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All Clean Energy & Battery Intelligence (Page 12)

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Surface Octahedra Isolation Treatment Enables Silicon-Rivaling Outdoor Stability in Industrial-Scale Perovskite Solar Modules

Graphical AbstractVerified

SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Surface Octahedra Isolation Treatment Enables Silicon-Rivaling Outdoor Stability in Industrial-Scale Perovskite Solar Modules

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved a record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 27.0%, rivaling silicon-based cells while halving cost, positioning them near commercialization. However, long-term outdoor stability of industrial-scale perovskite solar modules (PSMs) remains a critical challenge. Guo et al. report a milestone: an industrial-scale PSM (aperture area 785 cm2) with a PCE of 19.6% and projected T80 (time to 80% of initial PCE) exceeding 6.7 years under light-dark cycling. The PSM demonstrated stability comparable to commercial silicon solar cells during 45 days of outdoor operation. The key innovation is perovskite surface reconstruction via vapor-deposited terpyridine (Tpy), which reorganizes defective [PbI6]4− octahedra into a zero-dimensional (0D) structure with fully isolated octahedra, eliminating irreversible ion migration. Grazing-incident wide-angle X-ray scattering confirmed formation of (Tpy)2PbI6 on the surface. Time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry showed that the 0D layer confines iodine migration, making it reversible during light-dark cycles, whereas pristine films exhibit irreversible migration. Temperature-dependent conductivity revealed increased activation energy for ion migration from 0.43 to 0.68 eV. The treated films exhibited photoluminescence lifetime of 532.6 ns and trap density of 1.57×10^15 cm−3. Small-area devices (0.16 cm2) achieved PCE of 25.3%, while scaled modules (785 cm2) retained 19.6%, a new world record. This surface isolation treatment offers a scalable route to stabilize large-area PSMs for outdoor deployment.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3554-7

Beyond Li-O-Li Configuration in Oxygen Anionic Redox: Amorphization-Driven O-O Dimerization in Fluorinated Li-V-O Cathodes

Graphical AbstractVerified

SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Beyond Li-O-Li Configuration in Oxygen Anionic Redox: Amorphization-Driven O-O Dimerization in Fluorinated Li-V-O Cathodes

Oxygen anionic redox (OAR) is pivotal for achieving extra lithium storage in high-energy-density Li-ion batteries, yet its activation and stabilization remain challenging. Traditionally, OAR is studied in crystalline layered oxides with ordered frameworks and transition metal (TM)-centered octahedral coordination, where the Li-O-Li configuration is considered a prerequisite for creating unhybridized O 2p states. However, recent findings indicate that the presence of unhybridized O 2p states, rather than a specific configuration, is essential for oxygen activation. This study reports a novel OAR mechanism in an amorphous Li-V-O-F cathode, operating at a moderate voltage of 4.1 V, distinct from conventional Li-O-Li configurations. The cathode, initially crystalline LiVO2.98F0.02 (F2), undergoes amorphization after the first charge-discharge cycle, as evidenced by ex situ XRD, HRTEM, and EXAFS. Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) reveal that the initial charge involves O-O formal redox without oxidized oxygen features, indicating electron holes are accommodated via O-O interactions. Reversible OAR activity emerges in the second cycle, confirming O-O dimerization in the amorphous phase. Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations further elucidate the mechanism. This work challenges the conventional Li-O-Li paradigm and opens new avenues for designing high-capacity cathode materials through amorphization and tetrahedral coordination.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3635-6

Intragrain Heterostructure in 3D Perovskite: New Era of Bright PeLEDs with Low Efficiency Roll-Off

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Intragrain Heterostructure in 3D Perovskite: New Era of Bright PeLEDs with Low Efficiency Roll-Off

