Two-Phase Flow Characteristics of a Jet Aerator with Built-in Porous Thin Plates

• • The asterisk-shaped orifice plate (米字形) maximizes gas-liquid turbulent mixing intensity, outperforming annular and parallel arrangements; this directly enhances oxygen transfer efficiency in high-strength wastewater treatment. • • Increasing hole number and diameter reduces throttling resistance, causing average pressure, velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and dissipation rate to decline by up to 60% (from 5×10^5 Pa to 2×10^5 Pa) across tested configurations; this trade-off must be optimized for energy-efficient operation. • • With 9 triangular holes, mass transfer efficiency is significantly improved, while a 7 mm hole diameter yields optimal balance between energy utilization and mixing performance, as evidenced by pressure and velocity field measurements. • • Moving the porous plate from position I (50 mm) to position III (150 mm) from the nozzle intensifies turbulence and bubble breakup, but position III with triangular plates provides sustained pressure stability, crucial for maintaining aeration performance under variable flow conditions.