymonosulfate activation via carboxylated Fe2+

The persistence of tetracycline (TC) in aquatic environments poses significant ecological risks. This study developed a homogeneous reaction system based on carboxylated Fe2+ enhanced peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation, using citric acid (CA) as a ligand. Carboxylation improved Fe2+ stability and catalytic activity, while solid PMS served as the oxidant, circumventing issues of traditional Fenton processes such as H2O2 instability, complex heterogeneous catalyst preparation, high disposal costs, and toxic metal leaching. The acidic pretreatment enabled by CA inhibited Fe2+ oxidation and promoted sustained PMS activation without external energy input. Under optimized conditions (TC 5 mg·L−1, Fe2+ 0.02 mmol·L−1, CA 0.001 mmol·L−1, PMS 2 mmol·L−1), 88.80% TC degradation was achieved within 60 min. Mechanistic studies revealed that CA protected Fe2+ active sites via carboxyl coordination, facilitating continuous generation of reactive species, including singlet oxygen (1O2) and sulfate radicals (SO4•−). 1O2 was the dominant species (50.5% contribution), followed by SO4•− (35.7%), synergistically driving efficient TC degradation while significantly reducing iron sludge production. Phytotoxicity assays confirmed that treated water exhibited no significant toxicity to wheat seedlings (P > 0.05), indicating effective ecological risk elimination. This work provides a low-energy, operationally simple, and environmentally friendly technology for antibiotic-contaminated water treatment, with promising practical application potential.

Read Full Abstract10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025091203

Occurrence and Distribution Characteristics of Microplastics in Surface Water and Sediments of the Huangshan City Section of the Xin'an River

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Environmental Chemistry2026

Occurrence and Distribution Characteristics of Microplastics in Surface Water and Sediments of the Huangshan City Section of the Xin'an River

Microplastic pollution in rivers and lakes has become a research hotspot, yet studies in Anhui Province have predominantly focused on northern and central regions, leaving southern Anhui under-investigated. This study addresses that gap by examining the Xin'an River in Huangshan City, a typical river in southern Anhui. Surface water and sediment samples were collected in December 2023. In surface water, microplastic concentrations ranged from 350 to 3700 n·m−3, with particles of 0–0.5 mm dominating (33.93%). Fibrous shapes were most prevalent (59.83%), and colored particles accounted for 50.27%. In sediments, concentrations ranged from 25 to 200 n·kg−1, with 0–0.5 mm particles again dominant (49.63%). Fibers comprised 47.08% of sediment microplastics, and white particles accounted for 34.74%. Polymer analysis identified polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as the most abundant material (36.61%), followed by polyamide (PA) (23.22%). Source analysis suggests that fibrous microplastics originate primarily from fiber-based products such as clothing, home textiles, and fishing nets. These findings provide essential baseline data for water resource management, pollution assessment, and ecological remediation of the Xin'an River.

Read Full Abstract10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024092906

Fe3O4@UiO/IKCN Photo-Fenton Degradation of Phenol-Containing Wastewater and Its Mechanism

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Environmental Chemistry2026

Fe3O4@UiO/IKCN Photo-Fenton Degradation of Phenol-Containing Wastewater and Its Mechanism

Phenolic compounds, widely used in petrochemical, textile, and pharmaceutical industries, pose severe risks to ecosystems and human health due to their toxicity and persistence. Traditional Fe2+-mediated Fenton oxidation, while effective, suffers from external H2O2 and Fe2+ addition, low H2O2 utilization, narrow pH adaptability, and iron sludge generation. This study develops a g-C3N4-based heterogeneous photo-Fenton system that operates without external H2O2 or Fe2+ salts, exhibiting a wide pH range and minimal iron sludge. The synthesized Fe3O4@UiO/IKCN catalyst, under visible light, selectively reduces dissolved oxygen to H2O2 via a two-electron pathway and activates it to hydroxyl radicals (·OH), achieving efficient degradation of phenolic compounds. The integration of photocatalytic H2O2 formation and Fenton activation enables sustained production of oxidative species, demonstrating superior performance at circumneutral pH. This work provides new insights into the rational design of heterogeneous Z-scheme photo-Fenton catalysts and offers experimental and theoretical support for photocatalytic H2O2 synthesis and phenolic wastewater treatment.