Solution-processed metal halide perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have advanced rapidly due to high color purity, tunable emission, and low cost, with external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) surpassing 30%. However, high EQEs are typically achieved at low brightness, suffering severe efficiency roll-off at high current densities due to Auger recombination and Joule heating. Three-dimensional (3D) perovskites offer superior charge transport but suffer from low photoluminescent quantum yield (PLQY) and efficiency roll-off. The fundamental roll-off mechanism remains poorly understood. Recently, Yao and co-workers developed a molecule-in-lattice-enabled intragrain heterostructure in 3D perovskite to promote carrier confinement. Using device-level ultrafast spectroscopy, they identified hole leakage as the origin of efficiency roll-off in pure-red CsPbI3−xBrx PeLEDs. A strong bonding small molecule with multiple anchor groups was introduced to penetrate the lead halide octahedron framework, constructing wide bandgap barriers inside perovskite grains, reducing hole leakage without compromising carrier transport. This approach enabled ultrabright, highly efficient, and stable pure-red PeLEDs with extremely low efficiency roll-off. The work provides a new strategy for achieving high brightness and efficiency simultaneously, advancing PeLED technology toward practical applications in displays and lighting.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3520-1

Photon-Avalanching Holmium Nanoparticles for Multicolor Super-Resolution Imaging

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Photon-Avalanching Holmium Nanoparticles for Multicolor Super-Resolution Imaging

Photon avalanche (PA) is a nonlinear optical phenomenon characterized by steep upconversion emission growth with excitation power. Since the first demonstration of PA on nanoscale and at room temperature in 2021, PA luminescence of lanthanides has attracted considerable attention in nano- and bio-photonics. However, PA nanoparticles (NPs) remain restricted to a limited range of material systems and lanthanide ions, facing challenges including inadequate nonlinearity (N), high excitation threshold (P_th), and deficient chromaticity. In a recent publication in Nature Photonics, Dong and co-workers reported a new class of PA nanosystem based on Ho3+-doped fluoride NPs, which afforded tunable PA chromaticity for multicolor sub-diffraction imaging. Unlike conventional PA systems reliant on a single reservoir level, this study introduced a novel 'parallel PA' (PPA) mechanism leveraging the dual long-lived intermediate reservoir levels (5I7 and 5I6) of Ho3+, facilitating simultaneous operation of two PA loops to generate multicolor emissions. Under 965 nm continuous-wave excitation, the PPA of Ho3+ produced simultaneous red-green-blue emissions with large N (>20). Differential rate equation modelling identified all PA signatures, including clear P_th, S-shaped curves, extremely high sigma_ESA/sigma_GSA ratio of ~75000, and volcano-shaped rise time. The engineered NaGdF4:10%Ho@NaYF4 core/shell PA NPs (~19.6 nm) exhibited remarkably high N of 17–22 with mild P_th of ~22 kW cm−2 and fast response time of 343–371 ms. By screening host lattices and introducing co-dopants, PA chromaticity was precisely tailored, demonstrating unparalleled emission tunability for multicolor super-resolution imaging.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3556-6

Multiple-Excitation Configurations Reduce Singlet–Triplet Energy Gaps in Multiple-Resonance Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Multiple-Excitation Configurations Reduce Singlet–Triplet Energy Gaps in Multiple-Resonance Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters

The pursuit of efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) has been significantly advanced by thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials, particularly those employing multiple-resonance (MR) effects. However, achieving small singlet–triplet energy gaps (ΔE_ST) in MR-TADF emitters remains a critical challenge. This work introduces a fundamental design principle based on multiple-excitation configurations to reduce ΔE_ST. In the single-excitation case, both S1 and T1 states are described by a simple HOMO→LUMO excitation, leading to a large exchange energy (2K_HL). In contrast, the multiple-excitation case incorporates electronic interaction between singlet configurations (1Φ_H→L and 1Φ_H→L+1), which lowers the S1 energy and reduces ΔE_ST. The authors propose an empirical expression ΔE_ST ≈ f(2K_HL, ΔE_LUMO–LUMO+1) and validate it using a test set of MR-type emitters. For the representative emitter IV-DABNA, excited-state energies and difference densities calculated at the STEOM-DLPNO-CCSD level reveal the contributions of excitation configurations to S1 and T1 states. This work provides a new avenue for molecular engineering of MR-TADF emitters, potentially stimulating renewed interest in excited-state design principles for future OLED technologies.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3651-1

Breaking the Thermal Frontier: The Most Oxidation-Resistant Carbide Ceramic at 3600°C

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Breaking the Thermal Frontier: The Most Oxidation-Resistant Carbide Ceramic at 3600°C

