• • HEANCF current collector enables 80% capacity retention after 600 cycles at 1 C in full cells, outperforming conventional carbon nanofiber (NCF) which fails at high rates (0 mAh/g at 5 C vs. 75 mAh/g for HEANCF).
• • Ah-level pouch cells achieve ~200 Wh kg−1 energy density with 87% capacity retention over 150 cycles at 0.5 C, demonstrating commercial viability for high-energy applications.
• • DFT and MD simulations confirm reduced desolvation energy and enhanced Na+ adsorption at the HEA/NCF heterointerface, leading to dendrite-free deposition and stable SEI.
• • The scalable electrospinning-pyrolysis synthesis route ensures uniform HEA nanoparticle distribution and structural integrity after cycling, as evidenced by SEM, supporting industrial scale-up.