Read Full Abstract10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025122101

Photocatalytic Reduction Mechanism of U(VI) from Uranium Mining Wastewater by Cyano-Functionalized C3N4/ZnIn2S4 Heterojunction Materials

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Environmental Chemistry2026

Photocatalytic Reduction Mechanism of U(VI) from Uranium Mining Wastewater by Cyano-Functionalized C3N4/ZnIn2S4 Heterojunction Materials

Uranium is a key resource for nuclear energy, but its mining and processing generate large amounts of uranium-containing wastewater, posing persistent threats to the environment and human health. In this study, a cyano-functionalized C3N4/ZnIn2S4 (CCN/ZIS) heterojunction system was constructed for efficient removal of U(VI) from uranium mining wastewater. The introduction of cyano groups significantly enhanced the adsorption capacity of CCN/ZIS, reaching a maximum of 123.65 mg·g−1. Characterization techniques (UV-vis DRS, EIS, i-t, PL, TRPL) confirmed that cyano groups effectively suppress charge carrier recombination, improving photogenerated carrier separation. Under visible light, the modified material achieved over 95% removal of U(VI) within 10 minutes, demonstrating a 20-fold efficiency increase compared to pristine materials. Even in simulated uranium mining wastewater containing high concentrations of CO3^2− and F−, CCN/ZIS maintained excellent performance, overcoming the technical challenge of U(VI) removal efficiency being constrained by water quality conditions. Quenching experiments identified e− and ·O2− as the primary reactive species responsible for U(VI) reduction. This study reveals the synergistic mechanism of selective U(VI) enrichment and photoreduction, providing theoretical innovation and technological breakthroughs for uranium pollution control.

Read Full Abstract10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025122102

Release Characteristics of Organic Pollutants and Occupational Exposure During Lithium Battery Production and Disposal: A Case Study on N-Methylpyrrolidone

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Environmental Chemistry2026

Release Characteristics of Organic Pollutants and Occupational Exposure During Lithium Battery Production and Disposal: A Case Study on N-Methylpyrrolidone

The production and disposal of lithium batteries release not only hazardous metals and particulates but also substantial amounts of harmful organic pollutants. This study focuses on N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) to investigate the environmental release and human exposure of organic pollutants throughout the lithium battery lifecycle. Using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), NMP was quantified in environmental samples from battery production and dismantling facilities, as well as in pyrolysis products from simulated thermal recovery of mainstream lithium batteries. Key release stages were identified: slurry mixing and coating/drying during production; shredding, electrolyte volatilization, and high-temperature pyrolysis during disposal. In unprotected occupational settings, estimated NMP exposure via dust ingestion exceeded reference doses, underscoring the need for health impact assessments and evaluation of protective measures. This research provides critical insights into the environmental release and population exposure of organic pollutants across the lithium battery lifecycle, informing health policy for vulnerable populations.

Read Full Abstract10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010203

Explainable Machine Learning Model for Predicting Ozone Reaction Rate Constants of Aromatic Compounds in Water

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Environmental Chemistry2026

Explainable Machine Learning Model for Predicting Ozone Reaction Rate Constants of Aromatic Compounds in Water

Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models were developed to predict the reaction rate constants (kO3) of aromatic compounds with ozone in water. Molecular descriptors were screened using a combination of genetic algorithm and stepwise regression. Multiple linear regression (MLR), support vector machine (SVM), and projection pursuit regression (PPR) were employed to construct local models. The PPR model exhibited superior performance with a goodness-of-fit R2 of 0.923, leave-one-out cross-validation Q2LOO of 0.836, and external validation Q2ext of 0.873. The model was interpreted using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), revealing that ozone attack is hindered by the presence of dssC (=C<) fragments and chlorine atoms. The applicability domain was characterized using Williams plots. Tree manifold approximation and projection (TMAP) was used to visualize structural similarity and diversity, and Arithmetic Residuals in K-groups Analysis (ARKA) identified potential activity cliffs. The model adheres to OECD principles for QSAR validation, providing a robust tool for predicting kO3 of untested or novel aromatic compounds and extendable to other environmental applications.