The advancement of hypersonic vehicles and advanced propulsion systems demands materials capable of withstanding extreme temperatures exceeding 3000°C in oxidizing environments. Conventional refractory metals and carbon-based composites suffer from severe degradation due to creep and oxidation, while ultrahigh-temperature ceramics (UHTCs) have been limited by the melting points of their oxidation products, such as HfO2 (~2758°C). The introduction of high-entropy ceramics (HECs) in 2015 offered tunable properties and enhanced oxidation resistance, yet achieving oxidation resistance above 3000°C remained elusive. This highlight reports the pioneering work of Chu et al., who developed a high-entropy carbide, (Hf, Ta, Zr, W)C (HEC-W), demonstrating unprecedented oxidation resistance at 3600°C. Using a laser oxidation platform capable of reaching 3809°C, HEC-W exhibited a linear ablation rate of 2.7 μm s−1 under a heat flux of ~30 MW m−2, outperforming previously celebrated UHTCs. The superior performance is attributed to a dual-structural oxide layer comprising high-melting-point tungsten particles (3422°C) embedded in a molten oxide matrix of (Hf,Me)6(Ta,Me)2O17 (melting point ~2450°C) and minor (Hf,Me)O2 phases. This layer seals defects and hinders oxygen diffusion, with oxidation kinetics following a parabolic trend and an activation energy of 149.7 kJ mol−1. Advanced computational simulations, including DFT, AIMD, and MD, provide mechanistic insights. This breakthrough shatters the 3000°C barrier, positioning HEC-W as a leading candidate for next-generation thermal protection systems.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3528-5

Electrospinning of FeNiCo/carbon nanofibers: a new paradigm for lightweight microwave absorbers

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New Carbon Materials2026

Electrospinning of FeNiCo/carbon nanofibers: a new paradigm for lightweight microwave absorbers

The proliferation of electronic devices has intensified electromagnetic radiation pollution, necessitating advanced microwave absorption materials. This study presents the electrospinning fabrication of FeNiCo/carbon nanofiber (FeNiCo/CNF) composites with exceptional microwave absorption properties. The FeNiCo/CNFs achieved a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −55.5 dB at 14.24 GHz with an ultrathin matching thickness of only 1.6 mm. Microstructural analysis and electromagnetic parameter testing revealed that the superior absorption stems from the synergistic interaction between the carbon nanofiber network and FeNiCo alloy nanoparticles, which promotes multiple reflections and efficient energy dissipation. The precise control of coercivity and permeability via systematic modulation of magnetic metal composition enabled enhanced impedance matching and optimized magnetic-dielectric synergy. Furthermore, radar cross-section (RCS) simulations confirmed the material's capability to significantly reduce RCS values across a wide angular range, validating its potential for stealth technology applications. This work introduces a cost-effective and sustainable approach for developing ultralight, high-performance microwave absorbers, addressing the limitations of conventional materials such as high density and poor stability.

Read Full Abstract10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61075-X

Electrochemical Exfoliation of Carbon Paper for Binder-Free Cathodes in Zinc-Ion Supercapacitors

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New Carbon Materials2026

Electrochemical Exfoliation of Carbon Paper for Binder-Free Cathodes in Zinc-Ion Supercapacitors

Zinc-ion supercapacitors (ZISCs) are promising energy storage devices due to their low cost, high safety, and minimal environmental impact. However, their low energy density and poor cycling performance hinder practical application. This study presents a simple electrochemical exfoliation method to reconstruct the surface of carbon paper, introducing oxygen functional groups that enhance pseudocapacitance. The resulting binder-free electrode (EECP) exhibits a large surface area and rapid charge transfer, leading to a dominant capacitive-type charge storage mechanism with 78.8% capacitive contribution at 10 mV/s. The EECP electrode delivers a maximum specific capacitance of 252.5 F/g at 1 A/g and retains 81.7% of its capacitance after 10,000 cycles. A full ZISC device, assembled with EECP as the cathode, Zn as the anode, and 1 mol L−1 ZnSO4 aqueous electrolyte, achieves a capacitance of 186.22 F/g at 1 A/g, a capacitance retention of 97.01% after 10,000 cycles, and an energy density of 46.6 Wh/kg at a power density of 500.4 W/kg. These results demonstrate that EECP is a promising cathode material for high-rate, next-generation zinc-ion supercapacitors.

