• • Graphene-incorporated Si3N4 ceramics were first fabricated in 2007, confirming the feasibility of enhancing thermal-mechanical response through graphene doping; this established a new toughening route for brittle ceramics, critical for high-speed machining tools where flaw sensitivity limits reliability.
• • In situ graphene obtained in SiC ceramics during spark plasma sintering (2013) further enhanced reinforcing efficiency, enabling stable lubrication film formation that reduces friction coefficients; this addresses the poor damage tolerance of monolithic ceramics in engine nozzles and turbine blades.
• • Few-layer graphene (FLG) effectively modulated electrical conductivity in metal oxide ceramics through oxygen-vacancy-mediated doping (2015), linking microstructural tuning with functional property control; this dual functionality is essential for multifunctional components in solid oxide fuel cells and orthopedic implants.
• • Graphene incorporation into chemically bonded phosphate ceramics (2016) significantly improved tribological performance, with core-shell structured graphene ceramics achieving outstanding wear resistance via rolling friction mechanisms and crack inhibition; this offers a viable path for mechanical seals and bearings operating under extreme contact stresses.