Read Full Abstract10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024103107

Polygonatum kingianum Dregs Biochar Accelerated Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ) Cycle in Pyrite for Efficient Activation of Peroxymonosulfate to Degrade Carbamazepine in Water

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Environmental Chemistry2026

Polygonatum kingianum Dregs Biochar Accelerated Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ) Cycle in Pyrite for Efficient Activation of Peroxymonosulfate to Degrade Carbamazepine in Water

Carbamazepine (CBZ), a typical emerging contaminant, poses significant environmental and health risks due to its frequent detection, high toxicity, and resistance to conventional degradation. This study synthesized a composite material (PH-BC3-600) via high-temperature pyrolysis of mining waste pyrite and discarded Polygonatum kingianum dregs biochar. The composite was employed to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for CBZ degradation. Results demonstrated that biochar incorporation provided pyrite with more active sites, achieving 88.19% removal of 2.5 mg·L−1 CBZ within 5 minutes, with excellent resistance to Cl−, NO3−, and humic acid. Quenching experiments confirmed the involvement of ·OH, SO4·−, 1O2, and e− in the degradation process. The biochar increased the content of highly reductive sulfur species (S2−, S2−2, Sn2−) in PH-BC3-600, facilitating the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) and thereby enhancing PMS activation. Additionally, PH-BC3-600 exhibited lower iron leaching compared to traditional pyrite-based materials, overcoming a key drawback of conventional catalysts. This study highlights the promising potential of PH-BC3-600 for activating PMS in the treatment of emerging contaminants in water.

Read Full Abstract10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024122402

Identification, Risk Assessment, and Management Strategies for Emerging Pollutants in the Life Cycle of Lithium-Ion Batteries

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Environmental Chemistry2026

Identification, Risk Assessment, and Management Strategies for Emerging Pollutants in the Life Cycle of Lithium-Ion Batteries

The global production, inventory, and retirement of lithium-ion batteries are increasing, while new technologies and materials for safety introduce various binders, lithium salts, flame retardants, and solvents, some of which may be emerging pollutants (EPs). This study identifies 43 EPs across 6 categories in the entire life cycle of lithium-ion battery production. Electrolytes contain the most EPs, including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) lithium salts and solvents, as well as organophosphorus flame retardants. Production emissions of 1,3-butadiene (1,3-BD), dichloromethane (DCM), and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), and release of ultra-short-chain PFASs such as bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (NTf2) and trifluoromethanesulfonamide (TfNH2) from discarded batteries require attention. Health risk assessments at production and disposal sites show that DCM poses the highest carcinogenic risk at production sites, exceeding the EPA's basic carcinogenic risk value of 1×10−6 but below the critical value of 1×10−4, with non-carcinogenic risk below the EPA threshold of 1. At disposal sites, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) poses the highest carcinogenic risk, below 1×10−6, while tri(2-chloropropyl)phosphate (TCPP) exhibits the highest non-carcinogenic risk, below 1. Comparison of domestic and international regulations highlights gaps in domestic regulations. Recommendations include tiered management of similar-function chemicals, research on alternatives for high-risk chemicals, implementation of clean production mechanisms, establishment of green product standards, and development of guidelines for managing EPs. This study comprehensively summarizes EPs in the lithium-ion battery life cycle, providing technical support for their management.