Read Full Abstract10.1016/S1872-5805(25)61029-8

Increasing the Strength of Carbon Nanotube Fibers and Their Use as a Polishing Medium

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New Carbon Materials2026

Increasing the Strength of Carbon Nanotube Fibers and Their Use as a Polishing Medium

We report a method for increasing the mechanical strength of carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers while enabling the uniform adhesion of cerium oxide (CeO2) abrasive particles to them using polyethyleneimine (PEI). Results show that 5% of PEI increases the tensile strength of CNT fibers by approximately 175%. CeO2 particles were uniformly deposited on the reinforced CNT fibers by electrophoretic deposition. A flexible polishing tool was fabricated by weaving the CeO2-CNT fibers into a non-woven fabric substrate. When used to polish potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals, the tool reduced the surface roughness from 200 to 7.6 nm within 10 min. This approach has potential use for the development of new precision processing tools.

Read Full Abstract10.1016/S1872-5805(25)61012-2

Engineered mesoporous carbon spheres with tailored pore structures for improved photothermal-chemotherapy

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New Carbon Materials2026

Engineered mesoporous carbon spheres with tailored pore structures for improved photothermal-chemotherapy

Carbon-based materials have gained significant attention in anticancer treatment due to their exceptional biocompatibility, yet critical challenges persist in establishing definitive correlations between their porous structures and functional performance. We report the use of a silica template to guide pore formation in the design of mesoporous carbon spheres (mC) with tailored pore structures for improved combined photothermal-chemotherapy. The mesopore size of mC was adjusted by kinetic control of resin polymerization and silica hydrolysis. Structural characterization showed that 4.4 nm mesopores enabled an exceptional gemcitabine loading of 228 mg g−1 and a sustained pH/thermal dual-responsive release with >70% drug release under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. Finite element analysis demonstrated pore size-dependent heat transfer dynamics, with the improved mC achieving a superior photothermal conversion efficiency of 62% by a combination of N-doping and defect engineering. In vitro evaluations confirmed outstanding biocompatibility with >95% cell viability at 200 μg mL−1 and potent tumor suppression in pancreatic and biliary cancer models with an ~5% cell viability at 25 μg mL−1 where combined therapy showed a 3.7-fold increased cytotoxicity over monotherapy. The improved structure of mC facilitated cascade therapeutic effects with enhanced tumor permeability derived from NIR-triggered hyperthermia and prolonged therapeutic exposure due to pH-responsive drug release. This pore engineering strategy establishes a structure-function process for next-generation theranostic platforms, addressing the critical limitations of conventional pancreatic and biliary cancer therapies through spatiotemporal control of multimodal treatment.

Read Full Abstract10.1016/S1872-5805(25)61033-X

Comparative Studies on Nanocarbon-Modified Carbon Paper Electrodes for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Performance in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries

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New Carbon Materials2026

Comparative Studies on Nanocarbon-Modified Carbon Paper Electrodes for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Performance in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries

Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are a promising technology for large-scale energy storage due to their scalability, safety, long cycling life, and decoupled power and energy capacities. However, the slow redox kinetics of vanadium species on conventional carbon electrodes limits their performance. This study investigates the deposition of carbon black (CB), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and electrochemically exfoliated graphene (Exf-Gr) onto thermally-activated carbon paper (ACP) via spray coating to enhance electrode electrocatalytic activity. Modified electrodes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and surface area analysis. Electrochemical properties were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and single-cell VRFB testing. Among the modified electrodes, Exf-Gr/ACP exhibited the best performance, achieving a 2.9-fold reduction in charge transfer resistance compared to pristine ACP and delivering 2.5 times the discharge capacity in single-cell tests. This improvement is attributed to Exf-Gr's high surface area, favorable catalytic activity, and excellent dispersion on the ACP substrate. Surface modification with electrochemically exfoliated graphene is a highly effective strategy for improving electrode performance in VRFB systems, with significant implications for large-scale energy storage.

