• • Champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.51% achieved with S-Ti3C2Tx additive, surpassing control (23.46%) and pristine Ti3C2Tx (24.54%), representing a relative improvement of 8.7% over control, critical for commercial viability.
• • Enhanced thermal stability: retains 85.0% of initial PCE after 500 h at 85°C under N2, versus 79.2% for Ti3C2Tx and 57.9% for control, indicating superior resilience for real-world operation.
• • Improved operational stability under light soaking (100 mW cm−2, 500 h, N2): retains 91.8% PCE, exceeding Ti3C2Tx (87.8%) and control (80.4%), essential for long-term outdoor deployment.
• • Reduced hysteresis index to 1.92% (vs. 3.15% control and 2.73% Ti3C2Tx), indicating improved charge extraction and reduced recombination, which is crucial for accurate performance rating and reliability.