Read Full Abstract10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010603

Research Progress on the Preparation of Iron-Based Magnetic Biochar and Its Adsorption Performance for Heavy Metals in Wastewater

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Environmental Chemistry2026

Research Progress on the Preparation of Iron-Based Magnetic Biochar and Its Adsorption Performance for Heavy Metals in Wastewater

Biomass is the only renewable carbon resource with huge reserves and wide sources, and it is green and environmentally friendly. Under the background of 'dual carbon', the clean and efficient utilization of biomass has received increasing attention. Preparation of biochar from biomass is one of the main methods to use biomass efficiently. Biochar surfaces possess porous and aromatic structures, which exhibit good fixation effects on heavy metals in wastewater. However, biochar has shortcomings such as difficulty in recovery and non-reusability. The introduction of iron into biochar can not only enrich surface functional groups, develop pore structure, and increase specific surface area, but also endow magnetic properties, facilitating solid-liquid separation after adsorption. This paper reviews the preparation methods of iron-based magnetic biochar (MBC-Fe), summarizes the effects of different iron sources on its characteristics, and illustrates the adsorption performance and mechanisms of MBC-Fe for typical heavy metals in water. Finally, applications of MBC-Fe in the removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater are concluded, and future utilization potential in other fields is proposed. The review highlights that MBC-Fe exhibits high adsorption capacities, e.g., for Pb(II) and Cd(II), with rapid kinetics and easy separation, making it a promising adsorbent for wastewater treatment.

Read Full Abstract10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024122001

High-Sensitivity Fluorescence Detection of Malachite Green in Aquaculture Using a Zirconium-Based Metal-Organic Framework PCN-128

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Environmental Chemistry2026

High-Sensitivity Fluorescence Detection of Malachite Green in Aquaculture Using a Zirconium-Based Metal-Organic Framework PCN-128

A fluorescent metal-organic framework (MOF), PCN-128, was synthesized via a solvothermal method using zirconium tetrachloride (ZrCl4) as the metal source and tetrakis[4-(4'-carboxyphenyl)phenyl]ethylene (H4ETTC) as the organic linker. The resulting material exhibited regular morphology, high crystallinity, strong luminescence, and good stability. PCN-128 was employed as a fluorescent probe for the trace detection of malachite green (MG), a banned veterinary drug, in aquaculture water and freshwater fish tissue. The probe demonstrated exceptional selectivity toward MG among 13 veterinary drugs and robust anti-interference performance against 16 anions, 16 cations, and 12 additional veterinary drugs. The method achieved a broad linear detection range from 0.0 to 7.0 μmol·L−1 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.73 nmol·L−1. Spike-and-recovery experiments in three aquaculture water samples and one freshwater fish sample yielded recoveries between 89.80% and 113.7%, with relative standard deviations (RSD) not exceeding 2.59%. These results confirm that the developed method is accurate, reliable, and suitable for routine monitoring of MG residues in aquaculture water and aquatic products, addressing a critical gap in food safety surveillance.

Read Full Abstract10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024100805

Prediction of Selenium-Rich Maize Planting in Selenium-Poor Land Based on Random Forest Model

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Environmental Chemistry2026

Prediction of Selenium-Rich Maize Planting in Selenium-Poor Land Based on Random Forest Model

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for human health, and dietary intake through Se-rich crops is the primary route. However, total soil Se content does not directly reflect the bioavailability to plants, which depends largely on soil available Se. This study, conducted in Shipai Town, Longshan County, Hunan Province, used 1:50,000 land quality geochemical survey data to investigate factors influencing the Se bioaccumulation coefficient in maize kernels. Soil pH, CaO, and MgO were identified as significantly positively correlated with the bioaccumulation coefficient and were selected as proxies for soil available Se. A random forest (RF) model was developed to predict maize grain Se content and assess the feasibility of cultivating Se-rich maize in low-Se farmland. Results showed that although soil Se was deficient, 53.64% of maize grain samples met the Se-rich product standard (0.02–0.30 mg·kg−1). Compared with multiple linear regression, the RF model exhibited higher accuracy and reliability. The RF model predicted that 40.91% of farmland in the study area is suitable for natural Se-rich maize cultivation, representing a 25.86% increase over the area identified by soil total Se alone. This study provides a novel methodological framework for planting natural Se-rich maize in Se-deficient regions, validating the potential for such cultivation.