Read Full Abstract10.1016/S1872-5805(25)61034-1

Identifying the Surface Dynamic Evolution of Electrocatalysts during Oxygen Evolution Reaction by In Situ Techniques

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Identifying the Surface Dynamic Evolution of Electrocatalysts during Oxygen Evolution Reaction by In Situ Techniques

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a critical bottleneck in next-generation sustainable energy systems due to its sluggish kinetics. Developing cost-effective, high-efficiency electrocatalysts requires understanding the dynamic structural evolution at electrode-electrolyte interfaces under operating conditions. In situ techniques are invaluable for identifying active centers and monitoring key intermediates. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in cutting-edge in situ methods for characterizing OER electrocatalyst structure evolution. It provides a brief overview of active motifs and robust structures using multiple in situ correlative techniques, establishing essential structure-performance relationships and updating mechanistic understanding at atomic scale under realistic conditions. Key challenges and perspectives are highlighted to promote rational design of promising electrocatalysts for efficient oxygen-associated electrocatalysis and electrosynthesis.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3698-5

Side-chain quadruple H-bonds empower self-healing e-skins with ultralow-temperature tolerance

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Side-chain quadruple H-bonds empower self-healing e-skins with ultralow-temperature tolerance

Polar exploration demands robotic systems capable of operating at extreme low temperatures, yet existing electronic skins (e-skins) fail due to polymer brittleness and impaired self-healing. Here, we report a supramolecular elastomer strategy that enables highly stretchable, self-healing, and sensitive e-skins functional at −78 °C. The elastomers are based on a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) backbone (Tg = −127 °C, Tb = −150 °C) functionalized with kinetically reversible quadruple hydrogen-bonding motifs (2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidone, UPy) in side chains (S-UD) or main chains (M-UD). At −78 °C, S-UD elastomers exhibit superior stretchability, with optimized S-U1.2D0.8 achieving elongation at break of ~3257%, 3.4 times that of PDMS controls and exceeding M-U1.2D0.8 (~2474%). Self-healing efficiency after 24 h at −78 °C reaches ~75.9% for S-UD versus ~34.3% for M-UD, with visual scratch disappearance only in S-UD. Density functional theory (DFT) analysis reveals that S-UD possesses more thermodynamically favorable chain convergence, enhancing cryogenic self-healing. The optimized S-UD elastomer serves as an excellent substrate for constructing ultralow-temperature-tolerant e-skins, addressing a critical bottleneck in polar robotics.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3627-x

Atomic- and Molecular-Scale Interfacial Engineering for Superior Lithium Metal Anodes

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Atomic- and Molecular-Scale Interfacial Engineering for Superior Lithium Metal Anodes

Lithium metal anodes (LMAs) are among the most promising candidates for next-generation batteries with high energy density. However, their practical application is hindered by persistent challenges such as dendritic lithium growth, unstable solid electrolyte interphases (SEI), and poor Coulombic efficiency. Surface coating has emerged as a viable solution to address these limitations. In particular, atomic and molecular layer deposition (ALD/MLD) techniques offer unparalleled control over the fabrication of ultrathin, conformal coatings, making them especially suitable for stabilizing LMA interfaces. This review comprehensively summarizes recent progress in applying ALD and MLD methodologies to construct durable artificial interphases on LMAs. We discuss the underlying mechanisms through which these coatings inhibit dendrite formation, improve interfacial integrity, and facilitate uniform lithium-ion transport. The roles of inorganic ALD coatings, organic MLD coatings, and their organic–inorganic hybrids are systematically examined, with a focus on their chemical composition, deposition behavior, and electrochemical characteristics. Moreover, we highlight the enhanced performance achieved through the integration of ALD/MLD-engineered interfaces in full-cell systems. The review concludes with a discussion of current challenges and potential research avenues aimed at advancing the rational development of effective LMA protection strategies. Overall, this work offers valuable insights into the role of interfacial engineering via ALD and MLD in enabling the practical deployment of lithium metal batteries.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3694-3

Correction to: Crystal Defects Engineering of BiOI Elevated Photocatalytic CO2 to C2 Conversion Performance

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Correction to: Crystal Defects Engineering of BiOI Elevated Photocatalytic CO2 to C2 Conversion Performance

This correction addresses an error in the labeling of author affiliations in the original publication (Sci China Mater, 2025, 68: 1561, DOI: 10.1007/s40843-024-3290-9). The corrected affiliations are as follows: Fuxia Huang, Feng Wang, Ya Liu, and Liejin Guo are affiliated with the International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China. Yifei Liu is affiliated with the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. The correction was made upon the request of the authors and with approval from the respective institutions. The original article focused on crystal defects engineering of BiOI to enhance photocatalytic CO2 reduction to C2 products, a critical area for sustainable fuel synthesis. This correction ensures accurate attribution and institutional recognition, which is essential for research integrity and reproducibility. No changes were made to the scientific content or conclusions of the original study.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3432-8

