• • Heterostructured bimetallic MOF-on-MOF architectures (e.g., Ce-MOF/NiCo-MOF) achieve ampere-level current densities with overpotentials below 250 mV at 10 mA cm−2, enabling industrial-scale water splitting with reduced energy input.
• • Partial phosphorization of Ce-MOF/NiCo-MOF heterostructures enhances large-current OER performance, delivering stable operation at 500 mA cm−2 for over 100 h with degradation rates < 5%, addressing durability bottlenecks in alkaline electrolyzers.
• • Lattice-mismatched MOF-on-MOF nanosheets with rich oxygen vacancies exhibit fast oxygen evolution kinetics, achieving a Tafel slope of 45 mV dec−1, which lowers activation overpotential and improves energy efficiency by ~15% compared to pristine MOFs.
• • Interface coupling induced built-in electric fields in MOF@LDH core-shell nanocones boost OER activity, with a turnover frequency (TOF) of 0.85 s−1 at 1.55 V vs. RHE, surpassing noble metal benchmarks and offering a cost-effective alternative for renewable hydrogen production.