• • Requires only 33 mV overpotential to achieve 10 mA cm−2, drastically reducing energy consumption for chlorine evolution compared to conventional dimensionally stable anodes (DSAs) that typically operate above 100 mV, enabling cost-effective ballast water treatment.
• • Sustains continuous operation for 100 h with <5% current decay, demonstrating exceptional durability that addresses the gradual anode passivation plaguing Ru/Ir oxide anodes, thereby extending maintenance intervals and lowering operational expenditures in marine vessels.
• • Achieves >99.9% inactivation efficiency against Escherichia coli in simulated seawater, meeting stringent international ballast water discharge standards (e.g., IMO D-2) without generating harmful disinfection byproducts associated with traditional chlorination.
• • Simultaneously degrades ammonia nitrogen and urea contaminants in domestic wastewater, showcasing dual-functionality that simplifies treatment trains and reduces capital costs for integrated water management systems.