Ultrastrong isotropic graphene sheets by nanoconfined strategy

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Ultrastrong isotropic graphene sheets by nanoconfined strategy

Conventional assembly of two-dimensional nanoplatelets into layered nanocomposites via wet chemical methods suffers from capillary contraction during water evaporation, inducing wrinkles, voids, and reduced orientation, leading to subpar mechanical performance. Here, we highlight a nanoconfined strategy developed by Prof. Qunfeng Cheng and Prof. Ray H. Baughman that eliminates capillary contraction by confining atomically thin water layers between graphene oxide (GO) and MXene nanoplatelets during continuous vacuum filtration. This process yields highly aligned, in-plane isotropic MXene-bridged GO (MGO) sheets. Subsequent reduction with hydriodic acid and cross-linking with a π-bridging agent (PSE-AP) in solution produces MXene-bridged graphene (πBMG) sheets with exceptional mechanical properties: tensile strength of 1870 ± 20 MPa and Young's modulus of 98.7 ± 1.1 GPa, surpassing previous graphene, MXene, and graphene-MXene sheets as well as carbon fiber-fabric composites. The superior alignment and strong interfacial interactions enable efficient stress transfer. This work introduces a new concept of nanoconfined water-induced alignment, achieving true in-plane isotropy without sacrificing other performance, and opens a new avenue for assembling high-performance layered nanocomposites from various 2D nanoplatelets.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3614-2

Multifunctional Flexible Thermoelectric Devices for Next-Generation Wearable and Integrated Systems

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Multifunctional Flexible Thermoelectric Devices for Next-Generation Wearable and Integrated Systems

Flexible thermoelectrics (f-TEs) are being developed rapidly due to their unique advantages, such as direct conversion between electricity and thermal energy, compatibility with curved heat sources, and ease of integration. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in enhancing the overall performance of f-TE materials and devices, particularly in terms of output power, mechanical flexibility, and durability. Recent research efforts are increasingly focused on translating these advancements into practical applications across diverse fields. For example, f-TE-based multimodal sensors are capable of simultaneously detecting temperature, pressure and strain. In biomedicine, f-TE generators are being explored for wound healing, antibacterial therapy, and neural modulation. Furthermore, f-TE devices show promise in personalized thermal management and hybrid energy harvesting systems. This review moves beyond material preparation and device optimization to focus on the expanding multifunctional applications of f-TEs. We provide a broad perspective by comprehensively exploring the latest progress of f-TEs in intelligent sensing, biomedicine, personalized thermal management, and multifunctional hybrid systems. Key challenges are also discussed, including the development of high-performance flexible devices, robust bio-interfaces, ensuring long-term stability, and achieving intelligent integration with data-driven algorithms and multimodal platforms. Finally, we offer insights into future directions for f-TEs, pointing toward next-generation intelligent and bio-integrated flexible electronics.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3888-9

Natural Biomass-Derived Polysaccharide Materials for Flexible Wearable Smart Textiles

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Natural Biomass-Derived Polysaccharide Materials for Flexible Wearable Smart Textiles

The escalating demand for intelligent and functional textiles, driven by technological advancements, has shifted focus from conventional attributes like warmth and aesthetics to smart functionalities. Natural biomass-derived polysaccharides, owing to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, renewability, and unique chemical structures, are pivotal for next-generation flexible wearable smart textiles. This review systematically outlines common natural polysaccharides (e.g., cellulose, chitosan, starch, alginate) used in such textiles, detailing their structural features and modification strategies. It critically evaluates current fabrication methods, highlighting their advantages and limitations. The performance characteristics, action mechanisms, and application scenarios of polysaccharide-based smart textiles are examined, with emphasis on healthcare, motion tracking, smart clothing, and energy storage/management. The review concludes by addressing existing challenges and proposing future directions for integrating polysaccharide materials into smart textile systems, aiming to guide the development of efficient, green flexible wearable devices.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3738-1

Transient Energy Storage Devices for Implantable Medical Electronics

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Transient Energy Storage Devices for Implantable Medical Electronics

