• • Tensile strength of 3.18 MPa and toughness of 16.65 MJ/m3, representing ~17x and ~49x improvements over conventional PVA hydrogels, enabling load-bearing soft robotics and wearable devices.
• • Solvent-driven dual-network entanglement via IPA substitution and SA ionic crosslinking achieves simultaneous strength and toughness, overcoming the traditional trade-off in hydrogel design.
• • Superior swelling resistance and long-term stability in aqueous environments, critical for underwater sensing and biomedical implants where dimensional stability is mandatory.
• • Morphological evidence confirms solvent-mediated chain reorganization and dual-network interactions as the mechanistic basis for the enhanced mechanical properties, guiding future material design.