Read Full Abstract10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024083002

Aggregation of Antibiotic Resistance Plasmids under Different Hydrochemical Conditions

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Environmental Chemistry2026

Aggregation of Antibiotic Resistance Plasmids under Different Hydrochemical Conditions

The excessive and uncontrolled use of antibiotics inevitably leads to their release into natural environments, accelerating the production, occurrence, and transport of resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Among these, antibiotic resistance plasmids (ARPs) pose a significant public health challenge due to their environmental persistence and ability to spread and amplify within microbial communities. This study used the tetC gene-pUC18 plasmid as a model ARP to investigate aggregation behavior in aqueous environments under varying pH (3–7), ionic strength (0.001–0.1 mol·L−1 NaCl and 0.001–0.05 mol·L−1 CaCl2), and in the presence of different concentrations of natural colloids. Results indicate that at low pH, ARP structure condenses inward and functional groups may protonate, reducing negative charge and overall size. Compared to Na+, Ca2+ forms cationic bridges between negatively charged phosphate diester groups, significantly enhancing aggregation. Natural colloids induce heteroaggregation with ARPs, with aggregate size increasing with colloid concentration. This study provides scientific evidence for elucidating ARP behavior in soil and groundwater, crucial for assessing risks to human health and ecosystems and understanding global circulation mechanisms.

Read Full Abstract10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024121101

Effect of Aged Microplastics on Photodegradation Behavior of Sulfamethoxazole

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Environmental Chemistry2026

Effect of Aged Microplastics on Photodegradation Behavior of Sulfamethoxazole

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous co-existing pollutants in aquatic environments. This study investigated the effects of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) MPs with varying aging degrees on the photodegradation of SMX. In the absence of MPs, SMX photodegradation was only 28%, while the presence of virgin PE increased it to 34%. Aging PE for 200, 400, and 600 h further enhanced degradation to 46%, 56%, and 77%, respectively. Pseudo-first-order kinetics showed that the rate constant (kobs) increased from 0.066 h−1 to 0.224 h−1 with aged PE. Aged MPs generated more reactive oxygen species (ROS) under irradiation, including hydroxyl radicals (·OH), singlet oxygen (1O2), and superoxide anions (O2·−), as confirmed by radical quenching and EPR analysis. Density functional theory identified the benzene ring, five-membered heterocycle, and sulfonyl group as primary ·OH attack sites. LC-MS analysis revealed degradation products such as p-aminobenzenesulfonamide, indicating both direct and indirect photolysis pathways. This work provides mechanistic insights into antibiotic-MP interactions and informs strategies for managing co-existing pollutants.

Read Full Abstract10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024112603

Effect and simulation of CO3·− on the degradation kinetics of sulfamethazine in UV/TiO2 system

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Environmental Chemistry2026

Effect and simulation of CO3·− on the degradation kinetics of sulfamethazine in UV/TiO2 system

Bicarbonate and carbonate ions (HCO3−/CO3^2−) are ubiquitous in wastewater and readily scavenge strong oxidants, leading to the formation of carbonate radicals (CO3·−) in radical-based advanced oxidation processes. This study investigated the influence of HCO3−/CO3^2− on the degradation kinetics of sulfamethazine (SMR) in a UV/TiO2 system. The presence of HCO3−/CO3^2− enhanced the degradation rate of SMR by sixfold compared to UV/TiO2 alone. Radical quenching experiments identified CO3·− as the primary reactive species responsible for the enhanced degradation, with hydroxyl radicals (·OH) also contributing. To quantitatively delineate the roles of reactive species and account for water matrix effects, a kinetic model was constructed using Kintecus software. The model accurately predicted SMR degradation over time and the contributions of individual radicals, demonstrating good predictive capability. Application of the model to real wastewater predicted that CO3·− is the dominant radical responsible for SMR degradation. These findings highlight the critical role of carbonate radicals in UV/TiO2 processes and provide a robust modeling framework for predicting the fate of pharmaceuticals in carbonate-rich waters.