Transient energy storage devices represent an emerging class of biodegradable power systems that provide temporary energy for implantable medical electronics before safely degrading in vivo. From early transient primary batteries to contemporary rechargeable batteries integrated with wireless charging systems, these devices have evolved to enable stable prolonged power supply. Through rational transient design and structural engineering, they achieve desirable electrochemical performance, tunable degradation rates, and mechanical compatibility with soft, irregular, and dynamic biological tissues. This work provides a critical review of state-of-the-art transient energy storage devices, including transient primary batteries, transient secondary batteries, and transient supercapacitors, with emphasis on their electrodes, electrolytes, encapsulation materials, fabrication processes, and applications. We critically analyze material selection strategies, transient design principles, and architecture design for various transient batteries and capacitors. Finally, we discuss existing challenges and outline future directions to guide the clinical translation of biodegradable power solutions for biomedical implants.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3648-2

Dual-mode α-FAPbI3 Perovskite Memristors with Volatile and Nonvolatile Switching for Neuromorphic Computing and Handwritten Digit Recognition

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Dual-mode α-FAPbI3 Perovskite Memristors with Volatile and Nonvolatile Switching for Neuromorphic Computing and Handwritten Digit Recognition

Halide perovskite memristors, known for their ion mobility, have emerged as strong candidates for computational units in next-generation memory and neuromorphic computing systems. Nevertheless, most memristors are limited to operating in a single mode, either resistive switching or threshold switching. In this work, we overcome this limitation by developing dual-mode α-formamidinium lead triiodide (α-FAPbI3) perovskite memristors with switchable volatile/nonvolatile states, enabled by engineered SnO2 electron transport layers (ETLs). Through molecular interface optimization using 3-(N,N′-dimethylmyristylammonio) propanesulfonate (Z14) and 4,4′-(1,10-phenanthroline-3,8-diyl)bis(N,N′-bis(4-methoxyphen-yl)aniline) (PNL), we achieved exceptional device stability. Volatile devices exhibited >500 switching cycles, while nonvolatile devices surpassed 1000 cycles, both maintaining a high on/off ratio (~10^3). Beyond memory applications, these devices successfully emulated biological functionalities. The volatile mode replicated four key nociceptor characteristics (threshold, relaxation, sensitization, and no adaptation), while the nonvolatile mode demonstrated advanced synaptic plasticity, including paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) and spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). Capitalizing on this dual-mode synergy, we constructed a spiking neural network (SNN) for handwritten digit recognition, achieving a 93% accuracy rate—a significant milestone for perovskite-based neuromorphic systems. This study not only provides a material-level strategy for multifunctional memristor design but also bridges the gap between biological sensing and artificial intelligence, paving the way for adaptive neuromorphic hardware.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3575-4

Regulating Solution Aggregation and Entanglement for Efficient Self-Powered All-Polymer Photodiodes in Water Quality Monitoring

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Regulating Solution Aggregation and Entanglement for Efficient Self-Powered All-Polymer Photodiodes in Water Quality Monitoring

The solution aggregation structures of conjugated polymers are pivotal in determining their film morphology and optoelectronic properties, yet the relationship between solution aggregation and device performance remains elusive in organic photodiode (OPD) systems. Herein, we introduce the first examination of solution aggregation structures of all-polymer OPD blends, with a focus on how molecular entanglement modulates aggregation behavior and subsequent photodiode performance of low-cost poly(3-pentylthiophene). Using small-angle neutron scattering and freeze-dried imaging, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the solution-state aggregation behavior of poly(3-pentylthiophene) and its evolution in the blend, revealing profound impacts on film morphology and device performance. With finely optimized aggregation, the resulting all-polymer OPD achieves a record-high specific detectivity of ~4×10^13 Jones at zero bias, outperforming all bulk heterojunction (BHJ)-type self-powered OPDs reported to date. This device also demonstrates remarkable thermal stability, with negligible performance degradation after over 800 h of thermal annealing at 85 °C. Furthermore, the self-powered OPD exhibits excellent performance across a broad spectral range, enabling its application in both water quality monitoring and biosensing. This work offers new insights into the solution aggregation behavior of conjugated polymers in OPDs and highlights the importance of resolving solution aggregation in optimizing device function.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3628-3

High-performance temperature imaging of Mn4+ doped Rb2Ge4O9 film using the time-resolved intensity ratio method

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

High-performance temperature imaging of Mn4+ doped Rb2Ge4O9 film using the time-resolved intensity ratio method

Luminescent thermometry has become a research hotspot due to its high spatial resolution, fast response, and non-invasive nature. However, achieving high-performance temperature imaging requires both luminescent materials with high temperature sensitivity and efficient imaging methods, which remains a significant challenge. In this study, a series of pure-phase rubidium germanate phosphors doped with manganese were synthesized and encapsulated into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films to improve chemical stability. The dramatic temperature-dependent luminescence behavior of Mn4+ in the Rb2Ge4O9 matrix provides reliable and efficient methods for temperature sensing. The high-sensitivity temperature sensing capability of the Rb2Ge4O9:0.002 Mn4+ fluorescent film has been confirmed, leveraging temperature-dependent emission intensity, luminescence decay lifetime, and time-resolved intensity ratio techniques. Notably, Rb2Ge4O9:Mn4+ fluorescent film exhibits a strikingly high relative sensitivity of 17.03% K−1 at 330 K in the time-resolved thermometry scheme, which is the highest relative temperature sensitivity within the physiological temperature range known to us. High-performance temperature imaging of the fluorescent film is achieved through the time-resolved intensity ratio strategy with a best practical temperature resolution of 0.08 K at 325 K. Furthermore, the temperature images of an operating nickel circuit with a line width of 20 μm under different working currents were recorded, showing a clear circuit microstructure and temperature gradient. These findings pave a novel path for realizing high-performance temperature imaging.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3662-4

Oxygen Vacancy Engineering in Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics for Performance Optimization

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Oxygen Vacancy Engineering in Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics for Performance Optimization

Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics, including potassium sodium niobate (KNN), bismuth sodium titanate (BNT), and barium titanate, are promising alternatives to lead-based counterparts due to environmental regulations. However, their functional properties—piezoelectric coefficient, mechanical quality factor, dielectric loss, Curie temperature, and thermal stability—remain inferior. Oxygen vacancy engineering has emerged as a key strategy to optimize these properties via defect modulation. Oxygen vacancies, prevalent point defects, arise from high-temperature processing, non-stoichiometry, volatile oxide evaporation, or reducing atmospheres. Acceptor doping and post-processing annealing further increase their concentration. These defects influence electrical conduction, piezoelectric/dielectric behavior, and catalytic activity. They exist as lattice vacancies, domain wall vacancies, grain boundary vacancies, and defect dipoles with cation vacancies. Their presence induces lattice distortion, hinders domain wall motion, increases coercive field, and enhances mechanical quality factor via hardening. Defect dipoles align with spontaneous polarization, creating internal bias fields that pin domains, reducing losses. Quantification of oxygen vacancies remains challenging; concentrations below 1 at% in NBT and KNN are difficult to detect. Techniques like XPS have reliability issues. A combination of impedance spectroscopy, XPS/STEM, EPR/PAS is recommended. Defect chemistry modeling, using acceptor doping to fill vacancies, allows inference of non-stoichiometry ranges. For NBT, Bi deficiency of 0.0017–0.0033 and O deficiency of 0.0025–0.0050 were calculated, corresponding to Na0.5Bi0.4967–0.4983TiO3.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3755-8

Enhancing efficiency and brightness of deep-blue phosphorescent OLED enabled by a narrowband Pt(II) emitter

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials2026

Enhancing efficiency and brightness of deep-blue phosphorescent OLED enabled by a narrowband Pt(II) emitter

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are an advanced technology for full-color displays, yet the low efficiency of blue OLEDs remains a critical bottleneck. Here, we report a new strategy to design robust Pt(II) emitters with enhanced molecular rigidity and increased locally excited character. The resulting Pt(II) emitter exhibits an extremely narrow emission spectrum peaking at 458.6 nm with a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 16.0 nm and a small Huang-Rhys factor of 0.278, together with a high photoluminescence quantum efficiency of 95%. When doped into an OLED, the device emits at 464 nm with high color purity (FWHM = 19 nm) and achieves high external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 32.6%, 29.4%, and 26.9% at luminances of 123, 1000, and 5000 cd/m2, respectively. Notably, the device attains a record-high maximum brightness of 84,895 cd/m2 among reported deep-blue OLEDs with Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) y-coordinate < 0.15. This work demonstrates one of the highest-performing deep-blue OLEDs reported to date, addressing the dual challenges of efficiency and brightness in this spectral region.

Read Full Abstract10.1007/s40843-025-3623-y