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Metabolic Flux-Based Regulation of Flexible Nodes Enhances Methane Yield in Anaerobic Digestion at Optimal Temperature

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Environmental Chemistry2026

Metabolic Flux-Based Regulation of Flexible Nodes Enhances Methane Yield in Anaerobic Digestion at Optimal Temperature

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is an environmentally friendly biochemical technology for waste treatment and renewable energy production, yet its methane conversion efficiency remains suboptimal. This study employed flux balance analysis (FBA) to determine the optimal temperature for methane production in AD, and subsequently regulated key flexible nodes in the metabolic pathway to maximize methane flux. At the optimal temperature of 40 °C, up-regulating the acetyl-CoA flexible node increased methane flux by 48.5%, while up-regulating the acetate node increased it by 36.6%. The higher improvement via acetyl-CoA regulation is attributed to the fact that 40 °C is unfavorable for hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria, making acetyl-CoA the critical control point. These findings demonstrate that flexible node regulation can overcome the limitations of temperature optimization alone. The FBA methodology provides a reliable, cost-effective approach for optimizing target product yields in AD and other fermentation systems, requiring only input and output measurements to resolve intermediate metabolic fluxes.

Read Full Abstract10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024110202

Metabolic Functions of Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria and Their Applications in Environmental Engineering

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Environmental Chemistry2026

Metabolic Functions of Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria and Their Applications in Environmental Engineering

Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria (APB) are a phylogenetically diverse group of prokaryotes that perform photosynthesis without oxygen evolution. They possess versatile metabolic capabilities, including anaerobic photophosphorylation, carbon fixation, multi-substrate metabolism, and metal oxidation-reduction, enabling them to thrive in diverse environments such as lakes, rivers, soils, salt lakes, and hot springs. APB play a pivotal role in biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and metals. This review systematically summarizes the metabolic diversity of APB, emphasizing their ability to utilize organic and inorganic compounds as electron donors and carbon sources. We highlight recent advances in understanding extracellular electron transfer (EET) mediated by exogenous electron shuttles and conductive materials, which expand the electron sources available for energy generation and reducing power. In environmental engineering, APB show promise in carbon sequestration, pollutant degradation (including azo dyes and heavy metals), biohydrogen production, and microbial fuel cells. For instance, Rhodopseudomonas palustris can fix CO2 under dark anoxic conditions via syntrophic interspecies electron transfer, achieving enhanced carbon fixation. Additionally, APB-based biohybrid systems incorporating CdS nanoparticles demonstrate light-driven degradation of azo dyes without external electron donors. Challenges remain in scaling up these technologies, optimizing reactor conditions, and understanding metabolic regulation. Future research should focus on genetic engineering to enhance APB performance and integrating APB into circular bioeconomy frameworks.

Read Full Abstract10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024113001

Pollution Characterization and Health Risk Assessment of VOCs, CO, and NOx in Underground Garages

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Environmental Chemistry2026

Pollution Characterization and Health Risk Assessment of VOCs, CO, and NOx in Underground Garages

This study investigated air pollution and associated health risks in two underground parking garages located in educational and commercial districts of Nanjing, China. Concentrations of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were monitored. NMHC levels ranged from 0.35–0.55 mg·L−1 (as C) in Garage A and 0.36–1.75 mg·L−1 (as C) in Garage B, peaking during evening rush hours. A total of 23 VOC species were identified, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, dichloromethane, and 1,2-dichloroethane. Benzene series compounds constituted over 90% and 70% of total VOCs (TVOCs) in Garages A and B, respectively. Daily average TVOC concentrations were 146.0 μg·m−3 (weekday) and 49.7 μg·m−3 (weekend) in Garage A, and 2398.1 μg·m−3 and 3401.6 μg·m−3 in Garage B. Maximum CO concentrations reached 10.1 mg·m−3 and 12.6 mg·m−3, exceeding the Chinese indoor standard of 10 mg·m−3 (1-h). NOx levels also exceeded standards. Non-carcinogenic hazard indices (HI) were 0.03 and 0.18, below the EPA threshold of 1. However, carcinogenic risks reached Level II and III, with primary contributors being benzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, and naphthalene in Garage A, and ethylbenzene, benzene, and 1,2-dichloroethane in Garage B. The findings indicate potential health threats to garage users, necessitating enhanced ventilation and exposure mitigation.

Read Full Abstract10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024112703